Liu Zongyuan's four arbitrary things, each about 200, please.

Liu Zongyuan was born in Hedong (now yongji city) in Tang Dynasty. Dai Zongda was born in Chang 'an, the capital in the eighth year of Dali (773) and died in Liuzhou in the fourteenth year of Xian Zongyuan (8 19). A generation of famous writers and thinkers, under 50 years old. Because he was from Hedong, he was finally appointed as the secretariat of Liuzhou, so he was called or Liu Liuzhou.

Liu Jia, Xue and Pei are also called "Hedong Three Surnames". Liu Zongyuan's eighth to sixth ancestors were court officials, and the fifth ancestor was the secretariat of Sizhou. After entering the Tang Dynasty, the Liu family had a close relationship with the Li royal family. During the reign alone, there were as many as 22 members of the Liu family living in Guanshushu Province. However, during the Yonghui period, the Liu family was repeatedly persecuted by Wu Zetian. By the time Liu Zongyuan was born, his family had declined, from the privileged position of royalty to the ordinary bureaucratic landlord class. Liu Zongyuan's great-grandfather and grandfather were just small officials like county magistrates. His father, Jin Ryu, has always had a low rank. Liu Zongyuan said with emotion that by his generation, Liu had "studied for nothing since May and June". The Anshi Rebellion caused another great impact on the Liu family. During the war, Jin Ryu sent his mother to the King of Wu for refuge, and she and her family fled to Wudi. In the south, it was once hard to make a living, and sometimes there was no salary. Liu Zongyuan's mother often starves herself to feed her children. Liu Zongyuan was born after the Anshi Rebellion, and his childhood was spent in poverty and hardship. When Liu Zongyuan was nine years old, another large-scale separatist war broke out, which made Liu Zongyuan's family suffer from war again. Liu Zongyuan grew up in turbulent times. He had a certain understanding of the people's sufferings and social reality since he was a teenager, which influenced his later literary and ideological achievements.

In the spring of the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793), 20-year-old Liu Zongyuan was admitted to the earth in the senior high school entrance examination, and at the same time, his good friend Liu Yuxi was also admitted to the earth. In the twelfth year of Zhenyuan (796), Liu Zongyuan was appointed as the secretary of the provincial school, which was regarded as stepping into the officialdom. This year, he married Yang Ping's daughter in Chang 'an. Two years later, he learned a lot of words and changed it to the orthography of Jixian Temple Academy, which allowed him to read widely and broaden his horizons. At the same time, he began to contact courtiers and bureaucrats, understand the situation of officialdom, care about and participate in politics. In the first year of Jixian Temple Academy, he wrote "Love Monument in Yangcheng, Ye Si, Guo Yi" and praised Dr. Yangcheng who had the courage to stick to his own opinions on major political affairs. In the second year, I wrote "Debate and Invasion", which showed my strong desire to persist in unity and oppose separatism.

In the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan (80 1), Liu Zongyuan was transferred to Lantian Wei, and two years later, he was transferred back to Chang 'an, where he served as the army supervisor in Li Xing. At that time, he was 3 1 year old and was an official with Han Yu. Although his rank is very low, his authority is no less than that of Shi Yu. Since then, he has made more friends with the upper echelons of officialdom, gained a deeper understanding of the dark corruption of politics, and gradually sprouted a desire for reform.

Wang He and Wang Yong Zhenguan's political reform failed only for half a year, but it was a progressive movement that shook the whole country. The measures taken dealt a blow to the autocratic eunuchs and the separatist forces in the buffer region at that time, benefiting the country and the people and conforming to the historical development. Liu Zongyuan and his good friend Liu Yuxi are the core figures of this innovation. They are called "Two Kings Liu Liu". Young Liu Zongyuan had a sharp struggle with eunuchs, aristocratic families and old bureaucrats on the political stage. His innovation and spirit of struggle are very valuable.

With the downfall of Shunzong, Xian Zong came to power, and the innovation failed, the reformists such as "Two Kings Liu Liu" were immediately demoted. In August, Xianzong ascended the throne, and in September, Liu Zongyuan was demoted as the secretariat of Shaozhou (now Shaoyang City, Hunan Province) and Sima of Yongzhou (now Lingling City, Hunan Province). This time, seven people were demoted to Sima at the same time, so history called this incident "two kings and eight Sima events."

