Hu Shi's life story materials

Hu Shi was a famous scholar, poet, historian, writer and philosopher in modern China. He became one of the leaders of the New Culture Movement because he advocated the literary revolution. The following is the life story of Hu Shi that I share with you. Welcome to read and study.

Brief introduction of Hu Shi's characters

Hu Shi (189 1? 1962), a famous modern scholar and social activist. Jixi county people. Born in a family of Huizhou merchants, 19 10 studied in the United States, 19 15 became a student of Dewey, a master of pragmatic philosophy, and 19 17 returned to Peking University as a professor. Profound knowledge, has held more than 30 doctoral titles; 19 17 published my humble opinion on literary improvement, which opened the first page of China's modern literary revolution movement; 19 18 joined the editorial department of new youth, vigorously advocated vernacular Chinese, wrote the first collection of modern vernacular poetry, and became one of the leaders of the new culture movement; 19 19 replaced Chen Duxiu as the editor-in-chief of Weekly Review, published "Study more problems, talk less about doctrine", and put forward a pragmatic methodology of "boldly assuming and carefully verifying", which has great influence in the whole country; Put forward the argument of "total westernization"; During the Anti-Japanese War, he sent a special envoy to the United States to sign the Sino-US Mutual Assistance Treaty on behalf of Chiang Kai-shek. Politically, he followed the Kuomintang, academically, wrote a lot, and his research methods had the legacy of Hui school's simple learning.

Hu Shi's former residence, located in Shangzhuang Village, Jixi County, was built in the 23rd year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1897). The main house faces south, with brick and wood structure, two rooms and three compartments, and the "Hui" shape leads to the building. It covers an area of 208 square meters and has a building area of 350 square meters. The facade is in the style of two columns and one door on the first floor, with brick carvings and kisses embedded on it. Sha Menghai, a contemporary calligrapher, wrote the words "Hu Shi's former residence" on the wooden board with a black background in front of the door. In front of the main hall, Qian Juntao wrote: "I walked in Wan Li for a long time, but my eyes were high and no one was there." . There are tea tables and armchairs in the east and west, and Hu Shi's immediate family members are hung between the walls. On the west is the room where Hu Shi and Jiang Dongxiu got married. There are wooden beds, tables, chairs, cabinets and stools in the room. The front wing is where Hu Shi studied when he was a child. The annex to the East Room was used by Hu Jue (Hu Shi's second brother). On the two wings of the main hall, there are manuscripts and some works such as Hu Shi's family letters, Hu Jia's genealogy, calligraphy and painting donated by celebrities at home and abroad, poems and Hu Shi's "family portrait" photos. The portrait of Hu Shi's father Tiehua hangs in front of the patio, and the photo of Hu Shi's mother Feng Shundi hangs on the east side. In the hall, Zhu Di hangs a huge gold plaque of "Holding the Festival in Xuanwei", which was written by Cheng Dongping of Yi nationality, and the money was given by Zhu Yayun, the magistrate of Jixi County in the 31st year of the Republic of China. At that time, Hu Shi was appointed ambassador to the United States. These four words are to encourage him to grasp his own life and not forget his national prestige. In the former residence 12 landing door, orchids were carved, and four window grilles were engraved with flowers and plants, which was written by Hu Mo, a master of ink mold. One of the pictures is called "Orchids are the crown of kings and don't blend with other grasses". The former residence also displays photos of Hu Shi in various periods. Hu Shi took Fan Zhen's Theory of Immortal Extinction as the vertical axis, and Zhang Zhidong presented Hu Tiehua's hat tube, Hu Tiehua's seven-star sword, imperial edict box and conch brought back from Taiwan Province.

Hu Shi's Character Life

1. Personal experience

Hu Shi was enlightened at the age of five, and received nine years of private education in Jixi, his hometown, which laid a certain foundation of ancient Chinese. In his early years, he studied in Shanghai Meixi School and Chengzhong School, and was initially exposed to western ideology and culture, which was greatly influenced by Liang Qichao and Yan Fu.

