The history of An Dongwei

Andongwei, Rizhao City, is an ancient coastal defense city with a history of 600 years. Located 40 kilometers south of Rizhao, on the north bank of Xiuzhen estuary, near the Yellow Sea, the terrain is dangerous. The majestic Laoye Mountain, Guanshan Mountain, Bijia Mountain (also known as Kouya Mountain), Lanshan Mountain, and Artillery Mountain. Standing facing the sea, it surrounds the Acropolis from the north, east and southeast. Climbing high and overlooking, you can see Laoye Mountain in the east of Weicheng, with embroidered needle river in the west, sea in the south and mountains in the north. The three islands in the East China Sea (Che Niu Shan, Pingshan and Dashan) straddle the sea waves, and the mountains in the northwest are picturesque, which is actually a resort and military hub in southeastern Shandong.

According to historical records, Andongwei, in the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC), was a city with discipline barriers. In the Spring and Autumn Annals and Zuo Zhuan, it was recorded that in the autumn of the 19th year of Lu (523 BC), Qi Gaofa's commander attacked the bow, and the bow hit the discipline barrier. "Continued Archaeological Records of Shandong Province" Volume 21, "Rizhao County" chapter reads: "Ji Zhang is 90 miles south, now an old city in the Eastern Wei Dynasty". "Rizhao County Records" (Guangxu Edition) also said: "Juyi East Sea, northeast of Ganyu, is a city with discipline barriers, and now Andongwei is its place." Weicheng East, today there is a place name of the teaching ground. According to legend, Sun Bin, a general of the Warring States, trained here and wrote The Art of War, which has not been seen in the history books. The history, establishment and evolution of An Dongwei before the Ming Dynasty cannot be verified for the time being due to the oblivion of historical records. A brief introduction since the Ming Dynasty is as follows:

First, the origin of the naming of "An Dongwei"

According to "An Dong Wei Zhi Rites", it is recorded: "Wei went to sea for fifty miles, and according to the words,' Wei' surrounded it and prevented it. Outside the capital, on the screen side, during the flood season in the East China Sea, there were the most guards, and there were many in the east, hence the name. " "Wei" is a military institution of the Ming Dynasty, with 5,600 people guarding key areas. It can be seen that An Dongwei is named because of its geographical location and military importance.

Second, the construction time of "An Dongwei"

After Dingding in the Ming Dynasty, due to the invasion of the Japanese, many garrisons and stations were set up in various military places along the coast, including: anti-sea 19, anti-transport 19 and anti-garrison 15. From Ling Wei, Ling Wei to Dusit, they all belong to the jurisdiction of the Central Fifth Army. An Dongwei, one of the guards in the early Ming Dynasty 19, was named "An Dongwei", which appeared at the latest in the early Ming Dynasty. As for the specific construction time, opinions vary. Rizhao County Annals (Guangxu Edition) says: "Andong Wei is located 90 miles south of the county", and its annotation is: "The 17th year of Hongwu (1384)". "An Dong Wei Zheng Jian Pian" said: "It was built during the Hongwu period". Ding Kai, a county native, once wrote the book Expedition to the West Sea (twenty-three years of Qianlong), which recorded: "It is wrong for Zhi Ming to take An Dongwei as Hongwu for thirty-five years." Looking up the chronology of the Ming Dynasty, Hong Wu was in office for only 3 1 year, that is, 1368 to 1398. The so-called thirty-five years of Hongwu may be the result of Zhi Ming's integration of "Wen Jian" for four years. The fourth year of his writing was the year when Huidi and Zhu Yunwen died. How can we afford to build guards and institutions? Li Fu, the Confucian Department of Anton Wei, said in the Preface: "In the sixth year of Hongwu (1383), Lvliang, a Japanese country, was overrun by wild plunder. It was ordered to believe in the Tang River, the king of the country, to build castles on both sides of the East China Sea, to take charge of officials (that is, judges), to select and practice piers and platforms, and to guard the chess game. On this basis, the setting of An Dongwei, when in the sixteenth and seventh years of Hongwu, was consistent with the annotations in the Guangxu edition of Rizhao County Records.

