Common sense map of ancient literature

1. Common sense of ancient literature in China

China ancient poetry culture originated from sacrificial ceremonies, sprouted from folk songs and flourished in chanting records. Unfortunately, the earliest extant collection of poems is The Book of Songs. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, it evolved into a Sao style, simple and profound, which is a unique branch of pre-Qin poetry culture. With the death of Qin and Han, Yuefu flourished, and the poetry garden revived. When I entered Wei, I heard five words, especially the brilliant creation of "three sons of Cao" and "seven sons of Jian 'an". At the turn of Wei and Jin dynasties, there were "seven sages of bamboo forest"; There were three Zhang, two Lu, two Pan, one Zuo in the Western Jin Dynasty, and one in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. During this period, the realm and vision of poetry were broadened, and singing became more and more popular. Things have changed, and the years have passed to the Song and Qi Dynasties in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The four characters, five characters, six characters and seven characters are repeated constantly, and there are "Big and Small Xie", "Seven-character Ancestor" and "Eight Friends in Jingling", which are idyllic and landscapes.

Poetic and picturesque, elegant and beautiful, Qi Liang style can be called the exclusive spring scenery before the Tang Dynasty. The prosperous Tang Dynasty is also a prosperous time for poetry. The work of rhyme, the beauty of rhyme, the precision of sentences and the breadth of artistic conception are really the pinnacle! However, although Du Li was crowned as a "poet saint", there are still stars shining through the ages! There are words in the poem, which have been seen in the northern and southern dynasties, and prevailed in the teaching workshop in the late Tang Dynasty. As for Da Song, it gradually jumped out of the string and became a ups and downs poem, which is unique in the history of poetry. Compared with poetry, ci has more extension and inheritance, and also shows hearty lyricism. There are thousands of Ci poets in Song Dynasty, and Yan Xin is the most outstanding one. In addition, it is true that there are thousands of epigrams rhyming, but it is not ancient to the predecessors, and later generations often tie their hands and feet and become the wind of lyrics. The interpretation of poetry in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties more and more catered to the needs of folk entertainment. As a result, "Street Melody" and "Country Square Minor" were very popular and eventually blossomed and became a wonderful song. There is a saying: there are no poems after the Tang Dynasty and no words after the Song Dynasty. Generally speaking, this is a generalized theory of poetic realm; In a narrow sense, not necessarily. Gao Qi's poems in Ming Dynasty have the brilliance of Han and Wei Dynasties and the beauty of Tang and Song Dynasties, which is quite a model of connecting the past with the future. Sighing that the green hills are there, writing is a taboo, risking embarrassment, and suffering from waist-cutting in the prime of life. It is better to say that there is no poetry after the literary inquisition than after the Tang Dynasty. As for the Qing Dynasty, there were many poets and countless poems, but most of them were smoked in the slippery air of princes, lacking character and few people handed down masterpieces. There are more than 10 thousand poems, but I haven't seen one or two. What can I say? However, it is Gong Zizhen and Banqiao who can admire integrity.

2. Common sense of ancient literature

Introduction to Historical Records: Historical Records did not have a fixed title at first, or it was called "Taishi Gong Shu" or "Taishi Gong Gong Ji", and it was also called "Taishi Gong Gong Ji" in the province. "history

"Ji" was originally a general term for ancient history books. Since the Three Kingdoms, Historical Records has gradually become the proper name of Taishi Gongshu. Author Sima

Move, word length, Zuo Fengyi Xiayang people. Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, he died in the third year of Emperor Zheng of Han Dynasty. Sima Qian's father teacher

Ma Su served in the Central Committee of the Han Dynasty, responsible for managing royal books, collecting historical materials and studying astronomical calendars. Sima Tan is going to write a newsletter.

History, he died before his wish came true. On his deathbed, he told Sima Qian to finish his unfinished business. Sima Qian worked hard as a child.

At the age of ten, he began to learn the ancient prose at that time. Later, he followed Dong Zhongshu and Kong Anguo to study The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram and the history of ancient Chinese prose. Emperor yuan Shuo of Han dynasty

In three years, Sima Qian was twenty years old, full of curiosity, roaming the famous mountains and rivers of the motherland, inspecting historical sites and collecting legends everywhere. Cross the right

Sima Qian broadened his horizons and increased his knowledge by on-the-spot investigation of places of interest and historical facts before and after the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, which paved the way for later compilation of historical records.