1904, he went to a new school in Shanghai, accepted new ideas such as Evolution, began to publish vernacular articles in Ye Jing Morning Post, and later served as the editor of the newspaper.

1906 was admitted to Chinese college. 19 10 was admitted to the second phase of boxer indemnity and went to study in the United States. He studied agriculture at Cornell University and later changed to liberal arts. It is worth mentioning that at that time, only the top 200 foreign students took the exam twice, articles and miscellaneous subjects (political, historical and geophysical students, etc.) ), and Hu Shi's first article got a hundred points, which shows that his article is lucky!

19 15 entered the graduate school of Columbia University, studied under the philosopher Dewey, accepted Dewey's pragmatic philosophy, and believed it all his life.

19 17 After returning to China in the summer (at the age of 25), he became a professor in Peking University, joined the editorial department of New Youth, wrote articles against feudalism, publicized personal freedom, democracy and science, actively advocated "literary improvement" and vernacular literature, and became an important figure in the New Culture Movement at that time.

In the same year, Hu Shi published "My humble opinion on literary improvement" in "New Youth", advocating the use of vernacular Chinese instead of classical Chinese. Hu Shi's Trial Collection is China's first vernacular poetry collection. And put forward the viewpoint of "don't moan in vain" and "have something to say" in writing articles, and made a preliminary assumption for the new literary form. During the May 4th Movement, he argued with Li Dazhao about "Problems and Doctrine". Dewey, who accompanied him to China to give lectures, served as Dewey's translator for more than two years; The debate between science and metaphysics with Zhang Junmai and others was the background of Ding Wenjiang, a "scientific school" at that time. Hu Shi became one of the leaders of the new culture movement because he advocated the literary revolution.

1920 to 1933, mainly engaged in the research and textual research of China's classical novels, and also participated in some political activities. He was the president of Shanghai Public School.

In the early days, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression served as a senator of the National Defense Committee of the Kuomintang, and 1938 was appointed as China's ambassador to the United States.

He has a wide range of interests and rich writings. As a scholar, he has made in-depth research in literature, philosophy, history, textual research, education, ethics, redology and many other fields. 1939 was also nominated by Nobel Prize in Literature.

After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, 1946 was the president of Peking University.

From 65438 to 0949, he lived in the United States, devoted himself to Zhu's textual research, and later went to Taiwan Province Province.

From 65438 to 0954, he served as the deputy director of "Design Committee for the Restoration of the Mainland" in Taiwan Province Province.

From 65438 to 0957, he served as President of Academia Sinica in Taiwan Province Province.

1962, died of a heart attack at a cocktail party in Taiwan Province province.

2. Work experience

Hu Shi has successively served as Professor Peking University, Dean of Peking University College of Literature, Professor and Director of Fu Jen Catholic University, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of China to the United States, Honorary Advisor of the Oriental Department of the Library of Congress of the United States, President Peking University, Academician of Academia Sinica, Director of Gusde Oriental Library of Princeton University, and Dean of Academia Sinica (located in Nangang, Taipei).

1946 1 10/0/0/0 10, chairman of the national government, Chiang Kai-shek invited Hu Shi to "attend the Beijing National Assembly to comfort the spirit". The next day, Hu Shi flew to Nanjing. The National Assembly opened on 165438+ 10/0/5, with a total of 2,050 deputies. Hu Shi was elected to the presidium. The draft constitution needs to be read three times at the General Assembly. At the second reading meeting, Sun Ke, Hu Shi, Wang Chonghui and others 12 were responsible for sorting out the provisions of the constitutional resolution. On the morning of February 25th, 65438, before the Third Reading Conference, the 12 resolution ranking committee publicly recommended the ranking results of the report of Hu Shi's representative. The text of a century-old document like the constitutional provisions seems to assume that as long as Hu Shi is there, no one will choose the second person, although Wang Chonghui, a trusted jurist, is among them. After Hu Shi's report, the constitutional provisions were read out for half an hour, which was fully accepted by the general assembly and solemnly passed, and the great cause of constitution-making was declared successful.

academic research

Hu Shi was deeply influenced by Huxley and John? Dewey's influence claimed that Huxley taught him how to doubt and Mr Dewey taught him how to think. Therefore, Hu Shi advocated liberalism and skepticism all his life, advocated democracy and science to save the country all his life, and advocated the research methods of "bold hypothesis, careful verification" and "words must prove" all his life.

