At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, * * * experienced several disasters of partisan struggle.

The first time in the first year of Yongkang (167)

Xiping for the second time in five years (176)

The Second Tragedy of Scholar-officials' Political Struggle

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the scourge of the same party fighting against differences was two blows to the scholars of Huan and Ling dynasties, which had a far-reaching impact. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, consorts and eunuchs alternately controlled the state affairs, and the emperor existed in name only. On the one hand, they plunder the people's fat paste and dare to take it; At the same time, it also controlled the power of selecting officials, abused relatives and friends, reversed right and wrong, confused black and white, and blocked the career path of a large number of virtuous and knowledgeable intellectuals. At that time, there was a jingle that ridiculed the official selection system: "Give a scholar, but don't know the book; Cha Xiaolian, father separated; The cold element is as pure as mud, and the highest soldier is as timid as a chicken. "We can see how stupid it is to choose officials under the control of consorts and eunuchs. Political darkness, social unrest, and bleak national destiny and personal future have prompted some bureaucrats and intellectuals to comment and sharply criticize current politics, belittle consorts and eunuchs who usurped power and stole the country, and praise honest officials who are not afraid of power and care about the country and the people, and gradually formed the so-called "clear discussion." Later, this clear discussion developed, which led to the disaster of the famous partisan struggle in the history of China.

There is a rule in the history of China that consorts and eunuchs preside over state affairs, and virtuous literati must retreat to the fields. As early as in Shun Di, the literati destroyed the crown belt and avoided disaster in the mountains. By the time of Emperor Huan, politics was even darker, and more intellectuals fled to the countryside or mountains, or bowed their heads and cultivated crops to support themselves. Or give lectures and practice hard in seclusion. On the surface, they seem to be at peace with the world, but through their appearance, they can clearly see their strong dissatisfaction with their consorts and eunuchs. Therefore, when the imperial court set up chariots and invited them to the deep mountains and valleys to be officials and sing praises for the eunuch politics, they would rather die than associate with the eunuch. Not only did they not apply, but they also criticized the current politics. According to the Biography of the Party in the Later Han Dynasty, between the Emperor Huan and the Emperor Ling, "the main famine is absurd, the country's life is handed over to Yan Temple, and scholars are ashamed to make friends, and everyone is angry and cross-discussed." Therefore, it is to arouse his reputation, exchange problems with each other, pay tribute to his officials, and govern as appropriate and straightforward. "

Corresponding to those people in their 70s who live in mountainous areas or Shan Ye, they are young students living in Imperial College London. During the reign of Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were more than 30,000 Taiwanese students, and they felt that their family background was scattered and their political future was bleak. I also hate eunuchs in power. As a result, a group of student leaders headed by Guo Tai and Jia Biao organized propaganda against eunuch politics in imperial academy. On the other hand, it also absorbs people with knowledge and ability from the society to enter imperial academy and expand the lineup. Therefore, imperial academy also became another political activity center at that time, and young intellectuals in China first appeared in the front line of political struggle. In the first year of Emperor Huan Yongxing (153), Zhu Mu was appointed as an official in Jizhou (now south-central Hebei) to punish corrupt officials. Eunuch Zhong Zhao dug graves and cut coffins for verification on the grounds of burying his father's ultra vires, and arrested his family. Emperor Huan was furious and sentenced Zhu Mu to hard labor. This led to the first large-scale student petition movement in history. Thousands of people, such as Tamia Liu, his former student, went to the court to petition the Emperor Huan for intercession. They accused "China officials of learning from the past, stealing the handle of the country, holding the throne and the Constitution", reversing right and wrong and abusing their power. Zhu Mu is loyal and worried about his country. Is a rare sage. If I have to be sentenced, I will accept the punishment of hard labor on his behalf. Emperor Huan had to pardon Zhu Mu. The first petition is over. Huan five years (162), Huang made contributions to the Qiang people. Because eunuch Huang Xu and Zuo Xun couldn't extort money, they framed him as an invading army and sentenced him to hard labor. As a result, more than 300 people, including former student Zhang Feng, launched a second petition campaign, demanding that the court write a letter to rehabilitate Huang Fugui, and Huang Fugui was pardoned.

