Seek the key points of geography, history and politics in unit one, one and two of senior high school. ..

1, meaning of commodity: commodity is a labor product for exchange.

2, the basic attributes of goods-use value and value.

Concept of use value: the property that a commodity can meet people's needs. (Note: It is not necessarily a commodity that has use value, but a commodity must have use value. )

(2) The value of commodities: undifferentiated human labor condensed in commodities.

(Note: Goods with different use values can be exchanged, because they all consume undifferentiated human labor. )

(3) Commodity is the unity of use value and value, both of which are indispensable.

Use value is the material undertaker of value. Things that have no use value are not commodities, and things that have no value are not commodities. No one can have the use value and value of goods at the same time. The purpose of consumers buying goods is to obtain the use value of goods, and the seller is to realize the value of goods.

(2) The nature of money.

1, the emergence of money: money is the product of the development of commodity exchange to a certain stage;

2, the meaning and essence of money:

(1) Meaning: Money is separated from commodities and acts as general equivalent commodities.

(2) The essence of money is: universal equivalent.

Universal equivalent: a commodity that can represent the value of all other commodities and serve as a medium of commodity exchange. )

3, the function of money

(1) two basic functions-value scale and circulation means.

First, the value scale function

(1) Meaning: It is the function of expressing and measuring the value of all other commodities in terms of money.

Reason: Money can be a measure of value because it is also a commodity and valuable. )

(2) the relationship between price and value:

The so-called price is the commodity value shown by a certain amount of money, which is called price. Price is the monetary expression of value, and value is the basis of price. Other things being equal, the price of a commodity is in direct proportion to its value.

(3) When performing the function of value scale, money is only a conceptual money and does not need real money.

B. Means of circulation:

(1) Meaning: The function of money as a medium of commodity exchange is called circulation means.

(2) Pay attention to the difference between circulation means and commodity circulation. Commodity exchange with money as the medium is called commodity circulation. Circulation means emphasize the role of money in commodity exchange, and commodity circulation emphasizes how to exchange commodities.

(3) Money as a means of circulation must be realistic money, not conceptual money.

(2) In the development process, money has the functions of storage means, payment means and world currency.

4, the calculation formula of the amount of money needed in circulation.

The amount of money needed in circulation = the total price of goods (that is, the number of goods for sale × price level)/the speed of money circulation.

This shows that the amount of money needed in circulation is directly proportional to the total price of goods, but inversely proportional to the speed of money circulation. )

5, the emergence and development of paper money:

(1) Paper money is produced with the development of commodity exchange.

(2) The meaning of paper money: it must be a mandatory value symbol issued by the country (or some regions).

Note: Paper money itself has no value, it only replaces metal money to perform the function of circulation means. There are two points to emphasize here: first, it is issued by a country or a specific region. The second is national coercion. Paper money has no value. The main reason why it can replace money as a means of circulation lies in the coercive power of the state. )

6. Inflation and deflation.

(1) Paper money is issued by the state. The state has the right to issue paper money, but it cannot issue any amount of paper money at will. The circulation of paper money must be limited to the amount of money needed in circulation.

(2) Inflation refers to the overall and sustained price increase in economic operation. If the circulation of paper money exceeds the amount of money needed for circulation, it will cause the price to rise and affect people's life or social and economic order.

(Note: There are many reasons for inflation, not only related to the excessive circulation of paper money, but also related to other factors, such as rising costs and excessive total demand. )

(3) Deflation is an economic phenomenon contrary to inflation, which is manifested in the overall and continuous decline of prices. Usually accompanied by economic recession.

Second, credit instruments and foreign exchange.

(1) Credit instruments:

1. Settlement method: (1) Cash settlement (2) Transfer settlement.

2. Ordinary credit instruments:

(1) Credit card:

A meaning: an electronic payment card with some or all functions such as consumption, transfer settlement, cash deposit and withdrawal, credit loan, etc.

B advantages: the credit card integrates deposit and withdrawal, consumption, settlement and inquiry, which can reduce the use of cash, simplify the collection procedures, facilitate shopping and consumption, enhance consumption safety and bring many conveniences to cardholders.

C. Bank credit card refers to the credit certificate issued by commercial banks to customers with good credit status.

(2) check:

It is a payment voucher for demand deposits, and it is a bill that the drawer entrusts financial institutions such as banks to unconditionally pay a certain amount to the payee or holder when seeing the bill. Checks are mainly divided into transfer checks and cash checks.