During his study at Columbia University, Hu Shi studied under John? Dewey believed in pragmatic philosophy all his life. Students in Peking University are always finding fault with their teachers. Gu Jiegang, a student from Peking University, introduced Fu Sinian to attend Hu Shi's class to decide whether to expel the new student from the philosophy department of Peking University. After listening to several lectures, Fu Sinian commented on Hu Shi: "Although this man has not read much, he is on the right path. Can't make trouble. "

Hu Shi likes Tan Mo very much. He believes that "if you want to know the evolution order of a theory, you must first examine the era when this theory came into being and developed." Now let's talk about Mozi's theory, when the prophet Mozi was born. "Among them, the idea of universal love became the character of Hu Shi's life. Hu Shi also believes that "the unity of heaven and man" is the fundamental theory of Confucianism in Han Dynasty, which is influenced by Mozi's "Tian Zhi". 192 1 year, Liang Qichao compiled the Notes on Mozi into four volumes and sent them to Hu Shi as a preface. Hu Shi praised Ren Gong's contribution in this preface, but also put forward his own views. He thought Mozi had never seen the death of Wu Qi, a famous Warring States player? When Wuqi died, Mozi had been dead for many years, and Mohism was already a religion. Ren Gong often said, "Jixi is full of talents, and recently it has been out of Hu Shizhi. "

Hu Shi is a knowledgeable scholar who has made great achievements in literature, philosophy, history, textual research, education, ethics and many other fields.

1. Confucianism research

As far as the study of Confucius and Confucianism is concerned, in the Outline of the History of China Philosophy published by 19 19 (Volume I), Hu Shi first studied China's pre-Qin philosophy by using the system and method of modern western philosophy, and put Confucius and Confucianism under certain historical conditions and compared them with other philosophers with an equal eye, thus breaking the "exclusive" status and mystery of Confucianism. Later, he published a long article about Confucianism, proposing that "Confucianism is a priest of Yin people", "The original Confucianism was all Yin people, all adherents of Yin people" and "all priests taught by Yin ancestors, polite and dressed in Yin people's clothes". After the destruction of Yin in Zhou Dynasty, "they carried the legacy of preserving the culture of the old country", and "the soft and timid people of Confucianism not only refer to judo and outlook on life that praised the charm, but also refer to the humiliation of the adherents of the country"; Confucius is the "savior" of the Yin nationality. "He changed from a priest class who perished in the country to a Confucian teacher who reconciled three generations of cultures." Confucius' greatest contribution is to expand the tribal Confucianism of the Yin nationality into benevolence and responsibility, and to change the soft Confucianism into resolute and enterprising Confucianism. Confucius is not the creator of Confucianism, but the revival of Confucianism. Confucius' theory emphasizes the position of individuals in society, education and benevolent governance, and thus affects the whole society. Hu Shi's "bold hypothesis" was shocking at that time, and his arguments were not sufficient. However, he believed that "Confucianism" had existed in the Yin Dynasty, and it was later judged as a fact through Oracle Bone Inscriptions's research.

Hu Shi did not blindly worship Confucius and Confucianism. He believes that "now most reasonable people have broken the dream of Confucianism" (The Meaning of New Thoughts). China's social progress after the Revolution of 1911 "is not a gift from Confucius, but the result of everyone's arduous revolution and everyone's acceptance of new civilization in the new world.". Only by moving forward can there be hope, and driving backwards will not succeed. " (Written after Confucius' birthday) held a critical attitude towards the "three cardinal guides and five permanent members" emphasized by Confucianism, saying that the words of "three cardinal guides and five permanent members" were regarded as the truth by the ancients because it was very useful in the ancient patriarchal society. But now the times have changed, and the state system has changed? What was taken for granted in ancient times is now nonsense. (Experimentalism)

Hu Shi's works are many, edited and selected many times. The most important things are Hu's recommendation, Hu's recent academic works, Hu's academic collections and Hu's autobiography. Many works are widely circulated.