Made full preparations. After Sima Tan's death, Sima Qian inherited his father's business and made an official order, so he was able to see a large number of books, documents and national archives.

Case, this is an indispensable condition for Sima Qian to compile historical records. In the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian began to write historical records.

In the second year of Tianhan, Li Ling led the troops to attack the Huns with Li Guangli, and they were defeated and surrendered. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Sima Qian what he thought of Li Ling, so Sima

It is said that Li Ling surrendered because he was outnumbered and had no reinforcements, and the responsibility was not entirely on Li Ling. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed that Sima Qian intended to replace Li.

Ling excused himself and condemned Li Guangli, Li Furen's brother and the daughter of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. As a result, Sima Qian was thrown into prison and sentenced to corruption. Three years later.

He was pardoned from prison and worked harder at writing history books. In about two years, the compilation was basically completed. Years after Sima Qian's death,

His grandson, Yang Yun, made this immortal masterpiece of more than 520,000 words public.

Historical Records is a general history that runs through ancient times and modern times, starting from the legendary Huangdi until the first year of Emperor Wudi's Yuanshou, describing China.

It has a history of about 3000 years. According to Sima Qian's records, there are 12 biographies, 10 tables, 8 books, 30 aristocratic families and 70 biographies.

* * * one hundred and thirty articles. Ban Gu mentioned in the Biography of Sima Qian in Hanshu that there are ten missing pieces in Historical Records. Wei of the Three Kingdoms pointed out that these ten articles are all "landscapes"

Biography of Emperor, Biography of Emperor Wudi, Book of Rites, Le Shu, Law and Discipline, Chronology of Generals Since Han Dynasty, Biography of Japanese,

Three Kings Family, Biography of Tortoise Shell, Biography of Fujin. Most descendants disagree with Zhang Yan's statement, but not all of the Historical Records are true.

There is no doubt about it. Today's Historical Records is also 130, and several chapters are obviously not written by Sima Qian, but by Bo when Emperor Han and Yuan were emperors.

Scholar Chu supplemented Historical Records, and "Mr. Chu said" in this edition of Historical Records is his supplement.

Historical Records has a wide range of materials. At that time, world books, Mandarin, national policies, Ji Qin and Chu were circulated in the society.

Works such as Spring and Autumn Annals and A Hundred Schools of Thought contend, national documents and archives, and materials obtained from field investigation were all written by Sima Qian.

Sources of important materials. What is particularly valuable is that Sima Qian carefully analyzed and screened the collected materials and eliminated some nonsense.

For some problems that cannot be clarified, we either take a skeptical attitude or record various opinions. Due to the extensive materials, the history was revised.

Therefore, seriously speaking, Historical Records is rich in information and content.

3. Common sense of various cultures in ancient China.

The ancient Kanto refers to the area east of Hanguguan or Tongguan, and the modern refers to the northeast area east of Shanhaiguan.

Cao Cao's "Hao Li Xing": "There are righteous men in Kanto, fighting for the heroes." Refers to the area east of Tongguan.

Kansai refers to the area west of Hanguguan or Tongguan. Battle of Red Cliffs: "Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Kansai, which is the future trouble of Cao Cao."

Guanzhong refers to different areas, and the ancients used to call the area west of Hangu Pass Guanzhong. "The Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong wants to be the king of Guanzhong and make Zi Ying the phase."

"On Qin": "The heart of the first emperor thought it was fixed in Guanzhong." In ancient times, the western regions were called Xinjiang and its western regions.

Yandang Mountain: "According to western books, Arhat Norodom lived on the back of Furong Peak in Yandang Mountain in the southeast of Sinian." Lingqiao Wuling is another name for Yuecheng, Dubang, Zhu Meng, Qitian and Dayu.

"Herb Picking": "Lingqiao grass, smart and not carved." (This refers to Guangdong and Guangxi in particular).

Shuomo refers to the desert in the north, or "Shuowang" for short, refers to the north. Herb picking: "Mastering ink is peach, plum and Xia Rong."

