Translation in Han Yu's The Original Road

Han Yu (AD 768-825), an outstanding writer in the Tang Dynasty, was born in Heyang, Mengzhou (now Meng County, Henan Province). He and Liu Zongyuan launched the ancient prose movement, advocating that "literature carries Tao", worshiping Confucianism and restraining heresy, and spurning the old Buddha. He is one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties.

Han Yu was born in an official family, and was influenced by Confucian orthodoxy and literature since childhood. He studied hard and had a deep foundation. However, the candidates who took the exam three times were the last, and they were admitted for the fourth time, when they were 24 years old. Because Kao Bo failed to learn macro words, he ran around. In the 12th year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong (796), he successively served as Xuanwu Ambassador Dong Jin, Xuzhou as Zhang Jianfeng Shogunate Observer, and later as Dr. imperial academy. In the 19th year of Zhenyuan (803), he was promoted to prison. This year, there was a drought in Guanzhong, and Han Yu went to Dezong to write "On Hunger of Drought People" and was demoted to Yangshan County Order. Then I was promoted several times. In the 14th year of Yuanhe, Tang Xianzong (8 19), Han Yu went to the Buddha's bone platform and opposed the killing of Buddha, so he was demoted to the history of tide secretariat. In the first year of Tang Muzong Changqing (82 1), he was recalled to Chang 'an, where he served as imperial academy to offer wine, and later transferred to Ministry of War and Official Department. Later people called it "Koryo Official Department". After his death, posthumous title was called "Wen", so he was also called "Duke of Chinese Literature". There is the Collection of Han Changli.

Interpretation of the Original Taoism is Han Yu's masterpiece of restoring ancient ways, worshiping Confucianism and abandoning Buddhism. This paper has a clear point of view, breaking the legislation simultaneously and quoting classics. From the historical development, social life and other aspects, this paper criticizes the right and wrong of Buddhism and discusses the right and wrong of Confucianism, which comes down to the purpose of restoring the ancient road and respecting Confucianism. It is a masterpiece of ancient Chinese prose in the Tang Dynasty.

Benevolence is benevolence, doing the right thing is righteousness [1], the right thing is Tao [2], and moderation is virtue. Benevolence is in the name, but morality is in vain. As the old saying goes, a gentleman has a villain, and virtue is unlucky. Lao Tzu's small benevolence is immortal and his eyes are small. Sit in the well and watch the sky, saying that it is not small. He regards temperature as benevolence [3] and righteousness as righteousness [4], and it is appropriate to be small. The so-called Tao, Tao is Tao, not what I call Tao. Its so-called virtue is its virtue, not my so-called virtue. All my so-called moral clouds are benevolent, and the world is also public. Laozi's so-called moral cloud, benevolence and righteousness, one person's private words.

The decline of Zhou Dao, the decline of Confucius, the fire of Qin, the Huang Lao of Han [5] and the Buddha of Jin, Wei, Liang and Sui. Morality does not belong to Yang, but to Mo [6]; If you are not old, you will return to the Buddha. If you enter there, you must come from here. The master goes in and the slave leaves; Those who enter are attached to it, and those who leave are polluted [7]. Hey! Later generations want to hear the theory of benevolence, righteousness and morality, but who can? The old man said, "Confucius, my teacher's disciple." The Buddha said, "Confucius, my teacher's disciple." As a Confucius, I heard him say that he was very happy when he was young [8] and that "my teacher also tasted the teacher" [9]. Not only for the mouth, but also for the book. Hey! Although the people behind want to hear the theory of benevolence, righteousness and morality, who can ask for it?

What's more, people are so strange that they don't ask the end, don't ask the end, but they want to smell it. There were four people in ancient times [10], and now there are six people [1 1]. The ancient teacher is in the first place, and the present teacher is in the third place. There is a farmer's house and six houses that eat millet. There is one worker's home and six users' homes. There is one Jia family and six Jia families [12]. Why is Naimin not poor or stealing?