2. Philosophical achievements

After Hu Shi introduced western methods into China's modern academic research, he began to study China's academic research. He used the system and method of modern western philosophy to study China's pre-Qin philosophy for the first time. Based on his doctoral thesis History of Pre-Qin philosophers, he compiled the Outline of China's Philosophy History (Volume I), which was written only in the pre-Qin period. Although he never wrote the second volume in his life, he was ridiculed as "good at writing the first volume", but it played a role in attracting jade.

Cai Yuanpei praised Hu Shi's Outline of the History of China Philosophy for its advantages of "argumentation method, concise means, equal vision and systematic research" and called it "the first new history of philosophy". Feng Youlan affirmed the Outline of China's Philosophical History many times, arguing that it shows that "in the modernization of the study of China's philosophical history, Hu Shi's fundamental contribution cannot be buried" (The Complete Works of Sansongtang, p.

3. Study of Classical Literature

Hu Shi's research on the classical novels A Dream of Red Mansions, The Water Margin, The Journey to the West's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Three Heroes and Five Righteousnesses, Biography of Flowers on the Sea, Biography of Heroes of Children, The Appearance of Officialdom, Travel Notes of Lao Can, etc. is outstanding and successful. A Textual Research on the Novels of China and Zhang Hui was written and published in 600,000 words.

The study of A Dream of Red Mansions is one of the focuses of Hu Shi's classical literature research, which is of great significance and far-reaching influence, so Hu Shi is also considered as the originator of the new Dream of Red Mansions. At the beginning of the 20th century, the New Culture Movement flourished, and the two ideological trends of science and democracy gradually took root in people's hearts. Hu Shi is the standard-bearer of the New Culture Movement and the disseminator of the scientific spirit. Hu Shi's study of A Dream of Red Mansions is an important practice of his scientific spirit in the field of classical culture. Hu Shi's research on A Dream of Red Mansions mainly uses scientific textual research methods. He pointed out that "A Dream of Red Mansions" should pay attention to the collection and collation of historical materials, and conduct textual research from the author, the author's family background and the version of a Dream of Red Mansions. Hu Shi's research on A Dream of Red Mansions is very rich. For example, the author of A Dream of Red Mansions is Cao Xueqin and his grandfather Cao Yin. Cao Xueqin wrote A Dream of Red Mansions from the early years of Qianlong to the thirteenth year of Qianlong. Gao E wrote the last 40 chapters of 120 (of course, this view is controversial). Such problems are common sense now, and they have all been verified by Hu Shi's research.

Hu Shi's study of A Dream of Red Mansions is of great significance, which makes redology look brand-new. His achievements have greatly surpassed the Red School represented by Wang, Yao Xie and Wang, Shen Ping 'an and Cai Yuanpei, and pushed the study of Red Dream to an unprecedented height, which really came into the category of scientific research.

There are many works about Hu Shi's study of Dream of Red Mansions, including Textual Research on A Dream of Red Mansions, Textual Research on New Data of A Dream of Red Mansions, The Birthplace of Cao Xueqin's Family, Talking about the Author's Background, and A Material. In addition, Hu Shi and Gu Jiegang, Cai Yuanpei, Qian, Zhou and others have a large number of letters discussing A Dream of Red Mansions.

Hu Shi loves a dream of red mansions, so he has a deep red chamber complex. 1949 when he was about to leave this land, many precious books were neglected to take away, but he regarded A Dream of Red Mansions as a treasure and urged Zhou to return it as soon as possible. Later, he came to the United States from Taiwan Province Province and took it to the other side of the ocean. From the publication of the first draft of Textual Research on a Dream of Red Mansions in March of 192 1 to his death in June of 438+0962, Hu Shi paid attention to and followed the study of redology all his life. Hu Shi's last letter (To Jin Zuoming1February 20th, 962) was about A Dream of Red Mansions. Whether studying A Dream of Red Mansions or Hu Shi, the value and position of Hu Shi's Dream of Red Mansions cannot be ignored.

