Who is the representative of the theory founded by Confucius in the Western Zhou Dynasty?

It was Duke Zhou, and Confucius respected Duke Zhou as the founder of Confucianism. Ji Mingdan, the fourth son of Ji Chang, the king of Zhou Wen, and Zhou Wuwang, the younger brother of Ji Fa, helped Zhou Wuwang to March to Zhou Wang twice and created music. Because of its fief in Zhou, Jue is the main, so it is called Duke of Zhou. Duke Zhou was an outstanding politician, strategist, thinker and educator in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. He was honored as the "sage of Yuan Dynasty" and the pioneer and founder of Confucianism. The achievements of Duke Zhou's life can be summarized as: "One year to save chaos, two years to save Yin, three years to practice election, four years to build, five years to make a week, six years to have fun, and seven years to become a king." Seven years after the Duke of Zhou's regency, he put forward various fundamental laws and perfected the patriarchal clan system, enfeoffment system, eldest son inheritance law and Jing Tian system. In the seventh year, the Duke of Zhou became king and formally established the eldest son inheritance system in the Zhou Dynasty. The biggest feature of these systems is the combination of family and state, politics and ethics. The formation of this system had a great influence on the feudal society in China, which laid the foundation for Zhou's 800-year rule. Jia Yi commented on Duke Zhou as follows: Before Confucius and after the Yellow Emperor, Duke Zhou was the only person with close ties in China. Cao Cao once wrote poems? Duke Zhou vomited his chest? Ordinary people in the world.

Portrait of duke Zhou

Duke Zhou, surnamed Ji Mingdan, was a figure before 1 100 BC. He is the fourth son of Ji Chang, the king of Zhou. At that time, his name was Shu Dan. Because his fief was in Zhou, he was called Duke of Zhou or Zhou Gongdan. Duke Zhou was the first master in the history of China. He was not only a great statesman and strategist at that time, but also a great educator, thinker and writer. He was honored as a "Yuan Saint" by later generations, the pioneer of Confucianism in China and the first Confucian in China. It has a far-reaching impact on the integration of the Chinese nation, the expansion of China's territory and the formation of China's morality.

He assisted Zhou Wuwang and replaced it with the Shang Dynasty, and handled the problems left over by the demise of the Shang Dynasty, thus avoiding the chaos of the country. At the end of Shang Dynasty, Zhou Wang came to power. At that time, Shang Zhouwang invaded the East, and the traitor was in power. He favored the harem, ruined Zhongliang, ruined the wine pool and ruined the meat forest. Domestic politics is in chaos and the whole country is in poverty. At this time, King Zhou Bangwen of the Shang Dynasty came into being, and his luck was exhausted. He made great efforts to overthrow the Shang Dynasty.

After the death of King Wen, his son King Wu inherited the inheritance, with Duke Zhou as his main assistant. With the help of Zhao Gong, Bi Gong and Tai Gong, he took the oath in Mu Ye. The Duke of Zhou wrote a pastoral oath before the battle, calling on everyone to overthrow the tyranny of Shang Zhouwang. The full text is divided into two paragraphs. The first paragraph denounces Shang Zhouwang for only listening to the woman (da ji) and not offering sacrifices to the ancestor God. Even their ancestors and brothers are not used, but they reuse sinners who have fled from all directions and let them oppress the people, leading to widespread indignation and resentment, yin and destruction; The second paragraph declares that he is a natural punishment, declares operational discipline and encourages soldiers to bravely kill the enemy. Therefore, the Shang Dynasty perished.

After the demise of Shang Dynasty, how to deal with the adherents of Shang Dynasty? At that time, Zhou Wuwang consulted three assistant ministers, and Jiang Taigong said, "I heard that I love my house and my dog. If, on the contrary, people are not worthy of love, then the fences and walls in the village need not be kept. " It means not only killing Yin Zhou, but also killing all the hostile Yin people. Zhou Wuwang didn't agree. Come to Zhao Gong to discuss. Zhao Gong said, "Kill the guilty and leave the innocent." King Wu said, "No." So I found Duke Zhou again. Duke Zhou said, "Let Yin people live in their original places and cultivate them in their original places. Strive for influential benevolent people among the Yin people. " Duke Zhou's policy of living, local resettlement and disintegration won the praise of King Wu. King Wu ordered Zhao Gong to release the imprisoned Jizi and the imprisoned nobles; Repair Shang Rong's former residence and set up signs; Let Hong Sheng finish the tomb of the Prince; Ordered Nangong Kuo to distribute money from Lutai, open the granary of Giant Bridge and help the hungry Yin people. All these measures show that we should do the opposite, rehabilitate those who have been harmed by Yin and fight for Yin people.