"Mulan Poetry": "The new moon spreads gold, and the cold light shines iron clothes." The new moon refers to the wind in the north.

Lin's Fengxueshan Temple "returning to the north wind" refers to the north wind. Baiyue is also known as Baiyue and Zhu Yue.

In ancient times, Yue people lived in all parts of Guangdong, collectively known as Baiyue. In ancient Chinese, it often refers to the southern region.

On Qin dynasty, "take the land of Baiyue in the south", "collect herbs" and "all say peach, plum and winter fruit". The floorboard of the five famous mountains in Wuyue, namely Mount Taishan in Dongyue, Huashan in Xiyue, Songshan in Zhongyue, Hengshan in Beiyue and Hengshan in Nanyue.

Climbing Mount Tianmu in my dream: "Climbing to the top of the Five Mountains, the shadow runs through China." The capital of gyeonggi province and its surrounding areas.

Zuo anecdote: "Zuo Xiangzu, a public school in Gyeonggi." In the Western Han Dynasty, Sanfu initially referred to three officials in charge of the Gyeonggi area, and later referred to the areas under the jurisdiction of these three officials.

"Zhang Hengchuan": "Hengshan Mountain belongs to the literature and swims in the third auxiliary." "Remember Zhong Wang's Su Gong Ao:" A man and a woman married the wife of an official in Kyrgyzstan. "

After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was referred to as "auxiliary" for short. Sanqin refers to the Guanzhong area west of Tongguan.

After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu gave this place to three generals in Qin Jun, hence the name. Farewell to the governor and enter Shu: "The wall of Sanqin is separated from the water of five rivers."

The administrative region of a county in ancient times. Qin unified the world with 36 counties. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, counties were called each other, and the Ming and Qing Dynasties were called the government.

On Qin, the key counties in the north, Pipa travel, Yuanhe moved to Sima, Jiujiang county for ten years, Battle of Red Cliffs, there are six counties with many soldiers and refined grain. See the article "County" as a country.

"Longzhong Dui": "Since Dong Zhuo came, there have been heroes, and countless people have crossed the state and even joined the county." "Battle of Red Cliffs": "The people of Jingzhou attached symbols, forcing soldiers to take advantage of the situation."

Daoism and Daoism established in minority areas in Han Dynasty are a special administrative region, equivalent to a county. In the Tang Dynasty, Taoism was first a prison area, then an administrative area, and it was an administrative unit at or above the national level.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the provincial roads were set up, the patrol road was a small administrative area, and the patrol road was only a monitoring area. "Tan Sitong" spiraled up Ningxia Road, where "Dao" refers to the Taoist priest.

The administrative region of Lu, Song and Yuan Dynasties is equivalent to the present province. Preface to {Guide to the Southern Tour >: "Except for the right prime minister and the envoys of the Tang Dynasty, all the other military forces are in my charge."

"Forever Yule Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia": "Looking at the middle of the road, you can still remember that the fire will be on Yangzhou Road." In ancient landscape, the yin and yang were the south of the mountain and the north of the mountain was the yang, and the south of the mountain was the yin.

"Gong Yu Yishan": "It refers to the south of Henan and reaches Hanyin." "Hanyin" refers to the south of Hanshui River.

"Climbing Mount Tai": "On the day of Mount Tai, wenshui flows westward; It is cloudy and the water flows eastward. " "You Bao Chan": "The so-called Huayang Cave, also known as the sun of Huashan."

Nanjing and other ancient names are also called Jiankang, Jinling, Jiangning and Baixia. Liu Jingting biography: "Taste was ordered by Jinling."

"Sick Plum Restaurant": "Longpan in Jiangning ... all produce plums." Plum Blossom Ridge: "Wu Zhongsun, Zhao Gong and Wei Xiao set out to fight and hold on to the white ground."

Another example is that Yangzhou is called Guangling and Weiyang, and Li Bai's "Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou": "Fireworks go to Yangzhou in March." Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow": "Chun Xi's soldiers were given to Japan and given to Weiyang."

For example, Hangzhou is called Lin 'an and Wulin, Suzhou is called Gusu, Fuzhou is called Sanshan, and Chengdu is called Jinguancheng. Liu Jingting biography: "After reading the old story of Tokyo Dream China and Wulin."