(2) Foreign exchange and exchange rate:

1. foreign exchange: foreign exchange is a means of payment expressed in foreign currency for international settlement.

2. Exchange rate, also called exchange rate, is the exchange rate between two currencies.

Criteria for judging the rise and fall of exchange rate: If 100 unit of foreign exchange can be converted into more RMB, it means that the foreign exchange rate rises, the foreign currency appreciates, the RMB exchange rate falls and the RMB depreciates; or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium

3, the impact of exchange rate changes on the economy: (that is, the advantages and disadvantages of currency appreciation and depreciation analysis)

(1) The appreciation of the local currency means that less local currency is exchanged for the same amount of foreign currency, which has the following effects: a, exports decrease, while imports increase; B. the cost of foreign investment has increased; C leads to a decline in domestic production and an increase in unemployment; D domestic foreign exchange reserves depreciate, but it is beneficial to repay foreign debts; E is beneficial for domestic enterprises to go global.

(2) The devaluation of the local currency means that more local currency is exchanged for the same amount of foreign currency, which has the following effects: (a) exports increase and imports decrease; B. cost reduction of foreign investment; C enhance the international competitiveness of domestic products, D domestic consumption is relatively cheap, and foreign tourists increase.

4. Significance and significance of keeping the value of RMB basically stable: keeping the overall domestic price level stable and the foreign RMB exchange rate stable is of great significance to the stability of people's lives, the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy, world financial stability and economic development.

Third, establish a correct view of money.

1, from the perspective of production: money is the product of long-term development of commodity exchange;

2. In essence, money is a fixed commodity among universal equivalents;

Functionally, money has two basic functions: value scale and circulation means;

In terms of importance: in a sense, money is a symbol of wealth. In the primary stage of socialism, there is still a commodity-currency relationship, and all kinds of economic activities such as production, distribution, exchange and consumption are inseparable from money.

Lesson 2 changeable prices

I. Factors affecting prices

Price is determined by value, influenced by supply and demand and other factors (that is, price is formed by market).

Supply and demand affect prices.

1. Supply and demand affect prices.

(1) The factors that cause price changes and differences are climate, time, region, production, and even cultural factors such as religious beliefs and customs (indirect factors); (2) The influence of these factors on the price is realized by changing the relationship between supply and demand of commodities (direct factors).

2. How does supply and demand affect prices?

(1) Demand exceeds supply and prices rise. Buyers have to accept higher prices to meet their own needs, and there has been a phenomenon that "things are rare and expensive", which is the "seller's market". (that is, the market type dominated by the seller, and the seller is in a favorable position in market transactions);

(2) Supply exceeds demand and prices are reduced. The seller has to deal with his surplus inventory at a lower price, and there is a phenomenon of "more goods are worthless", which is the "buyer's market" (that is, the buyer plays a leading role in a market type and is in a favorable position in market transactions. )

(2) Value determines price.

1. Relationship between price and value

Price is determined by value, which is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value (other things being equal, the greater the value, the higher the price).

2. The value of commodities is determined by socially necessary labor time.

3. Labor productivity and its relationship with commodity value

The value of unit commodity is inversely proportional to social labor productivity; Individual labor productivity is directly proportional to the total value of goods.

4. The basic content and manifestation of the law of value

(1) Basic content: The value of goods is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing the goods, and the exchange of goods is based on value. (hint: the law of value is the basic law of commodity economy, and there is a law of value when there is a commodity economy)

(2) Form of expression: the price is affected by the relationship between supply and demand and fluctuates around the value.

Why is the fluctuation of price around value the embodiment of the law of value (that is, why not violate the law of value-the principle of equivalent exchange? Why is the fluctuation of price around value not a denial of the law of value?

Price and supply and demand interact and restrict each other, which leads to price fluctuation. Prices can't go up and down indefinitely, always based on value and fluctuating around value. From a single exchange process, the conventional price does not match the value, but in a long time, the average price of goods is still consistent with the value of goods. The fluctuation of price around value is not the negation of the law of value, but the expression of the law of value, and it is the only possible expression. Equivalent exchange exists in commodities.

Second, the impact of price changes.