He defeated treason, pacified the three prisons and expanded the territory of the Zhou Dynasty. At first, the place directly ruled by Shang Dynasty was divided into three parts by King Wu. The father and son of Wu Genglu was in charge of Tai, the guardian was in charge of Cai Shu, and the agent was in charge of the county, which was known as the "three prisons" in history. After the collapse of Shang Dynasty in Zhou Dynasty, King Wu became seriously ill. Before he died, he was willing to pass on the throne to his virtuous and talented uncle, Duke Zhou, and said that this matter could be decided face to face without divination. Duke Zhou sobbed and refused. After the death of King Wu, the prince recited the right to inherit the throne. Wang Cheng is just a teenager. In the face of the complex situation that the country has just been established, not yet stable, and domestic troubles and foreign invasion follow one after another, it is absolutely impossible to become a king. The death of King Wu has made the whole country lose its center of gravity, and the situation urgently needs a talented, prestigious person who can deal with problems in time to clean up the situation. This responsibility falls on the Duke of Zhou. Duke Zhou became king and played the role of king.

However, Duke Zhou was only the fourth child. After the Duke of Zhou became king, Guan Shu was interested in fighting for power and profit, so he made a rumor: "Duke of Zhou was not conducive to being king.". In the third year after the Yin Dynasty (BC 1024), together with Cai Shu, he encouraged Wu Gengxu's father to fight against Zhou Dynasty. There are dozens of countries in the East, such as Xu, Yan, and so on, all of which had close relations with the Shang Dynasty. This is an extremely heavy blow to the Zhou Dynasty, which has just been established for more than three years. If the rebellion is not overcome, the Zhou Dynasty will face great difficulties, and the achievements made by Zhou Wenwang after decades of dismal operation will be destroyed. The Zhou royal family is in jeopardy. There are also people in the royal family who are skeptical about the duke of Zhou as king. This situation of internal and external attack put Duke Zhou in a very difficult situation. He first stabilized the internal affairs, maintained unity, and persuaded King Taigong and Zhao Gong to be happy. He said: "The reason why I did not avoid the difficult times and became king was that I was worried that the world would betray the Zhou Dynasty. Otherwise, I have no face to repay Wang Tai, Ji Wang and Wang Wen. The three kings have been worried about the world for a long time, and now they have achieved something. King Wu left us prematurely, and he became king at such a young age. I did this to achieve the Zhou Dynasty. "

After the Duke of Zhou unified his internal opinions, the following year (before 1023), he held a crusade against Guan, Cai and Wu Geng. Divination was carried out in advance and "Da Gao" was released. Soon, Guan Shu and Cai Shu colluded with Wu Geng, the son of Zhou Wang, and joined the Dongyi tribe against the Zhou Dynasty. The king ordered Zhou Gongdan to lead his army to the East. After three years of hard fighting, the rebellion was finally put down, the eastern countries were conquered, and a large number of merchants were overthrown. At the same time, Guan Shu and Wu Geng were killed and Cai Shu was exiled. It consolidated the rule of the Zhou Dynasty. After the Duke of Zhou pacified Cai, he marched eastward and destroyed Yan (now Qufu, Shandong Province) and other more than 50 countries, and rushed to the seaside to kill Fei Lian (the king of a country). From this week's influence to the seaside, territory to the eastern sea.

He practiced feudalism to consolidate the rule of the Zhou Dynasty. After Zhou Gongdan's counter-insurgency, in order to strengthen the control of the East, it was formally suggested that Wang Cheng move its capital to Luoyi (now Luoyang). How to rule the conquered areas is a big problem after the victory of the war. Wu Geng, Yizhou, the chaos, that in important areas can no longer use the old clan leaders, must be enfeoffed the most reliable members of the Zhou family, which is different from the enfeoffment of the prince of Wu. Duke Zhou named his brother Kang Shu as the central area ruled by the former Shang king, thinking that the capital (now Qixian County, Henan Province) was given to his seven Yin people: Tao; Shi, Fan, Huang, Hong Ge, Zhong Kui, etc. are mostly families with certain handicraft expertise. The fief in Kang Shu was not only large in area, but also had eight divisions to prevent the Yin people from resisting again. After the capital of Luoyi was established, Zhou Gongdan began to implement the policy of "sealing the country". He successively established 7 1 fief, named King Wu's 15 brothers and 16 heroes as princes to defend the royal family. In addition, the well-field system was widely implemented throughout the country, and the land was planned in a unified way, which consolidated and strengthened the economic foundation of the Zhou Dynasty.