In ancient times, people did a lot of harm. There are standing saints, and then teach them the way of life and nurture each other. Be a king and a teacher. Drive away its insects, snakes and beasts, in the soil. Cold clothes you and hunger gives you food. Stuck in the wood, sick in the soil, and then the palace [13]. Work for him to support him, make it clear to Jia Yi whether it is necessary, give him medicine to help him die, bury him to make him long for his love, make him a gift, make him happy to announce his depression [14], make him exhausted by his politics, and punish him to hoe his strong stalks [15]. Bullying each other is also a sign, a seal, a fight and a balance. Believe it [16]. Take it from each other and defend it for the city. Be prepared, be prepared. Today, he said, "saints never die, but thieves never stop." Broken barrels break the balance, but the people do not dispute. "[17] alas! It doesn't think about it either. Since there were no saints in ancient times, people and the like have long since become extinct. What is this? There is no feather scale to live in the cold and heat, and there is no pawn to compete for food.

Is the king, make the person also; I am a minister, and the people caused by your life are also; The people, who produce millet and hemp, and make money by making utensils are also on it. If you don't place an order, you will lose your mind; If the minister doesn't obey your orders, he will lose his position as minister. If people can't produce millet and hemp, make utensils and make money, they will be punished as long as they care. Today, its method is called [18], and it will abandon the monarch and his subjects, and go to father and son [19], forbidding the way of living and nurturing each other, in order to achieve its so-called pure and silent person [20]. Oh! Fortunately, after three generations, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Duke Zhou and Confucius all disappeared [2 1]. Unfortunately, it did not come from three generations ago, but from, Tang, Wen, Wu, and Confucius.

Although the number of emperors and kings is different, they are both sacred. It is a wise thing to drink water when you are thirsty and eat when you are hungry, although it is different. Today, it says [22]: "I don't want to be too old." The man who blames Qiu in winter said, "Why don't I do it for Ge Zhiyi?" "The hungry diners said," Why not have a relaxing drink? "Chuanyue [23]:" The ancient desire is obviously superior to the world, governing the country first; If you want to govern your country, you should first get your family together; If you want to reunite with your family, you should first repair your body; If you want to cultivate yourself, you should be upright first; If you want to be right, you must be sincere. "However, the so-called honest and honest people in ancient times will have ambition. Today, I also want to rule the country outside the world and destroy its nature [24]. The son is not the father, the minister is not the king, and the people are not things. In the Spring and Autumn Annals written by Confucius, the vassals made it disappear with foreign rites [25], and when they entered China, they made it disappear in China [26]. Confucian classics say, "It is better to die in the summer than to have a monarch [27]. "The Poetry says: Rong Di is a fake, and Jing Shu is a punishment [28]." Today, it also introduces the method of Yi Di, which is not trivial but also [29] on the basis of the teaching of the former king?

What is the so-called teacher of the late king? Love is benevolence, and doing the right thing is righteousness. What is right and what is wrong is called Tao. It has nothing to do with yourself. This is called virtue. His essays, poems, books, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period; Its laws, ceremonies, music and administration; People, scholars, farmers, workers, Jia; His position, Ben, father and son, teacher and friend, guest and host, brother Kun, couple; Its clothes, hemp and silk; Its residence, palace; Its food, millet, fruits and vegetables, fish. This is easy to understand and easy to teach. Therefore, if you take it for yourself, it will be smooth and auspicious; Take it as a person, then love it and make it public; Take it as the heart, then peace and tranquility; It is also inappropriate to regard it as a country in the world. When you are born, you have feelings, and when you die, you will be normal. The effect is not as good as false gods [30], and the temple is not as good as ghosts [3 1]. He said, "What is Tao?" He said, "When I say Tao, I don't mean the Tao of the old Buddha. Yao is the legend of Shun, Shun is the legend of Yu, Yu is the legend of Tang, Tang is the legend of Wen, Wu, and there are Confucius in Wen and Wu, and Confucius in Mencius [32], but Ke's death cannot be circulated. Xun and Yang also [33], choose how but not fine, vague and unknown. From the duke of Zhou to the top, the top is king, and that's it. From the duke of Zhou down to the minister, it is so long. But what can we do? Yue, no jam, no flow, no way. People are people, books are fire, and they live in a house [34]. Wang Zhidao followed the Tao in the Ming Dynasty. Widowed, widowed, lonely, alone, disabled and sick have support [35], and it is also possible [36]. "

-Selected from four series, works of Mr. Changli.