"Night parking near Fengqiao": "Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, midnight bells ring to passenger ships." "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night": "Look at the red and wet place, the flowers in Jinguancheng are heavy."

Preface: "From Haidao to Yongjialai Sanshan, it is a volume." .

4. Common sense of ancient culture

Ancient methods of age, month, date and time

Dating method

1 year chronology: The earliest chronology in China was expressed by the year when the princes ascended the throne. Take "Yuan, two, three ..." as the ordinal number until death. Such as: the year of Lunuo, the decade of Lu Zhuanggong. Since the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty by Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, the year number and year number have been used in the order of "Yuan, Er, San ……", and the change of year number has started again. Such as: the first year of Yuanjia, the middle period of Jian 'an at the end of Han Dynasty, and the decade of Yuanhe. When the new king ascended the throne, he had to change his title and remember it again, which was called "changing Yuan", such as "King Xia, changing Jingyan". Chronology of trunk and branch: trunk and branch, collectively referred to as heavenly stems and earthly branches. A, B, C, D, E, G and Xin Renkui are called ten stems, which are used to indicate the order. Zi Chou Chen has called the 12 th branch to record the time at noon. Ten stems and twelve circulating flowers are matched into Jiazi, Yechou, Bingyin ... Kuihai, and then Jiazi is re-matched, which is exactly 60, usually called 60-flower Jiazi, which is reused repeatedly. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the chronology of stems and branches has been adopted. For example, "To remember the arrest of Duke Zhou, I look forward to Ding Mao's March." 3 years, the combination of dry and dry years. For example, "Gan Long Ding Haidong in April of the second year of Shunzhi".

Lunar calendar method

1 is expressed by ordinal number: January, February, March ... December. January, the beginning of a year, is also called the first month. The ancients also had a method of "making the moon", that is, using December with twelve branches to represent the month. Usually, the gamete in November of the summer calendar where the winter solstice is located is called Jianzi Month, which leads to the conclusion that December is the ugly month, the first month is the cloudy month, and November is the sea month. 2 According to the four seasons: three months in each season, arranged in the order of Meng Zhongji, such as Meng Chun and Midsummer.

Jirifa

1 Mark the dates with dry branches, such as Ding Chou in June (the ninth day of June) and Xia Xinji (the thirteenth day). Because the number of days (fifty-nine days) in two months is different from that in the summer calendar, the names and dates of the monthly branches do not completely correspond. 2. According to the ordinal number of the first day, the second day to the thirtieth day. These three days at the end of the 15th of each month have specific names, which are called "New Moon", "Hope" and "Darkness". (4) Punctuality The ancients used punctuality to represent twelve hours, and each hour is equivalent to two hours now. From 23: 00 (i.e. 1 1 p.m.) to 1 p.m., gametes advance in sequence, with the first hour as the beginning and the last hour as the positive, which is equivalent to dividing twelve hours of a day and night into twenty-four hours. See the table of twelve points and twelve earthly branches for collocation. At dusk 12, people will crow at midnight and the sun will rise at sunrise. At noon, the sun will set.

Chen hasn't signed up for the twelve places to defend Haizi's ugliness this afternoon.

24: 00 19-

2 1 2 1-

23 23-

1 1-3 3-5 5-7 7-9 9-

1 1 1 1-

13 13-

15 15-

17 17-

19

Even 20-

22 22-

24 24-2 2-4 4-6

Five more one more two more three more four more five more.

5. Common sense of ancient literature in China

The first part is an overview of pre-Qin literature (36 hours) (1 hour) and the scope of pre-Qin literature.

2. The beginning of China literature; Primitive ballads and ancient myths; Myth is an encyclopedia of China's childhood and the earliest treasure in China's literary heritage. 3. China's first collection of poems, The Book of Songs.

As the source of ancient realistic literature, The Book of Songs is of pioneering significance in terms of literary expression objects and techniques. 4. The social changes and the emergence of "a hundred schools of thought contend" in the Warring States period promoted the prosperity of prose.

There are many famous historical prose and essays, which have laid a solid foundation for the development of China's prose. 5. Qu Yuan is the first great poet in the history of China literature. The excellent poem represented by Li Sao is full of lofty thoughts and feelings, patriotic spirit and the magical color of romanticism, which opens up the fine tradition of romanticism in China.