Chu Shi's exposition and students' resistance to anger greatly inspired a group of middle and lower-level honest officials in spirit and public opinion. They also enforce the law impartially and punish eunuchs and their relatives and friends. Most of the county magistrates of Liu Hu, the satrap of Hedong, were eunuchs' children, and the people were miserable. After Liu Hu came to power, he abused his power and established an unjust prison. When Yuan Kang was the Taishou of Mount Tai, the surname Hao in the county was illegal. Yuan Kang was furious and ordered that no one dare to do it again. Nanyang satrap Cheng Tang and Gong Cao Cenlian punished businessmen who colluded with eunuchs. Yang Shantai Zhaichao, James Zhang and Du You have no property in the hometown of eunuch Hou Lan. Taiyuan satrap Liu Lin killed Zhao Jin, an insatiable little yellow door. Huangfu, the official of the East China Sea, arrested Xia Pi, who shot and killed Li Gui's daughter, and ordered Xu Xuan, old and young, to abandon the city for public display.

In the struggle against Chu Shi, the three forces of junior officials and imperial examination students developed in parallel and echoed each other, forming a political climax of the struggle against eunuchs. The leaders of this struggle are Chen Fan, a junior official, and Captain Mars. At the beginning of Emperor Huan, he was Li Fu and his brother was a county magistrate. He was greedy and cruel, so he fled to Zhang Rang's house to hide. Not afraid of the influence of eunuchs, Mars personally led officials and soldiers to Zhang Rang's house to hunt them down and cure them. Zhang Rang appealed to Emperor Huan, but Mars thought that Emperor Huan must release Mars. Since then, eunuchs have been restrained, and Mars has gained a higher reputation. At that time, if people were received by him, they would be honored as "boarding the dragon gate."

However, eunuchs did not sit there and watch their opponents slaughter. They are always waiting for a chance to fight back. The Zhang Cheng incident that just happened became an excuse for them to launch the first party blocking incident. According to historical records, Zhang Chengshan, a powerful person in Hanoi, observes astronomical phenomena and divines good and bad luck. He made friends with eunuchs, and even Huan Imperial City asked him for advice. He was sure that there would be an amnesty in the near future, but he ordered his son to kill people. Mars arrested his son for the death penalty, but he was pardoned. The more angry Li Ying was, the more she killed him regardless of the Amnesty. So Hou Lan, a eunuch with a long-term grudge, instructed Rizo's disciples to write a letter, falsely accusing Mars and others of "raising imperial examiners, making friends with various counties, rushing into each other, * * * being the party, condescending to the court, and doubting customs." Hearing this, Emperor Huan was furious, that is, he issued a letter to arrest his henchmen and announced the charges to the whole country in order to condemn them with the world. That was the ninth year of Yan Xi (166). As a result, more than 200 people including Mars and Fan You were arrested. "Those who escaped and failed to get, are suspense. The messenger came out to watch the road. " Qiu Chenfan remonstrated with Emperor Huan, pointing out that this practice was "What is the difference between a deaf and blind person all his life and Qin who burned books and buried Confucianism?" Emperor Huan was even more angry when he heard this, so he made an excuse to avoid even Chen Fan. When Mars was tried in prison, some eunuchs' children were deliberately involved, which made eunuchs afraid of being involved. Dou Wu, the father of Queen Dou, was dissatisfied with the autocratic power of eunuchs and sympathized with the anti-eunuch movement of Imperial College. The Imperial College turned to Dou Wu for help. However, Dou Wu remonstrated with Emperor Huan and pardoned his henchmen, otherwise the world would be chilling and the family would be disappointed. Results In the first year of Yongkang (167), more than 200 party member were pardoned. All of them were dismissed from office and returned to China, with titles of three husbands, and they were not allowed to be officials for life. This is the disaster of the first party blocking.