(A) the impact of price changes on people's lives

1, price changes will cause changes in demand (generally speaking, other conditions remain unchanged)

(1) When the price of a commodity goes up, people will buy less.

(2) When the price of a commodity falls, people will increase their purchase.

2. The demand of different commodities has different responses to price changes.

(1) Price changes have little effect on the demand for daily necessities.

(2) Price changes have a great influence on the demand for high-grade durable goods.

3. The impact of price changes of related commodities on demand.

(1) Among the two alternative commodities, if the price of one commodity rises, consumers will reduce the demand for the commodity and increase the demand for its substitute; or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium

(2) among the commodities with complementary relationship, if the price of a commodity rises, consumers will reduce their demand for the commodity and at the same time reduce their demand for complementary commodities; or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium

(noun explanation: substitution means that if two commodities have the same or similar functions and can meet the same needs of consumers, the two commodities are mutually substituted; Complementary goods are two kinds of goods that must be combined to meet people's needs. These two commodities are complementary commodities. )

(2) Impact on production and operation:

1, adjust production scale 2, improve labor productivity 3, and promote enterprises to produce marketable high-quality products.

Lesson 3 Colorful Consumption

1. Factors affecting consumption (main factors affecting consumption: general income level and price)

(1) Residents' income is the main factor affecting consumption-income is the basis and premise of consumption;

A, other things being equal, the more people's current disposable income (current income), the greater the consumption of various goods and services. Therefore, to improve the living standards of residents, we must maintain stable economic growth and increase residents' income.

B Generally speaking, the higher the expected future income (future income), the greater the possibility of expected expenditure.

C. The social income gap is closely related to the overall consumption level of society. People's income gap is too large, and the overall consumption level will decrease; On the contrary, narrowing the income gap will improve the overall consumption level.

(2) The price level is also the main factor affecting consumption: generally speaking, people will reduce their consumption of commodities when prices rise; When the price drops, the purchasing power will generally increase, thus increasing the consumption of goods.

2. Consumption type

(1) According to different consumers, it can be divided into tangible goods consumption and labor service consumption.

(2) According to different transaction methods, it can be divided into: consumption of money and commodities, consumption of loans, and consumption of leasing.

(3) According to the purpose of consumption, it is divided into survival consumption, development consumption and enjoyment consumption.

Unit 1 The Earth in the Universe

First, the basic forms of the earth's movement: revolution and rotation.

Around the sun-earth axis

The direction is from west to east (counterclockwise over the North Pole) and from west to east (counterclockwise over the North Pole and counterclockwise over the South Pole)

Periodic sidereal year (365 days, 6: 9: 10 second) sidereal day (23: 56: 4 second)

The average angular velocity is 1o/ perihelion (65438+1early October), perihelion (early July) is equal everywhere, and the hourly rate is 15o (except for the poles).

The average linear velocity is 30 km/h, decreasing from the equator to the poles. The equator is 1670KM\ h, and the poles are 0.

The relationship between the earth's rotation and revolution;

(1) Equatorial angle: the intersection angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane. Currently it is 23o26'

(2) The movement of the direct point of the sun between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer.

Second, the geographical significance of the Earth's rotation

(1) alternate day and night

(2) local time

(3) Objects moving horizontally along the surface deviate, with the northern hemisphere leaning to the right and the southern hemisphere leaning to the left.

Third, the geographical significance of the revolution of the earth.

(1) Variation of Day and Night Length and Noon Sun Height

① Changes in the length of day and night

Northern Hemisphere: In summer, the days are long, the nights are short, and the farther north, the longer the days are.

The direct point of the sun is in that hemisphere, and the hemisphere north of the Arctic Circle has long days; ② In equatorial winter, the days are short and the nights are long for half a year, and the days are shorter as you go north, and the days are equally divided; ③ In the Spring and Autumn Period, the phenomenon of extreme night appeared in the northern Arctic Circle, and the southern hemisphere was equally divided between day and night: contrary to the northern hemisphere.

② The change of sun height at noon.

Vernal equinox: it decreases from the equator to the north and south, and decreases from the direct point of the sun to the north and south.

Summer solstice varies with latitude: it decreases from 23 26' north latitude to north and south.

Winter to Sunday: decreasing from 23 26 to north and south.

The north of 23o26' N reaches the maximum value from summer to the sun, and the height closer to the direct point is.