Third, the reasons for the establishment of Wei in Ming Dynasty

After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the Japanese invaders repeatedly committed crimes in the coastal areas of China, first in Liaodong, then in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and then in Shandong. Rizhao is the outpost of Shandong coastal defense, and Anton is the gateway to southeast Shandong. Setting up maritime defense in Anton, of course, is to defend against Japanese invasion. In the early years of Hongwu, Taizu sent an envoy, Zhao Zhi, to ask Japan to pay tribute to China, and Japan became a tributary country of China. Japan sailed at sea in the name of tribute. In the 13th year of Hongwu (1380), Prime Minister Hu secretly communicated with Japan, colluded with Ruyao, a Japanese monk, to make an insurrection, trained more than 100 bandits, borrowed giant candles from North Korea, hid gunpowder weapons, and buried the bandits on tribute boats. After the incident was exposed, it was punished. The imperial court denounced the Japanese secret traitor, so it cut off tribute and interrupted contacts. From then on, the Japanese invaders often invaded all parts of China's coastal areas, burning and looting, and the people were in dire straits, which the government could not contain. In the sixteenth year of Hongwu, the court ordered Tang He, Minister Jiang Xiahou, Minister Zhou Dexing and other ministers to patrol thousands of miles along the East China Sea coast, and planned to set up a garrison in the fortress area to prevent Japanese invaders from invading. Soon, An Dongwei was established, which has jurisdiction over the headquarters (the highest military organ at the provincial level), the governor (the leader of the Guards) and 5,000 households (1,200 households and 120 households). Both the front house and the left house are located in the Acropolis, and the back house is located 90 miles northeast of the Acropolis, named Shijiuzhai. During Tianshun (1458- 1464) of the Ming Dynasty, Tianjin Wei transferred to the middle and Xuzhou Wei transferred to the right. Only the front, left and back 3,000 households belong to Anton Wei, each with the positions of positive, deputy, thousand households and hundred households. In the Ming Dynasty, Anton House belonged to Qingzhou House, with the following posts: tongfu (the chief executive in charge of local administration), tongguan (the official in charge of handling government affairs), experience (the official in charge of printing cashier documents), professor (the academic official in charge of departmental examinations) and discipline (the official who assists academic officials in educating students). In the early Qing Dynasty, military strikes became more official, and the garrison (military attache, military and political chief of Wei) was elected as Anton by the Ministry of War to take charge of security affairs. All cities, human and social departments, schools and money and grain, like counties, still have an experienced professor, commander (military attache), commander-in-chief, and a director of Shijiu. In the fifteenth year of Shunzhi (1685), Governor Zhang Xuanxi sent to Andongwei, and Teli Andongwei was in charge of the camp to guard the flood season. In the fifth year of Kangxi (1666), Wei Ganzong, Bai Zong and Shi Jiu Ganzong were dismissed. Qianlong nine years (1744), Wei Cai merged with Rizhao County. Its land, money, school, village and road agency belong to Zhucheng County and Rizhao County respectively, and the former garrison, professor and experience were laid off at the same time. There are Anton Wei Ji and Anton Wei Ying, and the city is managed by An Dongying. The battalion has one head office, one head office, one head office, one head office of Rizhao Wei (second only to the military attache Qian), one general manager and one head office of Juzhou. The inspection department of Jiacang moved to Andongwei in the eighth year of Qianlong, and its Luo Zhang, Taoluo, Lanshan and Guanguan were subordinate to the inspection department. Haikou, such as Jiacang, Jinjiagou, Shijiusuo and Wanglong, belongs to the history of the county government (officials specializing in arrest and prison).

Four. Acropolis architecture

According to "An Dong Wei Zhi Sheng Xing", "the original city was built at the entrance of the square miles north of the city, and the remains still exist". There are two opinions about when to move the capital to the eastern Wei Dynasty in Jin 'an: one is the season of Hongwu. Zhao Shuangbi, who was stationed in Kangxi for ten years, said in the article Preface to Wenchang Pavilion in Wei Zhi: "The Acropolis was built in the season of the old Ming Dynasty ... Tang visited and compiled, and went to northwest Wei to build battlements ... Civil engineering was not prosperous, and occasionally Qingluan raised the flag in Sri Lanka, which is where Tang Wei is today. The letter country looked around and won, and saw that the left mountain was like a screen, the right river was like a belt, the sea was around the front, and the mountain was behind, so it moved its land and the city changed. " Although this statement does not specify the specific date of the construction of the city, it is superstitious, but it also reflects the historical era and was built after the investigation of the Tanghe River. The other was built in the third year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty. For example, the attachment of Shandong Tongzhi (Yongzheng Edition) said: "It was built in the third year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (1490). On Friday, it is 20 feet high and 20 feet thick, with 1300 cribs and 4 guard rooms. The swimming pool is 20 feet wide and 8 feet deep. Although the above two statements are different, the building age is more than 100 years apart, but it is true that the city was originally built in Fangkou and later moved to today's garrison. After the Acropolis, the city was destroyed by flash floods. During the Jiajing period, He Heng, the Health Experience Department, wrote to the imperial court and allocated 1200 yuan to the official treasury, which was only improved after a little repair. In addition to the door, there are three doormen in the city, which are used to hide weapons. There are eight shops in East, West, South and North Street, and four shops in the alley. Patrol on time to prevent thieves. Wushen (the seventh year of Kangxi) earthquake destroyed and leveled the city.