Universal love is called benevolence, and the behavior suitable for benevolence is called righteousness. Those who move forward from benevolence are called virtue, and those who are independent of the outside world are called virtue. Benevolence and righteousness are nouns with definite meanings, while Taoism and morality are nouns with uncertain meanings. Therefore, Taoism has a way of being a gentleman and a way of being a villain, while virtue has good virtue and fierce virtue. Laozi despises benevolence and righteousness, not because he denigrates benevolence and righteousness, but because his ideas are narrow. It's like sitting on a well and watching the sky, saying it's small, but it's not small. It is natural that Lao Tzu regards kindness and kindness as benevolence and prudence as righteousness. He despises benevolence and righteousness. When I say Tao, I take the Tao in his mind as Tao, not what I mean. By virtue, he means taking virtue in his mind as virtue, not what I mean by virtue. All the morals I talk about are the combination of benevolence and righteousness, which is a public opinion in the world. What Lao Tzu said about morality is just his own statement, regardless of benevolence and righteousness.

Since the decline of Zhou Dao and the death of Confucius, Qin Shihuang burned poetry books. The theory of Huang Lao prevailed in Han dynasty, and Buddhism prevailed between Jin, Wei, Liang and Sui dynasties. At that time, people who talked about morality and righteousness did not belong to the Yang Zhu School, but to the Mo Zhai School. If you don't belong to Taoism, you belong to Buddhism. If you belong to that family, you will despise another family. Respect the school you belong to and belittle the school you oppose; Attach to the school of thought and vilify the school of thought that opposes it. Alas! Later generations want to know who listens to the theory of benevolence, righteousness and morality? Taoism says, "Confucius is a student of our teacher." Buddhism also said, "Confucius is a student of our teacher." People who study Confucius are used to their words, willing to accept their absurd remarks and despise themselves, and even say things like "our teachers have learned from them". Not only verbally, but also in books. Alas! Even if future generations want to know the theory of benevolence, righteousness and morality, who should they ask?

There are too many people who like to listen to strange stories! They don't explore the origin of things, they don't examine the results of things, they just like to listen to bizarre remarks. There were only four types of people in ancient times, but today there are six types of people. In ancient times, people with the task of educating the people accounted for only one of the four categories, but today there are three categories. A farmer must provide food for six families; A migrant worker needs to supply six pieces of household appliances; There are six enterprises that rely on his services. How can people not steal because they are poor?

In ancient times, people suffered many disasters. Only when saints come out can we teach people a mutually supportive lifestyle and become their kings or teachers. Drive away those snakes, insects and beasts and settle people in the Central Plains. Teach them to make clothes when it is cold, and teach them to grow crops when they are hungry. Living in a tree is easy to fall down, living in a hole is easy to get sick, so teach them to build a house. And teach them to be craftsmen and provide people with daily necessities; Teach them to run enterprises and adjust the availability of goods; Invent drugs to save short-lived people; Formulate a system of burial and sacrifice to enhance the friendship between people; Formulate etiquette, so as to achieve the orderly separation of honor and inferiority; Making music to vent people's depression; Make laws to urge those lazy people; Make penalties to eradicate those rapists. Because some people acted in collusion, they made Jeff, seals, buckets and scales as proof. Because of the struggle of robbery, the city, armor and weapons were set up to defend the country. In short, when disaster comes, we should try our best to prevent it; If a disaster is imminent, prevent it as soon as possible. Now Taoism says, "The thief won't stop until the sage dies. As long as the bucket is broken and the scale is broken, the people do not dispute. " Alas! This is all without thinking. If there were no saints in ancient times, mankind would have died long ago. Why? Because people don't have feathers and scales to adapt to cold and heat, and they don't have tough claws to grab food.