He devoted himself to the construction of Luoyi and formulated unified etiquette for the country to consolidate the world. In the fifth year of Duke Zhou's reign (BC 1020), Luoyi was formally established. On the fifth day of March, Zhao Gong first came to Luoyi. After divination, he determined the city site where Jianshui and Luoshui meet, and then planned the specific location of the city wall, ancestral temple, court and city. May 1 1 day was successfully planned. The next day, Duke Zhou came to Luoyi, made a comprehensive inspection of the planning of faithfulness and divination. Divination shows that Zhanshui West, Zhanshui East and Luoshui Waterfront will build new capitals. It took about a year to build. The city is 1720 feet, and the outer city is 70 miles. The palaces in the city are magnificent, and the new capital is called "Xinyi" or "Silla"; Therefore, there is Mangshan Mountain in the north of Hubei Province, so it is also called Mangshan Mountain. Xindu is the residence of the King of Zhou, also known as the "King City". The residence of Yin people in the eastern suburb of Xinyi and east of Zhanshui is called "Cheng Zhou", which means to achieve Zhou Dao.

After the completion of Luoyi, the capital of East China, the Duke of Zhou called the princes of the world to hold a grand celebration. Here, governors from all over the world were officially granted and various laws and regulations were announced. The so-called "system of rites and music".

In order to consolidate Zhou's rule, Zhou Gong successively issued various proclamations, from which we can get a glimpse of various policies formulated by Zhou Gong after summing up Xia Yin's ruling experience. The Duke of Zhou gave Wei Kangshu three letters, namely Gao Kang, Jiu Hao and Zi Cai.

The purpose of Gao Kang is to stabilize the Yin people, and the whole content is nothing more than "knowing morality and being cautious about punishment". Zhou Wenwang won the world because he was "observant and didn't dare to bully widows". The "king of sages" in the Yin Dynasty was also a citizen and protector. One of the specific contents of "Mingde" is "protecting Yin people". "Cautious punishment" means doing things according to law, including the reasonable elements of Yin law. Punishment should not be abused. In some cases, it takes five or six days or ten days to decide. As for killing people and stealing goods, those who are "unfilial and unfriendly" should be "punished without forgiveness" The proclamation repeatedly emphasized "Kangmin", "Bao Min", "for the people" and "sublime". Tell Uncle Kang to be diligent and not covet comfort. "Destiny" is not fixed, only "wisdom and prudence". "Seriously punishing" is not business as usual, but giving consideration to Yin law and promoting Zhou law, so that Yin people can become "new people".

The wine patent is aimed at the drinking habits of Yin people. Brewing requires a lot of food, and this drinking habit is simply unbearable for Zhou people who started from agriculture. Duke Zhou did not completely ban alcohol, but he could still drink a little when there was a sacrificial ceremony. Drinking in groups is not good, and we can't let it go. Be sure to catch it and "kill it". "To kill" means that I will kill, not necessarily. Therefore, "returning to Zhou" means not to give the Yin people the impression that "the boy condemns the murderer". This is consistent with "protecting the people" and "protecting the people". We should be guided to "plant crops" or "lead cattle to wait on Jia from afar" to do business with adoptive parents. The former king of Yin, from Tang Cheng to Diyi, never dared to "entertain himself", let alone get together and drink. As for craftsmen drinking, it is another matter. Do not kill them. Educate them first. Obviously, policies are treated differently.

Zicai still advocates "Mingde" and opposes "regicide". As for people, don't kill each other and abuse each other. As for respecting widows, as for being a woman, tolerance is reasonable. From top to bottom, there is no cruelty, but "respecting the widowed", and "combining reason with tolerance" will naturally have a stable situation. The formation of this situation is not easy to get. We should be as diligent as farmers in weeding, soil preparation and idling ditches on the edge of fields. Like the maintenance of houses, walls are often repaired, plastered with mud and covered with grass; Like a craftsman, he treats utensils, works hard for theseus, and then paints them with black paint and red paint. In a word, diligent use of virtue and protection of the people can "be king for ten thousand years".

The basic idea that runs through the three articles is to stabilize the Yin people, not to give them a cruel image, to be cautious in punishment and to engage in it according to law. As for the transformation of bad habits-alcoholism, one is to limit, the other is to guide and the third is to treat it differently. As a ruler, you should be diligent.

