Shang dynasty official position

The situation of ancient official positions involves official signatures, official names, official positions and so on. The situation in each dynasty is different. Generally, it can be divided into two categories: central bureau and local bureau.

1. Central office

The State of Qin set up a central organization consisting of the Prime Minister, Qiu and an ancient scholar. The prime minister is in charge of administration, Qiu is in charge of military affairs, and the censor is in charge of supervision and secretarial work. The Han dynasty generally followed the Qin system and was called the Three Fairs. Nine chats, in charge of all aspects of government affairs, later evolved into three provinces and six departments. The three provinces are Zhongshu (decision-making), Menxia (deliberation) and Shangshu (implementation), and the governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers. Song dynasty expanded the authority of Zhongshu province, and the Privy Council was divided into civil and military powers. Under the door, ministers save waste. The cabinet of the Ming Dynasty was the highest administrative body, with the minister as assistant minister and the chief minister as video (that is, prime minister). In the military department of the Qing Dynasty, Wang, Gong and Shang Shu were ministers of military aircraft, who were in charge of state affairs.

The six departments refer to the "official department, which is in charge of the appointment, removal, assessment and promotion of officials; The Ministry is responsible for land registration, taxation and finance; Ritual department, in charge of ceremonies, science, schools and other things; Ministry of war, in charge of military affairs; The penal department, in charge of judicial prisons; The Ministry of Industry is in charge of engineering construction, water conservancy and other matters. " The minister is a minister and the deputy minister is an assistant minister. There are practitioners, deputy foreign ministers and subordinate officials in charge.

In addition, the central government also has specialized agencies and officials responsible for managing books, editing history and making calendars. For example, Sima Qian and Zhang Heng served as Taishiling. Gao Qi edited The History of Hanlin.

2. Local official positions

The main administrative areas in Qin and Han Dynasties were counties. Chief, Qin said chief, Korea said satrap. The main administrative area of Sui and Tang Dynasties was Zhou, which was called the secretariat by state officials, and its subordinate officials were Chang Shi and Sima. In some military towns in the Tang Dynasty. Our time has been set up, and the officials include marching Sima, staff officer and secretary in charge. In Song Dynasty, state officials were called breg and county officials were called breg. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the state was changed to the government, which was called the magistrate.

In addition, there were also counties in the Han Dynasty, and the world was divided into more than a dozen counties, all of which were basically monitoring areas. The central government sent officials to spy on the situation, calling it a secretariat. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were more than a dozen roads in China, also called prison areas. The central government sent officials to inspect them. These officials were called ambassadors. In the Song Dynasty, the whole country was divided into about twenty roads, and several departments were responsible for all aspects. In the Yuan Dynasty, the highest local administrative organization was called the book province in China, and in the Ming Dynasty, it was renamed the Chengxuan Bureaucracy Department, and it is still called "province" in custom.

The title of title is the title of title and title, which was awarded by the ancient emperor to nobles and nobles. According to the old saying, there were five titles in the Zhou Dynasty, namely, public title, Hou title, Bo title, sub-title and male title, and the title system of later generations often varied from time to time. For example, in the early Han Dynasty, Prince Liu Bangli was the king, and the seven chivalrous men were the king, among which Peng Yue was Liang Wang and Ying Bu was the king of Huainan. Wei was named King Chen; Don Guo Ziyi was named Guo Ziyi; Nuerhachi, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, made his son Azig the Prince of England, Tudor the Prince of Yu and Haug the Prince of Su. For another example, in Song Dynasty, Kou Zhun sealed Lai Guogong, Wang Anshi sealed Jing Guogong, and Sima Guang was Wen Guogong; In Ming Dynasty, Li Shanchang named Han Gong, Li Wenzhong named Cao Guogong, Liu Ji named Chengbo, and Wang Yangming named Xinbo. In the Qing Dynasty, Zeng Guofan sealed the first class Yi, left the second class Hou, and Li Hongzhang sealed the first class Su Yibo.

The prime minister is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy, and he is the person who manages state affairs according to the will of the monarch. Sometimes called, often called the Prime Minister, or "Xiang" for short. For example, The Chen She Family: "Governors will be better." "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "And mediocrity is still shameful, and the situation is almost the same! "Shuxiang:" Where is the famous Prime Minister's Temple, in the Silk City near a deep pine forest. " Preface to China Daily < Guide to the Southern Tour: "I am in charge of all the military forces except the Prime Minister Right and the Tang envoys. "

One surname refers to two official positions. First, in ancient times, a surname, a teacher and a Taibao were called "three publics". Later, most of them were appointed as big officials, indicating that they were not favored by real jobs. For example, Zhao Pu and Wen Yanbo in the Song Dynasty were given titles by their surnames. Secondly, in ancient times, it was also called Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu and Prince Taibao as the "Three Divisions of the East Palace", all of whom were the teachers of the Prince. Taishi is the abbreviation of Taishi Prince, and later it gradually became a virtual title. For example, in Plum Blossom Ridge, Yan Zhenqing was given the title of Prince as a surname, so he called it. Another example is that in the Ming Dynasty, Zhang had eight virtual titles, and finally he added the title of Prince Taishi. In the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou was also named the Prince Taishi, but he didn't actually give lectures to the Prince.