4. Zen studies

In the process of writing the History of Zen in China, Hu Shi came into contact with the record of Debate between God and Northern Sect, and felt that it was difficult to write a good history of Zen without writing about God. 1926, Hu Shi successively discovered three volumes and one incomplete volume in Paris and London, with about 20,000 words of information about worshipping monks, namely Quotations of Worshipping Monks and Debate on Right and Wrong of Dharma South Sect, and also discovered the worship of immortals in London. He not only "rewrites the history of Zen from the beginning", but also emphasizes that "this great monk god is really the real founder of Zen and the original author of Tanjing". Master Yin Shun thinks this is not enough for his conclusion. Hu Shi ignored the Japanese scholar who suddenly slipped into the valley and enjoyed himself, but he still contributed to the study of Zen history. Hu Shi changed the problem in the study of Zen history at that time from the inheritance of "the twenty-eight ancestors of the Western Heaven" to the problem of Zen revolutionaries themselves. Without Hu Shi's assertion, Japanese academic circles would not have so many repercussions and research results, and China's Zen studies would not have achieved today. Therefore, the research results of Master Yin Shun actually benefited from Hu Shi's previous contributions. Hu Shi said: "For more than a thousand years, almost no one knows the position of God in the history of Zen, and there is nothing more unfair in history." . 1974 Japanese scholar Yanagida Masaru Hill collected Hu Shi's speeches, manuscripts and letters. And compiled Hu Shi's Zen Case.

1August, 926, Hu Shi was sent to Britain to attend the meeting of the Sino-British boxer indemnity Committee, and went to the British Museum and the National Library of Paris to find the historical materials of Dunhuang Zen stolen by Stein and Boscio. When Hu Shi arrived in Paris, Fu Sinian, who was studying at the University of Berlin, also came to Paris to live with Hu Shi and study the legacy of Dunhuang. Hu Shi admitted that many of his views were influenced by Fu Sinian. Hu Shi's study of Zen basically affirms the "gradual cultivation" theory of the Northern Sect, but denies the "epiphany" theory of the Southern Sect, proving that the story of "Five ancestors forbearing to pass on Huineng's vestments" in the so-called "Six Ancestors' Tanjing" is just a myth fabricated by Huineng's disciple, the monk Shen, in order to compete with the Northern Sect for royal support.

5. Study on Water Mirror Annotation

From 65438 to 0942, after Hu Shi stepped down as ambassador to the United States, he began to pay attention to Zhu studies. In the next 20 years, he spent a lot of energy studying the version of Water Mirror Note. The so-called Zhu case refers to a scholar accusing Dai Zhen of stealing the research results of Zhao Yiqing's Water Mirror Zhu for more than 100 years. In this regard, there are generally two views in academic circles: one is that Dai Zhen copied Zhao Yiqing's achievements; One is the independent research by Zhao Yiqing, Quan Wangzu and Dai Zhen, and the results are roughly the same.

In more than ten years, Hu Shi collected more than 40 versions of Zhu, copied more than 100 long articles and some textual research words, and used thousands of pieces of evidence to overthrow the so-called unjust case of Dai Zhen copying Zhao Yiqing's Water Mirror Zhu. Dai Dongyuan's Philosophy is Hu Shi's most important work in studying the history of thought in Qing Dynasty. Hu Shi believes that there was a great anti-Neo-Confucianism movement in the history of Qing dynasty, which had two aspects: destruction and construction. The former is to expose the fallacy of Neo-Confucianism and break its monopoly position; The latter is to establish a new philosophy different from Neo-Confucianism.