Weeks after the Duke of Zhou put down the rebellion, the problem was the long-term stability plan of the Zhou Dynasty, that is, the system of rites and music. This is the sixth year of Duke Zhou's reign. "Li" emphasizes "don't", which is called "respect"; The function of "music" is "harmony", which is the so-called "kiss". Harmony but difference are two aspects to consolidate the internal unity of Zhou people.

The central problem to be solved by etiquette is the distinction between honor and inferiority, that is, the patriarchal clan system, and then the establishment of inheritance system. Because there is no strict inheritance system, the Duke of Zhou can certainly be called the "salty king", and Guan and Cai can also betray the royal family for the throne. The small state should consider the experience and lessons of the big state Yin, and the Duke of Zhou knew Xia Yin's history like the back of his hand. Judging from the limited number of people who offered sacrifices to ancestors and brothers and sisters in the Yin Dynasty, they were divided into ordinary people, and the son was more expensive than the mother. Yin is the coexistence of younger brother and younger son, which once led to the "ninth rebellion". After all, it is a biological law to pass on one's younger brother to another. There are contradictions between the younger generation and the younger generation. The younger brother has contradictions between his younger brother's son and his older brother's son. The existence of these contradictions will often lead to royal disputes, which will lead to the decline of royal power and the prosperity of the country. After Kangding, Wuyi, Wending, Diyi and Di Xin in the Yin Dynasty, the system of passing on the younger brother was obviously abolished and the system of passing on the younger son was established. Before the Duke of Zhou, Zhou did not establish the tenure system, and the successor of King Tai was not Tai Bohe, but Li. King Wu had a brother named Bo Yigao, but King Wen took King Wu Ji Fa as his prince. Since the Duke of Zhou, "Cheng Wang, Kang Wang, Mu Wang, * * * Wang and Yi Wang" have been handed down from generation to generation. This is no accident. The establishment of this system, that is, the eldest son inheritance system, should be attributed to the Duke of Zhou. After the establishment of the eldest son inheritance system, only the eldest son has the right to inherit, thus legally exempting brothers from competing for the throne and playing a role in stabilizing and consolidating the order of the ruling class. The eldest son inheritance system is the core of patriarchal clan system. Duke Zhou combined the patriarchal clan system with the political system and created a complete superstructure serving slavery. Zhou is a big family in the world, but for Zhou, the princes named Ji are small families. These vassals are very big in their own countries, and all of them have the same surname, Doctor Qing, forming a pagoda-shaped structure, with Zhou at the top. One of the purposes of conferring governors with the same surname in the Zhou Dynasty was to form this political structure of combining blood, which was a big step forward compared with the alliance form in the Yin Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty shared the same surname but never married, and the Emperor of Zhou regarded the princes with different surnames as nephews and uncles. Blood marriage constitutes the ruling system of Zhou people. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, its weaknesses were exposed, and the county system replaced the enfeoffment system. However, under the specific conditions at that time, there was no doubt that a hierarchical political institution with Huaxia nationality as the main body was formed, which was far more progressive than that ruled by Yin people. The patriarchal clan system will inevitably promote the maintenance of the hierarchical etiquette of the respect of father and son, brother, son of heaven and vassal. This etiquette is the externalization of affiliation. On the other hand, it played a role in consolidating the patriarchal clan system, with the aim of maintaining patriarchy and the rule of Emperor S6. Any violation of etiquette, dormitory, clothing, utensils and other specific provisions. Will be considered indecent and trespassing.

If Zhou Tianzi can grant people territory, it must be based on state-owned land. "The world is the land of kings, the land of leaders, and the king's minister?" (The Book of Songs, Xiaoya, Beishan) In the heyday of Duke Zhou's martial arts, this was not fiction. The resulting "the ground is not delicious"; Land is not allowed to be bought or sold, and I am afraid it is also from the Duke of Zhou. Duke of Zhou can grant Jiang Taigong the privilege of conquering alone. Then, I am afraid that "the conquest of rites and music comes from the son of heaven" was established in the Duke of Zhou or earlier, and it was legally established by the Duke of Zhou. In order to strengthen the central dynasty's rule over local areas, the system of conferring titles, patrolling hunting and paying tribute was probably determined by the Duke of Zhou on the basis of summing up the experience of the previous generation.