In addition to the city, there are mainly museums, Confucian museums, warehouses, arsenals, martial arts schools, temples and so on. The office consists of the following departments: Ministry of Supervision, Capital, Yaya, Experience Department (in the east of Tang Wei), Zhen Fu Department (in the west of Tang Wei), Confucianism Department (in the north of Jiexi Road, behind the Confucian Temple), Ministry of Supervision (behind Fu Wei), Qianbu General Administration (in the west street in the north gate), Zuosuo (in the east of Yimen), Qiansuo (in the west of Yimen) and Qiansuo. The temples include Guandi Temple, Sanguan Temple, Zhenwu Temple, Fire Temple and City God Temple. There are east and west stone workshops on the street. These ancient buildings have been abandoned for a long time after many wars and fires in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the May Fifth Earthquake in Kangxi.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) wittentai

Pier and abutment are ancient military communication facilities used to raise smoke, spread the enemy's situation and prevent accidents. Anton Wei Wharf is mainly located in the coastal spillway. Each dock is equipped with flags, gongs and chimneys. If there are policemen, they must be kept. Thousands of miles away, you can know in an instant. At that time, there were two kinds of docks in Rizhao: one was a military dock, which was guarded by police officers, including Pihu dock, Shimen dock, Heiqi dock, Bofeng dock, Mudi dock, Luo Zhang dock, Taoluo dock, Xiaozao dock, Wensang dock, Nanshijiu dock, Beishijiu dock, Shiwan dock, Dongjiadun dock and Nanzao dock. Second, the People's Wharf, which is guarded by the people, includes Yangjiadun, Sunjiadun, Xiangjiadun, Jiacang, Caijiadun, Jiaojiadun, Xintiandi and Niuti. The above eight piers belong to the inspection department of Jiacang Town. There are four pawns in each dock, a total of 1 12 pawns (including petty officers and civilian pawns), and each pawn provides workers with four taels of food and silver. Eight acres of supporting land will be set aside under the pier, and several rest rooms will be built for the pier soldiers to settle down, so that they can plant mulberry trees, raise chickens and dogs, and keep the pier as their business. When there is an emergency, light the smoke during the day, trust the fire at night, and transmit the information to speed. In the thirty-first and thirty-fourth years of Jiajing, the Japanese invaders invaded the coastal area of Rizhao and were all repelled, all thanks to the due diligence of the wharf.

Sixth, Wei wasteland.

In ancient times, there were three kinds of land reclamation: military, civil and commercial. The wasteland of Andongwei belongs to the military camp and is only used for garrison. In the Ming Dynasty, the land was cultivated for the service of Zhengding, and Yu Ding cultivated the land, and the tax was paid for the army, which was insufficient. This is the ancient method of combining soldiers with farmers. Each village is divided into 25 mu of land, and three stones are collected at the age of three, which are collected from Zang Wei as military supplies. Wei Tuntian, originally 1665 hectares, is located in Zhucheng and Rizhao counties, each with its own name. Among them, the original land in Zhucheng County covers an area of 1337 hectares and 5 1 mu. The villages are named Dabutun, Zhangjiatun, Mengjiatun, Jianjiatun, Maojiatun, Shaopotun, Fushengtun, Caohuatun, Liangshan Tun, Wujiatun, Caijiatun and Yujiatun. Located in Rizhao, with an original area of 327 hectares and 48 mu, it includes Dougoutun, Baishitun, Zhaojiatun, Zhujiatun and Vertical Flag Tun. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Tun was being abolished. In the Qing Dynasty, except for local reclamation, the water transport was still owned by Wei and Suo, and the rest of Wei and Suo were placed in counties and changed into civilian settlements. Andongwei's reclamation was not transferred to Zhucheng and Rizhao counties until it was incorporated into Rizhao County, and the reclamation was abolished. According to the regulations, the average household area was paid and the official tax deed was reported. It was cultivated and operated by it, and the original grain was changed to grain.

Seven. Weicheng fair trade

Andongwei, since Ming and Qing Dynasties, is not only an important coastal defense place, but also a trading port. Su Ru's vast Jianghuai hinterland, bounded by the sea, is the throat of North Korea and Japan. Land and water transportation is convenient, there are many shops inside and outside the city, and there are many merchants in the north and south. It can be said that merchants gather, hundreds of people compete for the flow, and the people's market is like a tide. Acropolis Market originated in Ming Dynasty. Anton Wei Zhi said: "In the early years of Jiajing, West Street was the city on the 3rd and 8th, and North Street met on the 1st and 6th (later abandoned). In the twentieth year of Jiajing, West Street met on the third and eighth day. " This system has continued to this day, and now there is a morning market every day, which is its proof. Acropolis commerce reached its peak in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

Today, Andongwei and Lan Yan Highway cross the front of Weifang City, Lanping Railway runs through Weifang City, and the newly-built Lanshan Port is adjacent to it. With the implementation of the overall plan to revitalize Rizhao, Andongwei, an ancient coastal defense city in southeastern Shandong, will stand in front of people with a brand-new majestic posture.