Although communist party people were dismissed from office and returned to the fields, they were not allowed to be officials, but they were respected by the society more than officials. Fan Pang returned to his hometown from prison, and thousands of cars were welcomed by people in his hometown. Huang, a famous soldier, is a hero in the west. He also feels that it is a shame that he is not listed as party member. All the scholars in the world are arrogant and pollute the court.

They flaunt each other and take the title of celebrity in the world. "Three kings, eight handsome men, eight lawyers and eight chefs." Dou Wu and Chen Fan are the three kings, and "Jun" means respected by the world. Mars, Wang Chang and so on. It is eight handsome, and "handsome" refers to a hero among the people. Taking Cathay Pacific and Fan Pang as eight concerns, "concern" means being noble and touching. Taking James Zhang and Liu Biao as eight harmonies, "harmony" refers to people who can guide people to pursue worship.

With Duchamp and Zhang Miao as the eight chefs, "kitchen" refers to helping others with wealth. This mutual encouragement intensified the opposition with court officials. Instead of making party member yield, it stimulated their fighting spirit.

After the death of Emperor Huan, eunuchs became more powerful and decadent.

Hou Lan, Cao Jie, Wang Fu and others, together with female ministers such as Ling Di's wet nurse, committed adultery with each other, defiled the palace and manipulated state affairs. Chen Fan, a teacher, and Dou Wu, a general, attempted to kill the eunuch. Unfortunately, they were killed instead. Since then, the eunuchs have no fear, and began to struggle with party member, performing the disaster of the second party occlusion. In the second year of Jianning (169), the eunuch Hou Lan instigated people to falsely accuse James Zhang and Du You from the eastern part of Shanyang County of forming a party, thus endangering the country. Cao Jie took the opportunity to signal to the relevant prison administration department to let the last henchmen get involved. The spirit emperor is fatuous, so let him play. As a result, more than 100 people, including Mars and Fan Pang, were arrested and died in prison, while James Zhang fled the country. However, during his escape, he was covered by many people who risked their lives, and the government pursued him all the way, so hundreds of people were tied up and their families were ruined. At this time, the enemy also took the opportunity to frame each other and falsely accuse people who had nothing to do with party member.

Eunuchs also called the heroes of the world and Confucian righteous men party member, and 600 to 700 people died, moved, abolished and banned. Things didn't end there. In the fifth year of Xiping (176), Cao Luan, the satrap of Yongchang, wrote a letter to intercede for party member, arguing that party member, or those who support Yuan De, or those who are knowledgeable in clothes, should join the royal family. Today, prisoners are humiliated, so disasters often occur, and floods and droughts come together. Prison should be lifted to comfort fate. Cao Luan's letter was carefully written, but the emperor was furious. He didn't listen to advice, arrested Cao Luan and died in prison. He also sent letters to counties and even censored the party's close followers and students. Those in power are exempt from official imprisonment, affecting five genera. This is the second party dispute. This incident hit a wider area and the punishment was more cruel. Since then, scholars have been guilty of taboos, few intellectuals have integrity, and society has fallen into darkness and chaos.

The disaster of political party occlusion in the Eastern Han Dynasty was the first political party occlusion event in the history of China feudal society. It is different from Qin Shihuang's burning books to bury Confucianism, killing only Confucian scholars, imprisoning hundreds of scholars and respecting legalists alone, and it is also different from the later literary inquisition. It is an all-round attack on scholars and young students who oppose the ruling and opposition under the guise of the emperor. However, this perverse behavior can't save his dying rule. When the "literary dispute" between scholars and students was suppressed, the "war" of ordinary people followed. The Yellow Scarf Uprising, which was not long after Guan Dang, dealt a heavy blow to the feudal rulers, and made Emperor Wu realize that if the problem of Guan Dang was not solved, the consequences of the combination of party member and the rebel army would be unimaginable.

After the Amnesty was announced, the exiles were allowed to return to their hometown. At this point, the problem of partisan struggle has finally been solved.