What do the Thirteen Classics refer to?

Thirteen Classics refer to thirteen Confucian classics, namely, The Book of Changes, The Book of Songs, Zhou Li, Yi Li, Book of Rites, Chunqiu Zuozhuan, Chunqiu Gongyang Zhuan, Chunqiu Guliang Zhuan, The Analects of Confucius, Xiaojing, Erya and the Book of Rites.

There are many classic and far-reaching books in ancient China. Let's talk about what the Thirteen Classics refer to first.

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The earliest Confucian classics, called Six Classics, are Yi, Shu, Shi, Li, Yue and Chunqiu. Jing Yue was lost earlier, so there are only Five Classics. Among them, Yi, Shu and Shi had been circulated long before Confucius and were quoted many times in Zuo Zhuan. Li is a summary of social etiquette at that time. I don't know when it was written. According to legend, Confucius started his studies with these four books as teaching materials. (It is reported that these four classics were of practical significance at that time. According to Zuo Zhuan, people at that time should have foresight before making major decisions; This book mainly records the words, decrees and important deeds of ancient kings, and is a historical book. Poetry is also called Poetry 300. At that time, poems were often presented in social occasions to express their feelings, and their meanings were expressed by reciting different poems. "Li", that is, "Li", is the regulation and explanation of various ceremonial ceremonies at that time, such as adult coronation, funeral and funeral. All these are of practical significance, and mastering these is also the requirement of society for a qualified taxi at that time. ) The Spring and Autumn Period was the general name of the history books of various countries at that time, and The Spring and Autumn Period was the legend that Confucius edited and revised Lv Chunqiu, among which Confucius praised and criticized history.

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By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was regarded as the official ideology. After Baijia was deposed, the Five Classics was listed as an official school and a doctor of the Five Classics was established. The Book of Changes, The Book of Songs, The Book of Rites and The Spring and Autumn Annals were upgraded from Confucian textbooks to classics, which were officially called the Five Classics. Among them, in the book Chunqiu, scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties attached the biography of Chunqiu (biography, that is, the words explaining the classics) to the classics for convenience, and the classics of Chunqiu were no longer a single line.

The thirteen classics are extremely extensive. As far as traditional concepts are concerned, Yi, Shi, Shu, Li and Chunqiu are called classics, while Zuo Zhuan, Yang Gongzhuan and Gu Liangzhuan belong to Chunqiu Jingzhuan, Li Ji Zhuan and Gu Liangzhuan. Among these thirteen kinds of documents, Jing has the highest status, followed by Zhuan and Ji, followed by Erya.

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Zhouyi

Zhouyi is a book of divination, its outer layer is mysterious and its inner philosophy is profound.

minister

Shangshu is a compilation of ancient historical documents, the main contents of which are imperial letters and conversation record, monarchs and ministers.

The Book of Songs

The Book of Songs is a collection of poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, which is divided into three parts: style, elegance and ode. Wind is a folk song, elegance is the orthodox elegance of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Ode is a dance music for the upper class to worship the ancestral temple.

Zhou Li Ji

Zhou Li, formerly known as Zhou Guan, was seen among the people in the Western Han Dynasty, and most scholars think it may have been written in the Warring States Period. Mainly collected the official system of Zhou royal family and the systems of various countries during the Warring States period.

ceremony

Yili mainly records the ritual system in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

The Book of Rites

The Book of Rites is a collection of Confucian scholars' exegesis of the Confucian classic "Yili" from the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties. It was edited by two scholars in the Western Han Dynasty, Li De and his nephew Dai Sheng. It is a compilation of various etiquette works before Qin and Han Dynasties.

Three biographies of the Spring and Autumn Period

Three Biographies of the Spring and Autumn Annals is a work formed around the classics of the Spring and Autumn Annals. Zuo Zhuan may have been written by Zuo Qiuming at the end of the Spring and Autumn Annals, but some people think that it is a work in the early years of the Warring States Period, focusing on the statement of historical events. The old title of the author of The Legend of the Ram is that the Qi people had a very tall ram during the Warring States Period. He studied under Xia Zi, a disciple of Confucius, and later became one of the three masters of Spring and Autumn Annals. According to legend, the author of Gu Liangzhuan was a disciple of Gu Liangchi in the Warring States Period. At first, it was also taught orally, and it was not until the Western Han Dynasty that it was written. The last two biographies focus on discussion.

The Analects of Confucius

The Analects of Confucius is the notes of Confucius' disciples on Confucius' quotations in the Spring and Autumn Period, and it is also the record of Confucius and his disciples' words and deeds.

filial piety/mourning

The author of The Book of Filial Piety by Confucius in the Western Han Dynasty is still controversial, but he prefers the works of Ceng Zi School. Ancient monographs on filial piety.

Mencius

Mencius was written by Mencius, a Confucian scholar in the Warring States Period. It is devoted to Mencius' speech, thought and behavior.

elegant

Erya is a dictionary compiled by scholars from the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty, which can be used to learn Confucian classics. Erya contains more than 4,300 words, which are used to explain the meaning of words and famous things, and are often used by scholars to explain classics.