In order to further consolidate the Zhou regime and "make rites and music", a set of laws and regulations to maintain the patriarchal clan system and the upper and lower levels were formulated and implemented. There are mainly "Ji Fu" system, "Jue Shu" system, "Fa" system, "eldest son inheritance" system and "Yue" system. Among them, the most important are the eldest son inheritance system and the hierarchy of seniority. The succession to the throne in Shang Dynasty was mostly brothers and sisters, and the succession was uncertain. The inheritance system established by the Duke of Zhou, that is, taking blood as a link, stipulated that the throne of the Emperor of Zhou was inherited by the eldest son. At the same time, other illegitimate children were made princes and great doctors. Their relationship with the son of heaven is the relationship between the local and the central government, and the relationship between the small clan and the big clan. Zhou Gongdan has also formulated a series of strict etiquette systems, such as monarch and his subjects, father and son, brothers, kinship, respect and inferiority, in order to adjust the relationship between the central and local governments, monarch and his subjects and strengthen the rule of the central government. This is the so-called ritual and music system, and this is the orderly society that Confucius pursued all his life.

He abdicated as king, completed the career he started, and finally went down in history. In the second year of Duke Zhou's rites and music, that is, the seventh year of Duke Zhou's reign, Duke Zhou completely handed over the throne to the king. The dialogue between Duke Zhou and Wang Cheng in Shangshu Zhaogu and Luogu was probably recorded by historians at the ceremony when Duke Zhou abdicated as king. When the country is in danger, stand up, do not avoid hardships, and shoulder the heavy responsibility of the king; When the country turned the corner and embarked on the road of smooth development, it resolutely gave up the throne. This fearless and selfless spirit has always been praised by future generations. But the Duke of Zhou did not let him go because of his abdication. Although he was retained by Wang Cheng, he kept telling Wang Cheng, the most famous of which was Shangshu No Escape.

"No escape", don't covet comfort, yes, it is warned by the Duke of Zhou to become a king. Even though we saw it today, we still feel fresh. "Can't escape" begins by saying that only by knowing the hard work of farming can we understand the hidden feelings of "villains"-farmers. Parents work hard in farming, and their children don't know the hardships of farming, so they will covet comfort and even make mistakes, and even insult their parents and say, "Old people don't know anything." Such unfilial remarks were absolutely not allowed at that time. Gao Kang also mentioned that unfilial and unfriendly people should be punished. As a supreme ruler, you should know the hidden suffering below, or you will do absurd things. The Duke of Zhou cited Wu Ding, the grandson of Taiwu, and Shang Tang, a famous monarch of the Yin Dynasty. They are not solemn and fearful, but diligent and self-disciplined. They are "afraid of being abandoned", that is, they can protect the king for a long time without being widowed and enjoy the country for a long time. After that, Yin Wang was born at ease, unaware of the hardships of farming, and only wanted to have fun, so they did not enjoy the country for a long time. Duke of Zhou then listed the humility and fear of King Tai and King Ji of Zhou, especially mentioning that King Wen wore rags, lived frugally, and took part in agricultural labor, so that he could "take care of the little people" and sometimes didn't even have time to eat from morning till night, so as to unite the whole people. He didn't dare to wander around for fun and didn't ask for anything extra, so he enjoyed the country for a long time. Duke Zhou warned future generations not to indulge in "observation, relaxation, travel and hunting in the fields", and he himself could not tolerate it, saying, let's enjoy ourselves now, and don't indulge in debauchery like Shang and Zhou Dynasties. If you don't listen, it will lead to chaos and people's resentment and curse. Someone told me, "Little people hate you and scold you." If you say that you have made a mistake, you should deeply reflect on yourself, don't be angry, don't kill innocent people indiscriminately, and don't punish innocent people indiscriminately. Otherwise, the same resentment will be concentrated on you alone, and the consequences will be unimaginable.

Duke Zhou went deep into the bottom, cared about the sufferings of the people, and it was right to warn himself or educate future generations with "inescapable", but "escaping" and "not escaping" were often influenced by class conditions and living environment and had a sense of decision. Without strong external pressure, it is inevitable for members of the royal family to "escape from life", and it is also inevitable to lose their country because of "escape".

Duke Zhou was in power for three years, supporting the elderly in Fengjing, and soon became seriously ill. Before he died, he said, "I must be buried in Chengzhou after my death and send a signal to surrender to the sky to be king." After his death, he was buried in King Wen's cemetery, saying; "This means that I dare not take Duke Zhou as my minister."

The etiquette formulated by the Duke of Zhou for the Zhou Dynasty has been passed down to this day. Although some etiquette seems to be out of date now, it still has far-reaching influence on regulating people's behavior and warning rulers how to govern the country and how to work diligently for the people. After the inheritance and development of Confucius and later generations, many rituals are still in use today.