Q: What is the general situation of pre-Qin literature? Chapter 1 Ancient Myth (2 hours) 1, Myth and Myth Generation. Marx believes that myth is "a natural and social form processed by unconscious artistic methods in people's fantasies."

The emergence of myth is closely related to the productivity level and thinking ability of primitive people; The modes of myth production usually include labor production and religious activities. 2. The content of myth.

Ancient myths in China are very rich and complete, including the myth of the formation of the universe, the myth of the origin of mankind, the myth of heroes, the myth of floods, and all kinds of descriptive myths about the types, habits and forms of gods. 3. Myth art and its national characteristics.

Ancient mythology is the embodiment of primitive romanticism, which expresses primitive people's understanding and imagination of nature and society by exaggeration and fantasy. China myth has its distinctive national characteristics. In content, it eulogizes endless creative spirit, shows indomitable tenacious pursuit, eulogizes indomitable dedication spirit, has positive romantic spirit, and is full of artistic color and fantasy.

4. The significance and influence of myth. Question: 1. What are the contents and characteristics of ancient myths? 2. What is the relationship between ancient myths and primitive religions? The second chapter is Zhou Dynasty poetry and the Book of Songs (13 class hours) 1, ancient proverbs, incantations and the formation of Zhou poetry.

Before the Book of Songs, China's ancient poems had a long history of development. Old sayings and sayings are two main forms of early poetry, and they are also the predecessors of Zhou poetry. The Zhou Dynasty was a period of great prosperity for China's ancient poetry. Besides The Book of Songs, there are many poems preserved in Zhouyi and Zuozhuan, which can be compared with The Book of Songs.

2. The system and compilation of the Book of Songs. The Book of Songs contains 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period.

It is divided into three parts: wind, elegance and praise. The area with 300 poems includes all or part of today's Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Hubei and Shandong provinces.

Some are folk songs, and some are created by noble literati. Most authors' names no longer exist. In the past, there were different opinions about the compilation of the Book of Songs, among which the most influential ones were the theory of offering poems, the theory of collecting poems and the theory of Confucius deleting poems.

Nowadays, many people think that the compilation of The Book of Songs was jointly completed by the imperial court, local governors and musicians. The Book of Songs was only called the Book of Songs in the pre-Qin period, and it was regarded as a classic by Confucianism after the Han Dynasty.

3. An overview of the classification of The Book of Songs. (1) Zhou tribal epic; (2) political satire; (3) Poetry; ④ Farming poems; ⑤ Love poems; 6 miscellaneous poems.

The Book of Songs is a reflection of all aspects of social life in the Zhou Dynasty, and the lives and feelings of people from all walks of life in the Zhou Dynasty are confirmed in the Book of Songs. Some show the growth history of Zhou people; Some show the anxiety or dissatisfaction of nobles, literati, petty officials, ordinary people and even social and political slaves; Some show the noble life of rites and music and Yan's enjoyment, entertainment and holiday celebrations; Some show the social reality that small countries and small officials can't control, and attack the uneven work and rest; Some show the agricultural production of Zhou people; Some show the sweetness or misfortune of love and family marriage; Some describe the social problems of abandoned women in Zhou dynasty; Some reflect the relationship and friendship between family, clan and friends.

In a word, The Book of Songs shows all aspects of social life in the Zhou Dynasty from many aspects, and it is a masterpiece of realism. 4. Artistic achievements of the Book of Songs.

① The realistic artistic features and skills of The Book of Songs; (2) Artistic means of narration, reasoning, lyricism, scenery description and discussion; (3) The sentence patterns and rules of The Book of Songs; ④ The language art of The Book of Songs; ⑤ Fu Bi's technique of prosperity in The Book of Songs. Thinking question: 1, what are six meanings, four beginnings, Mao poems, four-character poems and changing the wind into elegance? 2. What is the main content of The Book of Songs? 3. What are the main artistic features of The Book of Songs? 4. What is the concrete embodiment of Fu Bixing's artistic technique in The Book of Songs? The third chapter is the pre-Qin historical prose (5 hours) 1, the basis of the development of pre-Qin historical prose.