Dai Zhen is Hu Shi's hometown in Huizhou. On the one hand, Hu Shi has always had the habit of protecting Anhui villagers, which can be seen from Hu Shi's evaluation of Li Hongzhang; On the one hand, it is also to carry forward Dai Zhen's step-by-step learning method from "one thing and one thing" to "training the mind" and "gradually becoming a saint".

social influence

1, the influence of the new culture movement

Hu Shi was the first scholar who advocated vernacular Chinese and new poetry, and devoted himself to overthrowing more than 2,000 years of classical Chinese. The May 4th Movement centered on Chen Duxiu.

Mr. Gu Jiegang said that he learned this "textual research method" by reading Hu Shi's Textual Research of Water Margin.

In 1930s, Hu Shi had a unique insight, promoted and appointed Liang Shiqiu and helped him to complete the translation of The Complete Works of Shakespeare, which was later called one of Liang Shiqiu's "three great contributions" to the literary world.

Hu Shi commemorative postcard

Under Hu Shi's proposal and advocacy, Mao Zedong founded the first party school in China, Hunan Self-study University. He mentioned in his letter to Hu Shi: "Your student Mao Zedong?" .

Ji Xianlin is not a student of Hu Shi (his teacher is Chen Yinque), and he is proficient in Sanskrit, Pali and Tuholobi. At the beginning of his return to China, he was promoted by Hu Shi.

When Lin Yutang was studying abroad, the Qing government cancelled the scholarships for international students. Lin Yutang continued to study abroad with the support of Hu Shi. When he came back from the airport, he had only 1 cent in his pocket.

Both Lu Xun and Chen Xiying accused Hu Shi of "sorting out the national heritage" in order to reverse modern science. Lian Hushi

Stamps Commemorating Hu Shi's Centennial Birthday (issued in Taiwan Province Province)

Expert Zhou Zhiping also thinks: "What does Hu Shi advocate? Sorting out national heritage? It can be said that it didn't play any positive role in promoting the development of natural science in China, and even led a group of young people to the old road of Gan's textual research.

Hu Shi not only initiated the New Culture Movement, but also epitomized the classical culture of China. He also accepted the baptism of western civilization, and Jiang Zhongzheng's elegiac couplet was highly summarized as "a model of old morality in new culture and a model of new ideas in old ethics".

Hu Shi was the official critic of Chinese mainland during the "extreme left" period in 1950s and 1970s, especially the target of the "extreme left" Stalinist scholars. At that time, Chinese mainland's textbooks once denied his political thoughts. In the early 1950s, a large-scale critical movement was launched against Hu Shi. After the end of "",the research in recent decades tends to affirm his due historical position; In addition, Hu Shi's My Mother was also selected as a junior high school textbook for full-time Chinese education in Chinese mainland. In mainland newspapers and periodicals, there are often articles commemorating Mr. Hu Shi's spirit.

Lu Xun once published articles such as Good Government, but actually criticized Liang Shiqiu, an ally of Hu Shi, and also implicitly criticized Hu Shi's "weak" revolutionary stance.

Don't be afraid of powerful people in life.

Hu Shi is not only a pioneer of the New Culture Movement, but also a "liberal fighter" in people's eyes. Even the feudal emperors under house arrest can receive humanistic care. Hu Shi is neither humble nor supercilious to Puyi, who has abdicated for more than ten years, and is comparable to the emperor. He called me sir, and I called him emperor. Even if he is involved in the whirlpool of public opinion, he can still have backbone. For his own democracy and freedom, he even tried to persuade Yuan Shikai, He Duan and other warlords. People can still keep rational thinking in the revolutionary whirlwind of fanaticism and subversion, and put forward that "study more problems and talk less about doctrine." Hu Shi's life is a humble life, a life that does not bow to powerful people. Like Dewey, his teacher and philosopher, he is a liberal educator and a fighter who is unwilling to bow to authority. Especially in 1960, when Chiang Kai-shek was about to be re-elected, Hu Shi stepped forward to persuade Chiang Kai-shek to give up his rights and not to participate in the election; And proposed to elect a new president by secret ballot. Of course, these words were not accepted by Chiang Kai-shek. However, Hu Shi is Hu Shi and always walks over to explain his democracy and freedom and his ideal society.

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