Teacher, please refer to "teacher". One of the ancient "three fairs". It also refers to one of the "three divisions of the East Palace". For example, Jia Yi used to be the teacher of Prince Changsha and Liang, so he was named a teacher. Later, it gradually became a virtual title. For example, Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zuo and Li Hongzhang were all forced to give gifts after the teacher died.

Shaobao refers to two kinds of official positions. First, Shao Shi, Shaofu and Shaobao were called "three orphans" in ancient times, and then they gradually became empty names. For example, in Plum Blossom Ridge, "Wen Shaobao also learned to shed cicadas because he realized the great light", and Wen Tianxiang was once an official of Shaobao, so he called it. Secondly, in ancient times, Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu, and Prince Shaobao were called "East Palace and Three Little" and gradually became a hollow name.

Shangshu was originally an official in charge of the memorial. There were no six in the early Sui Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, six departments were designated as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, criminals and workers, and ministers and assistant ministers were the chief officials of each department. For example, "Zhang Hengchuan": "Write a letter begging for bones and worship the ministers." For another example, Yan Zhenqing, a great calligrapher, is an official minister, Bai Juyi, a poet, is an official minister, and Shi Kefa is an official minister.

Bachelor's degree was the official position in charge of etiquette department and editing in Wei and Jin Dynasties. After the Tang Dynasty, he referred to Hanlin as a bachelor, became the emperor's secretary and adviser, and participated in confidential affairs, so he was called "the inner phase". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, although he was also a bachelor of Hanlin, he was responsible for reading, giving lectures, editing and editing Jishi Shu, but his status and responsibilities were different from those in the Tang and Song Dynasties. For example, "Preface to Senior Minister's Bachelor", which is an official position awarded by Wen Tianxiang after his resignation; " Tan Sitong "You recommend Jing to be a bachelor, Xu Gong", Xu Zhijing was a bachelor in imperial academy at that time, and imperial academy was an official position dedicated to giving lectures to the emperor. Bai Juyi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo and Song Lian. They are all academicians of Hanlin.

In the official system of the Zhou Dynasty in Shang Qing, both the emperor and the vassal had Qing, which was divided into three levels: upper, middle and lower, and the most distinguished one was called "Shang Qing". For example, Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru: "Lian Po is General Zhao ... and worships Shangqing."

General) is the highest title of general in pre-Qin and western Han dynasties. For example, Emperor Gaozu took Han Xin as the general, and Emperor Wudi took Wei Qing as the general. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it gradually became a virtual title without a real position. The position of general was established during the Ming and Qing wars and abolished after the war. "Zhang Hengchuan" said that "General Deng Zhi is wise", and Deng Zhi was the general of Han and Emperor at that time.

Participation in politics is also called "participation in politics". He was one of the highest government officials in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and was called "Zaizhi" with Tongping, Tang and Bianmi. Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi all held this position in the Song Dynasty. The word "Lu Gong" in "Diligence and Fitness" refers to Lu Zongdao in Song Zhenzong. "Tan Sitong" "Those who participated in the New Deal were better than those who participated in politics in Tang and Song Dynasties, and they were actually prime ministers".

The military department, the minister of military affairs, was the administrative agency that assisted the emperor in the Qing Dynasty. There is no fixed number of incumbents, usually princes, university students, ministers, assistant ministers or Beijing Hall, and they are called military ministers. Military ministers range from three or four to six or seven, and are called "pivot ministers". In the late Qing Dynasty, only Zuo, Zhang Zhidong and Yuan Shikai served as military ministers for a short time. "Tan Sitong", "The Minister of Military Aircraft is resolute and effective, and he is well supervised".

For Zhang Jing of military aircraft, see the article "Minister of Military Aircraft". He is an official of the military department and a subordinate of the military minister. He is called a "small military plane". Tan Sitong: "The emperor surpassed Si Jingqing in the title of military aircraft Zhang Jing, and joined Yang Rui, Xu Lin and Liu Guangdi in the New Deal."

The suggestion is a historian, such as biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, the former book of Qin suggestion and the former book of Gu Zhao suggestion. After the Qin dynasty, he was appointed as an imperial envoy, and his position was only the second prime minister, in charge of impeachment and picketing the faults of officials. Han Yu served as the censor, and Hai Rui served as the censor of Nanjing, the right capital of the Ming Dynasty. Another example is "Zhong Wang Su Gong Ao Incident", "Many people are the imperial capital and eunuchs guard Liaoning", and Wang Ao was the chief executive of Douchayuan at that time.

The head of the Privy Council. In the Tang Dynasty, it was held by eunuchs and later by ministers. The Privy Council is one of the highest state organs in charge of important military affairs, and the power of envoys in the Tang Dynasty is equivalent to that of prime ministers. Military ministers in the Qing Dynasty are usually called "Tang secretaries". In the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu served as an assistant to the Tang Dynasty. Preface to "Guide to the Southern Tour": "Except the right prime minister and the envoys of the Tang Dynasty, all the other military forces are in my charge." Wen Tianxiang is in charge of the military.

The official name of Chu State in the Warring States Period on the left is comparable to that of later generations. The main duty is to advise the emperor and recommend talents. Biography of Qu Yuan: "Qu Yuan's name is Ping, and Chu's surname is also. Chu Huaiwang's left disciple. "

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