Yongzhou is located at the junction of Hunan and Guangdong. It was lonely at that time. It was a terrible place with few people. Liu Zongyuan went to Yongzhou with his 67-year-old mother, cousin Liu Zongzhi and cousin Lu Zun. After they arrived in Yongzhou, they didn't even have a place to live. Later, with the help of a monk, they boarded in longxing temple. Because of the hard life, his mother Lushi died before he arrived in Yongzhou for half a year.

After Liu Zongyuan was demoted, his political opponents still refused to let him go. Gossip and personal attacks turned him into a "strange man", and after several years, he kept cursing. This shows the extent to which conservatives dislike him. In Yongzhou, cruel political persecution and hard living environment made Liu Zongyuan sad, angry, depressed and miserable. Coupled with several ruthless fires, his health was seriously damaged, even to the point where his knees trembled when he walked, but he was paralyzed as soon as he sat down. Liu Zongyuan's political ideal was not shaken by all kinds of persecution and hardships he suffered in his relegation career. In his letter, he clearly stated: "Although everything is excluded, it is nothing more than this."

The fall of Yongzhou 10 year was a major turning point in Liu Zongyuan's life. When he was in Beijing, he directly engaged in innovative activities. After arriving in Yongzhou, his struggle turned to the ideological and cultural field. Ten years in Yongzhou is a decade in which he continued to struggle. He has extensively studied some important issues in philosophy, politics, history and literature since ancient times, and has written articles and books. Most of his masterpieces, such as Feudalism, Unofficial Dialect, Heaven Pair and Six Contradictions, were completed in Yongzhou.

In the first month of the 10th year of Yuanhe (8 15), Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi were recalled to Beijing. But it has not been reused. Due to hatred of Wu and others, he went to Chang 'an in February and announced his demotion in March. Liu Zongyuan was demoted as the secretariat of Liuzhou (now Liuzhou, Guangxi), and Liu Yuxi was the secretariat of Bozhou. Although it was promoted from Sima to the secretariat, the demoted place was far more secluded and difficult than before. Liu Zongyuan thought Bozhou was more difficult than Liuzhou, and Liu Yuxi had an 80-year-old mother to take care of, so he wrote to the court several times and asked for an exchange with Liu Yuxi. Later, because someone helped, Liu Yuxi changed to Lianzhou and Liu Zongyuan went to Liuzhou.

Liuzhou is farther from the capital Chang 'an than Yongzhou, and it is even more backward and desolate. Most of the residents are ethnic minorities, living in extreme poverty, and their customs and habits are quite different from those of the Central Plains. When Liu Zongyuan first came here, he didn't understand the language and everything was uncomfortable, but he was still determined to use the limited strength of the Secretariat to continue to carry out reforms in this place and do something good for the local people.

In Liuzhou, Liu Zongyuan was determined to abolish the cruel habit of "taking money from men and women as ransom from time to time, and if the child is like this, he will not be a handmaiden", and formulated a set of measures to release the handmaid, stipulating that the slave can calculate his salary by time, restore his personal freedom after paying off his debts, and go home to reunite with his relatives. This move was welcomed by the poor and was later extended to counties outside Liuzhou. In view of the local people's superstitious and backward customs, Liu Zongyuan prohibited Jianghu witch doctors from defrauding people. Organize the development of cultural and educational undertakings, set up schools and popularize medicine, so that Liuzhou, which has never dared to drill wells, has successively drilled several wells and solved the drinking water problem. There are many wasteland in Liuzhou, and Liu Zongyuan organized idle labor to reclaim it. Only one reclaimed wasteland in Dayun Temple has planted 30,000 bamboo poles and hundreds of beds of vegetables. He also attaches importance to tree planting and participates in tree planting activities in person.

In four years, Liu Zongyuan carried out some reforms within the scope of his authority, which benefited one party and actually carried out the reform of the king in some areas.

The long-term relegation career, the hardships of life and the mental torture have made Liu Zongyuan's health worse and worse, and he is really old before he is old. His good friend Wu Wuling ran to the door of Pei Du, the ruling minister, many times, trying to save him from Liuzhou to Beijing. Pei Du and Liu Zongyuan are from Hedong. In the fourteenth year of Yuanhe, Xian Zong was pardoned for his honorific title. After Pei Du interceded, Xianzong agreed to recall Liu Zongyuan. However, it is too late. Before the imperial edict arrived in Liuzhou, Liu Zongyuan died with a cavity of grief and indignation at the age of 47. Before his death, Liu Zongyuan wrote to his good friend Liu Yuxi and left the manuscript to him. Later, Liu Yuxi compiled the Collection of Liu Zongyuan.