Therefore, the king gives orders; Courtiers carry out the king's orders and carry them out on the people; People produce grain, silk and hemp, make utensils, exchange goods and offer sacrifices to those who rule the world. If the king does not issue an order, he loses the power of the king; If a courtier does not carry out the king's orders, but carries them out on the people, he loses his duties as a courtier; People should be punished for not producing grain, silk and marijuana, making utensils and exchanging goods for those who rule the world. Now Buddhists say that you must abandon the relationship between monarch and minister, eliminate the relationship between father and son, and forbid you to support each other in order to pursue those so-called pure and silent realms. Alas! Fortunately, they were born after three generations and were not belittled by Yu Xia, Shang Tang, Zhou Wenwang, Zhou Wuwang, Duke Zhou and Confucius. Unfortunately, they were not born three generations ago, nor were they taught by Xia, Shang Tang, Zhou Wenwang, Zhou Wuwang, Duke Zhou and Confucius.

Although the five emperors and three kings have different names, they become saints for the same reason. Wearing ge clothes in summer and leather clothes in winter, drinking water when thirsty and eating when hungry are all different, but they are also human wisdom. Now Taoism says, "Why not practice the ancient rule of inaction?" It's like blaming others for wearing leather clothes in winter: "Why don't you wear simple kudzu clothes" or blaming others for eating when you are hungry: "Why don't you just drink water?" Much easier! " "The Book of Rites" said: "An ancient man must first govern his country if he wants to carry forward his glorious morality in the world; To govern his country well, we must first straighten out his family; To rectify his family, we must first cultivate ourselves; To carry out self-cultivation, we must first correct our own thoughts; To correct your thoughts, you must first make yourself sincere. " It can be seen that the so-called integrity and sincerity of the ancients are all for making a difference. Nowadays, those who cultivate the mind and nature want to abandon the country and destroy the nature. Children don't regard father as father, courtiers don't regard you as king, and Shu Ren doesn't do what should be done. Confucius wrote "Spring and Autumn Annals", including all the vassals who adopted the etiquette and customs of foreign countries. Admit that the vassals who adopted the customs and habits of the Central Plains came from China. The Analects of Confucius said: "Although the righteous emperor has a monarch, it is better for China to have no monarch." The Book of Songs says: "Yidi should attack and Shu Jing should be punished." Now, we respect the law of change and elevate it to the politics and religion of the previous dynasty. Then aren't we all going to become Edie?

What do I mean by politics and religion of my late king? That is, love is called benevolence, and the behavior that conforms to benevolence is called righteousness. Moving forward from righteousness is the Tao. Having one's own and not relying on the outside world is called virtue. Books on benevolence and morality include The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Yijing and Chunqiu. The French people's ways of showing benevolence, righteousness and morality are etiquette, music, criminal law and decrees. They educate scholars, farmers, workers and businessmen. Their ethical order is monarch and minister, father and son, teacher and friend, guest and host, brother and wife. Their clothes are linen and silk. They live in a house. Their food is grain, fruit, vegetables and fish. They are easy to understand as theories and easy to implement as education. So, if you use them to educate yourself, you will be very lucky; Using them to treat others can achieve fraternity and justice; Use them to cultivate your heart, and you will be peaceful and quiet; There is nothing wrong with using them to govern all countries. So people can feel the friendship between people when they are alive, and death is the end of natural normality. Offering sacrifices to heaven is the arrival of gods, and offering sacrifices to ancestors is the soul enjoyment of ancestors. Someone asked, "What is your Tao?" I said, "This is what I call the Tao, not the Tao of Taoism and Buddhism. This path was passed from Yao to Shun, Shun to Yu, Yu to Tang, Tang to Wen and Zhou Gong, Wen and Zhou Gong to Confucius, and Confucius to Mencius. After Mencius died, there was no heir. Only Xun Qing and Yang Xiong were selective but not detailed, and discussed but not comprehensive. From the Duke of Zhou onwards, the inheritors are all kings of the world, so Confucianism and Taoism can be implemented; From the Duke of Zhou to the following, the people who inherited it were detained in the next place, so their theory could be circulated. So, what can we do to make Confucianism and Taoism come true? I thought: Confucianism and Taoism can't spread without blocking Buddhism and Taoism; Confucianism and Taoism cannot be carried out without banning Buddhism and Taoism. Monks and Taoists will become common people, Buddhist scriptures and Taoist books will be burned, and Buddhist temples and Taoist temples will become private houses. It is almost enough to make clear the Confucianism and Taoism of the former king and teach the people so that widowers, widows, orphans, the elderly, the sick and the disabled can live. (Huang Sufen translated by Shi Zhecun)

To annotate ...

