The official system of Shang Dynasty in the pre-Qin period was the official system of the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Compared with Xia dynasty, the official system of Shang dynasty has tended to be systematic. Besides the documentary records, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen also provided us with abundant information. In Shang dynasty, the central area directly ruled by Shang king was called internal service, and the area ruled by princes other than internal service was called external service. Their official systems are different.

1. Oral officials

There are hundreds of officials in charge of oral administration, which is called Bai Bi. It can be divided into administrative officials, religious officials, affairs officials and military officials.

Administrative officers include yin and. Yi Yin, for example, is the assistant minister of Shang Tang, and is equivalent to the prime minister of later generations. Yi is the surname here, so it is named. Yin is the official name, also known as Aheng and Baoheng. Until the bronze inscription in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, Baohe Yin was still very common. For example, the inscription "Your Father" in Ming Pao is also called "Gong Mingyin". "Historical Records of Yin Benji" records that Wu Ding "remained silent for three years, and political affairs were decided by Tsuzawa", which shows that Tsuzawa's power is heavy and his status is similar to Yin's.

Religious officials include Zhan, Bu, Duo Bu, Ya, Zhu, Shi, etc. Zhan and Bu are in charge of divination. The names of many sages are recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. A moral person is a fortune teller. Witch and wish are clergy, and they act as the intermediary between man and God in sacrificial activities.

Historians are officials who record the activities of kings, similar to the work of making books. Officials such as "left-wing" and "left-wing and right-wing" appeared in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. A clerk is an official in charge of specific affairs.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions includes courtiers and courtiers, and officials selected from slaves to be slave leaders.

There is also a junior minister, a junior official, that is, an official in charge of serfs, a junior official in charge of mountains and forests, a junior official in charge of medical care, a junior official in charge of horses and chariots, and so on.

There is a slaughter in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, an official in charge of the housework of slave owners, nobles and domestic slaves. Military attaché s include Ya, Duo, Ma, Duo Ma, Shooting, Shou, Shou, Dog, Duo Dog and so on. The king and the slave owners and nobles are the natural commanders of the army. For them, official positions and titles are handed down from generation to generation, and there is no strict distinction between civil and military.

The Wu Zhi mentioned here is a junior official in the army. Leah was an official who led the army to conquer and hunt down runaway slaves under the orders of the king. Ma and Thomas are military attaché s related to chariots. Shooting and shooting are mostly the military attache in charge of archers, among whom 100 is in charge of shooting or shooting, and 300 is in charge of shooting or shooting 300. Dogs are officials who raise and train hounds, or dogs are officials who transport prey in wild hunting. Garrison is about the military attache who is engaged in garrison. Wei is a squire's guard. In addition, there are labor, religious work, obedience, elegance and so on, which need further understanding.

2. Diplomatic officials

The foreign service includes the fief of the relatives of the Shang king and the surrender area of the conquered tribe. "Nine Movements of Shangshu" said: "The more westernization, the more westernization." Here, Hou, Dian Wei and Bumper are all important diplomats.

Hou and Bo have appeared in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. They are the governors of those countries. There is no strict grade difference. Such as Wu Ding's son code, named Hou, called Hou code; When Zhou Renchen was doing business, he called Zhou Wenwang Xibo. These Hou Bo paid tribute to the Shang kings regularly, and were ordered to take part in conquering activities, and some even served in the central court.

Dian worked as a "field" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and was an official in charge of agricultural production sent by Shang Zhouwang to a distant place. Male, as an official name, is not found in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Some scholars think it's Ren in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and it's about Hou and Bo's military attache.

There is also animal husbandry in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which is about officials sent by Wang Shang to distant places to be in charge of animal husbandry. There was no five-product system in Shang Dynasty.