With the change of seasons, the winter solstice south of 23o26 reaches the maximum, and the greater it is.

There are two direct meetings between the Tropic of Cancer and the South every year.

Fourth, the interpretation of light map

(1) judging the north and south poles is usually used in the top view. The basis of judgment is: the earth's rotation is counterclockwise from the North Pole and clockwise from the South Pole; Or look at the longitude, the direction of east longitude increase is the ground.

Direction of rotation of the ball

(2) Judging the solar terms, date and latitude of the direct point of the sun, the circle passes through the pole (or coincides with a meridian) in the morning and evening, and the direct point of the sun is the equator, that is, vernal equinox; The termination line is tangent to the polar circle, such as the Arctic Circle.

The extreme day is the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, and the direct point of the sun is 23 26' north latitude. If the Arctic Circle is the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere, then the direct point of the sun is 23 26' south latitude.

(3) Determine the local time. In the illumination map, the meridian where the direct point of the sun is located is noon 12, the middle meridian of the daytime part surrounded by the termination line is 12, and the local time of the meridian where the morning line intersects the equator is

At 6 o'clock, the meridian of the intersection of the dark line and the equator is 18 minutes. According to the principle that every 15o, the time difference is 1 hour, and every 1o is 4 minutes, the longitude difference between the two places (subtraction on the same side, addition on different sides) is calculated first, then converted into time, and the local time is calculated according to the principle of adding east and subtracting west.

(4) judging the length of day and night to find the length of day (night) in a place is to find the length of the sun (night) arc in the latitude circle, and it can also be calculated by the longitude of the sun (night) arc.

(5) To judge the height angle of the sun at noon, first find the latitude difference between the sought area and the direct point of the sun. If the area and the direct point of the sun are in the same hemisphere, take the latitude difference between the two places. If the sought area and the direct point of the sun are not in the same hemisphere, take the sum of the latitudes of the two places, and then use the latitude difference of 90o- to get the noon sun height of the sought area.

Five: termination line and latitude and longitude.

(1) Judge the problem according to the intersection of the termination line and latitude.

① The terminator line passes through the north and south poles, and it can be judged that this day is around March 2 1 or September 23.

② The end line is tangent to the north and south poles, and it is daytime in the Arctic Circle. It can be judged that this day is around June 22, summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, summer in the northern hemisphere and winter in the southern hemisphere.

(3) The terminator line is tangent to the north and south poles, and it is night in the Arctic Circle. It can be judged that this day is around 65438+February 22, the northern hemisphere is winter solstice, the northern hemisphere is winter, and the southern hemisphere is summer.

(2) Judging the length of day and night according to the intersection relationship between the termination line and the meridian.

Calculate the length of day or night in a place. When calculating the day length, from the intersection of the morning line and latitude circle to the intersection of the faint line and latitude circle, calculate the latitude circle where the place is located in the daytime hemisphere, and divide the longitude by 15, which is the place.

The length of a day, if only half a hemisphere is drawn on the map, it should be noted that the length of a day in this place is twice the longitude difference spanned by that day on the map, divided by 15.

Seven. Calculation of time zone and local time

Step 1: First find the longitude difference between the two places.

Step 2: Find the time difference again. The longitude differs by 4 minutes per degree.

Step 3: then judge the east-west direction of the two places, and add the east and subtract the west. If the time exceeds 24 hours, it will be reduced by 24, and the date will be increased by 1 day. If the time is negative, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the date.

Jesus Christ.

Unit 2 Atmosphere

1. Composition and vertical stratification of the atmosphere

1) composition of the lower atmosphere: dry and clean air (nitrogen-the basic component of living things, oxygen-the basic substance for maintaining life activities, carbon dioxide-the basic raw material for photosynthesis, and ozone-absorbs the sun.

Ultraviolet rays "the umbrella of life on earth"), water vapor and solid impurities (necessary conditions for cloud formation and rainfall)

2): vertical stratification of the atmosphere (figure 2 on page 29 of the textbook.1)

Influence of high temperature and atmospheric movement on human activities

Radio waves are reflected by the ionosphere in the upper atmosphere of 2000-3000 km.

The stratosphere 50-55 km rises with the increase of height, advection, ozone absorption and ultraviolet radiation heating; Conducive to high-altitude flight

Low latitude of troposphere: 17- 18km, middle latitude: 10- 12km, and high latitude: 8-9km. The convective weather phenomenon is complex and changeable, which is closely related to human beings.