[1] Fit: Fit. The Book of Rites The Doctrine of the Mean: "Righteousness is appropriate." [2] One: Go. [3] (Xu): A kindly look. This refers to small favors. [4] J.J.: Trivial and insignificant. [5] Huang Lao: Taoism in the early Han Dynasty regarded the legendary Huangdi and Laozi as the ancestors of Taoism. [6] Yang: Yang Zhu, a philosopher in the Warring States period, advocated "to despise things for rebirth" and "for me". Mo: A thinker in the early Warring States period, he advocated "universal love" and "thin burial". Mencius on Teng Wengong: "The words of the world are not returned to Yang, but to Mo." [7] pollution (wū pollution): slander, slander. [8] Birthday: Ridiculous. Since childhood: despise yourself. [9] Yuner: Auxiliary words are equivalent to "and so on". Confucius' request for advice from Laozi is recorded in Historical Records, Biography of Laozi and Zhuangzi in Korea and Confucius' Family Language and View of Zhou Dynasty. [10] Four categories: scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce. [1 1] 6: Scholars, farmers and businessmen, plus monks and Taoists. [12] capital: dependence. Yan: Pronouns refer to doing business. [13] Palace: refers to houses in general. [14] Xuan: catharsis. Yan (yān cigarettes) Depression: Depression. [15] strong terrier: a person with a tendency to violence. [16] symbol: an ancient certificate made of bamboo, wood, jade and copper. , engraved with characters, each side holds half, to verify the authenticity. Seal (xρ Xi): Jade seal. Barrel: measuring device. Weighing: weighing hammer and weighing beam. [17] The above text is Zhuangzi. "Lao Zi" also said: "Abandoning wisdom will benefit the people a hundred times; Desperate, the people are filial; Never give up profits, thieves have nothing. " [18] refers to Buddhism. And: hey, you. The same below. [20] "Pure silence": Buddhism takes leaving all evil deeds and worries as purity. Volume 16 of "The Theory of Giving Up All": "There are three kinds of wonderful deeds in body and mind, and there are three kinds of purity in name, body and mind. Temporarily separated from all evil deeds forever, so the name is clean. " Silence: Free Translation of Sanskrit "Pan Xi". Refers to noumenon silence, divorced from all phases (real world). "Infinite Life Sutra": "Beyond the world, I am deeply happy and silent." [2 1] Three Dynasties: Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Refuse. [22] Its: refers to Taoism. [23] Biography (quasi): A book that explains Confucian classics is called Biography. The book quoted here is from the Book of Rites University. [24] Tian Chang: Nature. [25] Yi: The ancient Han nationality in China is the general term for other nationalities. [26] Progress: assimilation. [27] Jing: refers to Confucian classics. These two sentences are from The Analects of Confucius, Ba Shu. [28] For the quotation, see The Book of Songs Truffle Lu Gong. Rongdi: an ancient minority in northwest China. Fake: attack. Shu Jing: In ancient times, it refers to the ethnic minorities in the southeast. [29] Geometry: Almost. X: Fall. [30] Suburb: Suburb worship, offering sacrifices to heaven. Error: Arrived through "Grid". [3 1] Temple: ancestor worship. [32] Text: Ji Chang, Zhou Wenwang. Wu: People. Duke Zhou: Ji Dan. Monk: Zou (now Zou County, Shandong Province) was born in the Warring States Period. Confucius passed on his disciples again and was called "Ya Sheng" by later Confucians. [33] Xunzi, whose real names are Xun Qing and Sun Qing. Thinker and educator at the end of the Warring States period. Yang: (53 BC-AD 18), Zi Ziyun, a writer and thinker in the late Western Han Dynasty. [34] Lu: Here is a verb. Residence: refers to Buddhist temples and Taoist temples. [35] Kun (guān Guan): The old man has no wife. Independence: Old and childless. [36] Ordinary: Almost, probably.