Great social changes; A new atmosphere in the field of ideology and culture; New requirements of social development for the style of history books. 2. Historical prose from Yin Shang Dynasty to Spring and Autumn Period.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronze inscriptions are the origins of the ancient Chinese prose system; Zhouyi is a book of divination, and it also shows certain historical content; Shangshu is the earliest history book to remember words. Spring and Autumn Annals is the earliest chronological historical memorabilia. 3. Zuo Zhuan.

Author of Zuo Zhuan; The style and content of Zuo Zhuan; The Art of Zuo Zhuan: Although Zuo Zhuan is a historical work, it is full of literature. Its narrative pays attention to story and drama, and the plot is tense and moving. It is good at writing about wars, especially the battles of Chengpu, Ji Lang, Yao Yao and Changshao, which are clearly described, complete from beginning to end and changeable. Zuo Zhuan is especially good at writing pedestrian rhetoric.

4. "Mandarin". The style and content of Guoyu; The art of Guoyu: The achievement of Guoyu is far less than that of Zuozhuan, but there are some excellent chapters with humorous dialogue, vivid stories and meticulous characterization.

5. Warring States policy. The style of the Warring States Policy; The writing process of Warring States Policy; The content and art of the Warring States Policy: The Warring States Policy reflects the thoughts of strategists in the Warring States period, shapes a vivid image of strategists, and objectively treats the tactics and deceit of politicians and strategists.

6. Knowledge of ancient literature

Four books are the general names of four works: Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius.

The Five Classics refer to Zhouyi, Shangshu, Book of Songs, Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan.

Sikuquanshu is the largest official revision in ancient China and the largest series in ancient China. According to Wen Jin Ge Ji, this book contains 3503 kinds of ancient books and 79337 volumes. The name "Four Treasures of the Study" originated in the early Tang Dynasty. The official collection in the early Tang Dynasty was divided into four stacks of classics and history, which were called "Four Treasures of the Study" or "Four Treasures of the Study". The quartering of the subset of classics and history is the main method of ancient book classification, which basically covers all ancient books, so it is called "the whole book".

The whole set of books is divided into four parts: classics, history, books and collections, with a total of 44 categories. It also includes The Analects of Confucius, Daxue, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean, Zhouyi, Zhou Li, Book of Rites, Book of Songs, Filial Piety, Shangshu, Chunqiu, Historical Records, Er Ya Zhu Shu and Shuowen Jiezi.

There are many ancient military books in China, among which Seven Books of Jason Wu compiled seven famous military books: The Art of War by Sun Tzu, The Art of War by Woods, Liu Tao, Sima Fa, Sanlve, Wei Liaozi and Li Wen. There are other famous art books: Guiguzi, Yin Fujing, Sun Bin's Art of War, Thirty-six Strategies and so on.

7. Common sense of ancient literature

Metric poetry originated from Shen Yue of Qi Yongming in the Southern Dynasties, which paid attention to rhythm and antithesis. They were shaped in Shen Quanqi and Song Wenzhi in the early Tang Dynasty and matured in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Rhyme requires the unity of the number of words in the poem, and each poem is five-character, six-character and seven-character sentences, which are referred to as five laws, six laws and seven laws for short, among which

works appreciation

Six methods are rare. The usual metrical poems stipulate 8 sentences each. If there are only 6 sentences, it is called short method; More than 8 sentences, that is, 10 sentences, are called exclusive laws or long laws. Usually eight sentences are completed, and every two sentences form a couplet, which is counted as a quadruple. It is customary to call the first couplet a title couplet, the second a antithetical sentence, the third a neck couplet and the fourth a sentence ending couplet. The upper and lower sentences of two or three couplets of each song (namely, jaw couplet and neck couplet) must be antithetical sentences. Except for the first pair and the second pair, the couplet in the middle must be double. The dual requirements of secondary laws are more extensive. Rhyme requires the whole poem to rhyme, and the rhyme is limited; The second, fourth, sixth and eighth sentences rhyme, the first sentence can be put on or off, and the words of each rhyming sentence are flat. There are "flat rise" and "flat rise" in the upper and lower sentences. In addition, the metrical requirements of metrical poems also apply to quatrains.