Second, the atmospheric thermal effect

(1) Attenuation of Solar Radiation

Absorption: selectivity, water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb infrared rays, ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays, and has less absorption rate of visible light.

Reflection: no selectivity. The thicker the clouds, the stronger the reflection. It's cloudy in summer and the temperature is not very high.

Scattering: selective, it is easy to be scattered for blue-violet light with short wavelength, so the clear sky is blue.

(2) Ground insulation effect

(1) The atmosphere absorbs long-wave radiation from the ground and intercepts heat to raise the temperature. Because the atmosphere has poor ability to absorb solar short-wave radiation and strong ability to absorb ground long-wave radiation, ground radiation.

Most of it is absorbed by the atmosphere.

(2) Atmospheric inverse radiation is a kind of atmospheric radiation, which is directed towards the ground, compensates the ground heat and plays a role in heat preservation.

Second: the thermal state of the atmosphere

Thermodynamic action of atmosphere

1) thermal circulation: the air circulation formed by uneven ground temperature is the simplest form of atmospheric movement.

As can be seen from the figure, the isobar near the ground bends in the direction of low pressure (downward), and the isobar at high altitude bulges in the direction of high pressure (upward).

2) the horizontal movement of the atmosphere-wind

Influencing factors: The denser the isobar, the greater the wind force (Figure 2. 10, 2. 1 1 2).

Under the action of a single horizontal pressure gradient force, the wind direction is perpendicular to the isobar and points to the low pressure.

Under the action of horizontal pressure gradient force and geostrophic deflection force, the wind direction is parallel to the isobar.

Under the action of three forces: the wind direction forms an angle with the isobar, always pointing from high pressure to low pressure.

Three. Global atmospheric circulation

1) Three-cycle (Figure 2 on page 37 of the textbook.14)

① Seven pressure belts and six wind belts are formed on the earth's surface, and the wind belts of the pressure belts move north and south with the north-south movement of the sun's direct point. For the northern hemisphere, it moves northward in summer, and its position is northerly; Move south in winter, position

Go south. (Figure 2. 15)

② Influence of land and sea distribution on atmospheric circulation

(3) Monsoon circulation (Figure 2. 18)

East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia

Climate type temperate monsoon climate subtropical monsoon climate tropical monsoon climate

The difference of thermal properties between land and sea, the seasonal movement of pressure zone and wind zone

Wind direction winter northwest wind (Asian continent) northeast wind (Asian continent)

Summer Southeast Wind (Pacific Ocean) Southwest Wind (Indian Ocean)

The Political System of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

1, the content of Xia and Shang political system:

Central:

1 the hereditary system of the throne replaces the abdication system;

Ministers involved in decision-making, fortune tellers responsible for offering sacrifices and recording the history of major events in dynasties, and teachers in charge of military power.

Location: Hou Bo.

The influence of Xia-Shang political system: The political system in the early Xia-Shang period had a direct influence on the patriarchal clan system and the enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

2. The packet of the Western Zhou Dynasty:

1 Obligations of the blocked vassal state: defend the territory, follow the battle, pay tribute and report on pilgrimage.

2 Impact:

Positive influence: strengthening the local rule of the Zhou Emperor; Formed a pair of stars for Zhou Yu.

Moon-like political structure

Negative effects: the kingship was weak in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, and disputes among countries continued during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Results: The enfeoffment system was destroyed in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. At the end of the Warring States period, the Zhou royal family lost the right to enfeoffment.

3. The patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty;

1 content: maintain the political hierarchy with paternal blood and consolidate the national political system.

2 characteristics: the eldest son inheritance system

Influence: ensuring the monopoly and privileged position of the nobility is conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group.

The second lesson is the formation of centralization in Qin Dynasty.

1, the formation of centralization:

Features: one person is the only one; Imperial power is supreme; Succession to the throne

Evaluation: It marks the establishment of centralized feudal autocracy. Form the form of central vertical management of local areas, and bureaucratic politics replaces the important symbol of aristocratic politics.

2. The basic feature of centralization: the power is highly centralized.

3, the role and influence of centralized system:

Positive impact:

1 enhanced the strength of Qin State, expanded its territory through war, and formed the first unified multi-ethnic feudal country in China history, becoming a world power at that time.

2 enable Qin Nengyi to implement various measures to consolidate and unify.

It laid the basic pattern of China's feudal social and political system for more than 2,000 years, which was used by feudal dynasties in past dynasties and was constantly strengthened and improved.

Negative effects: relying on the autocratic authority of the emperor, strengthening the oppression of the people, leading to the rapid intensification of class contradictions.

The third lesson is the evolution of political system from Han Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty.

1, the evolution of the central political system:

The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system.

The central government has three posts (Xiang, Qiu)

China-DPRK decision-making body

External execution mechanism

Shangshutai central organization

The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties gradually formed a three-province system.

Shangshu Province, Introspection Province and Menxia Province in Sui Dynasty were the highest ruling institutions of the central government.

In the Tang Dynasty, Zhongshu was in charge of decision-making and was responsible for drafting and issuing imperial edicts.

Shangshu Province is responsible for implementing government decrees. Six departments: officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers.

Under the door, the province is in charge of deliberation and is responsible for reviewing government decrees.

The highest administrative organization under the Zhongshumen in Song Dynasty

The highest military and political body of the Privy Council.

Deputy minister of political affairs, divided into prime minister's executive power

The third division manages finance and divides the financial power of the prime minister.

The highest administrative organ of Zhongshu Province in Yuan Dynasty.

The highest military body of the Privy Council.

Yuan is in charge of religious affairs and manages Tibet.

2. The evolution of local political system:

At the beginning of Han dynasty, the county and state parallel system; Later period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty: the system of setting up secretariat

In the middle and late Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were more and more leaders of local military towns, which developed into a separatist situation.

Song is a local official; State-county two-level system

In the Yuan Dynasty, the local government implemented the provincial system, under which there were roads, prefectures, prefectures and counties respectively. The provincial system strengthens centralization and consolidates the unity of multi-ethnic countries. Its establishment is a major change in the local administrative system.

Management of alpine propaganda organizations in remote ethnic areas.

3. The characteristics of the political system from Han Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty: the relative power was weakened and the imperial power was strengthened. Local power is weakening and central power is strengthening.

The fourth lesson is to strengthen the absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

1, Ming Dynasty: The monarchy was strengthened and the prime minister system in China was abolished, and the monarchy reached a new height.

2. Qing dynasty: the autocratic monarchy reached its peak, and the Ministry of War was established. The officials of the new Manchu and Han dynasties were selected by the emperor as ministers of the military department. accomplish

The military and political power of the country is completely concentrated in the hands of the emperor.

Unit 2 The Political System of Ancient Greece and Rome

Lesson 5 Ancient Greek Political Democracy

1, basis: Solon reform

Establishment: Reform in Cristini

Golden Age: The Rule of Perikles

2. Features: people's sovereignty, rule by turns, supremacy of law and equality of citizens.

3. Positive role: promoting the formation of Greek national character; Promote the development of ancient Greek cultural undertakings; Create western democratic politics.

Negative influence: male citizen democracy; Direct democracy of small countries and few people; Disadvantages of balloting and taking turns to sit in the village

Lesson 6 The Origin and Development of Roman Law

1, The Twelve Bronze Tables Act marks the birth of Roman written law.

The Complete Book of Civil Law (compiled by Justinian Organization) marks the final completion of the Roman legal system.

2. Influence: maintaining the political and economic rule of the Roman Empire; It is the foundation of modern continental European legal system; It is a powerful ideological weapon against feudalism and consolidating the capitalist system.

Unit 3 Establishment and Development of Modern Western Capitalist Political System

Lesson 7 The Establishment of British Constitutional Monarchy

1, 1 Glorious Revolution: 1688

2 Bill of Rights: 1689. Features: the power of parliament is increasingly exceeding that of the king; Congress is gradually in a state of "simultaneous death"

3 responsibility cabinet system: the prime minister actually becomes the highest decision-maker and leader in the country's political life.

2. Function:

Domestic influence: providing security, stabilizing society, entering democracy and setting an example;

Foreign influence: it also has a great influence on the establishment of new systems by the bourgeoisie in other countries.

3. Features: The British constitutional system is a mixture of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. The monarch is symbolic.

Most of the duties of the head of state are courtesy.