Although he lived less than 50 years old, Liu Zongyuan made brilliant achievements in literature, and made outstanding contributions in poetry, ci fu, prose, travel notes, fables, novels, prose, literary theory and so on.

There are more than 140 poems by Liu Zongyuan, which is one of the few in the Tang Dynasty, but many of them have been handed down from generation to generation. On the basis of his unique life experience, thoughts and feelings, he drew lessons from the artistic experience of his predecessors, exerted his creative talent, created a unique artistic style, and became an outstanding poet representing one school at that time. Su Shi commented: "It is expensive to dry the cream outside, which seems as light as beauty and as deep as thick." Juxtapose Liu Zongyuan and Tao Yuanming. Liu Zongyuan's existing poems are mostly works after being relegated to Yongzhou, with a wide range of themes and diverse genres. His narrative poems are simple in writing and vivid in description, and his allegorical poems are vivid in image and profound in meaning. Lyrics are better at expressing their feelings euphemistically and profoundly with fresh and cool writing. No matter what genre it is, it is meticulously written and has a long lasting appeal. It shows extremely deep feelings in a simple style and presents a unique look. Because he is a poet who cares about reality and sympathizes with the people, he can write poems with social significance and artistic value no matter what theme he writes.

Yan Yu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said: "In the Tang Dynasty, only thick sons got the Sao school." This theory is very pertinent. Liu Zongyuan inherited and carried forward the tradition of Qu Yuan's Ci and Fu. His ci and fu not only used the traditional form, but also inherited the spirit of Qu Yuan. This may be because although they are separated by thousands of years, they are similar in thought, experience, ambition and personality. "Old Tang Book" said that Liu Zongyuan was "a fugitive with a bumpy life (family B). There are dozens of essays that express the sorrow of poets, write emotional narratives, and the emotions must be in the words, and the visitors are all sorrowful. " How similar it is to Qu Yuan's Ci and Fu. Liu Zongyuan's "Nine Poems" and "Ten Sao Poems" are really excellent works in the prose literature of the Tang Dynasty. Whether focusing on expressing feelings or reciting things, they are sincere and rich in content.

Liu Zongyuan's prose is as famous as Han Yu's, and he is also called "Tang Jia Ba Jie" with Liu Han, Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi in the Song Dynasty. He is the most outstanding essayist in the history of China. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Liu Zongyuan and Han Yu initiated and led an ancient prose movement in the literary world. They put forward a series of ideological theories and literary ideas. In the content of the article, in view of the shortcomings of parallel prose, such as not paying attention to content and emptiness, this paper puts forward "the unity of literature and Taoism" and "the unity of literature and Taoism" The article demands to reflect the reality, and "injustice will sound", which is full of critical spirit to get rid of the disadvantages of the times. In the form of the article, it is proposed to innovate the style, break through the shackles of parallel prose, and the sentence length is not limited, requiring innovative language to "speak out" and "speak out". In addition, it is also pointed out that "stand up" first and then "stand up". This is a progressive literary proposition. In their creative practice, Han and Liu created many excellent essays with rich content, skillful skills and concise and vivid language. Liu Han's ancient prose movement has a far-reaching influence on later generations.

In his travels and fables, Liu Zongyuan also left outstanding works for future generations. Eight Chapters of Yongzhou became the representative work of China's ancient landscape travel notes. These beautiful landscape travel notes vividly express people's feelings about natural beauty, enrich the new field of classical prose reflecting life, and thus establish the position of landscape as an independent literary genre in the history of literature. Because of its artistic achievements, it has been told by people throughout the ages and is highly respected. Besides fable poems, Liu Zongyuan also wrote many fables, such as Donkey of Guizhou and Mouse of Yongmou, which became famous fables in ancient times. "The donkey is poor in skills" has become an idiom, and almost everyone knows it. Some fables are short in length, but they are told through the ages, just like his landscapes.

In addition to his literary achievements, Liu Zongyuan is also a famous thinker. A person who actively participates in political innovation must be a thinker. Liu Zongyuan's philosophical works include Non-Mandarin, Zhen Fu, Seasonal Theory, Criminal Argument, Tian Shuo, Tian Dui and so on. In these works, Liu Zongyuan holds a negative attitude towards the theory of "the image of Xia, Shang and Zhou" advocated by Dong Zhongshu, a great scholar in Han Dynasty, denouncing such a great man as Dong Zhongshu as a "witch history" and accusing him of "confusing future generations". He opposed the theories of providence, destiny and heaven, criticized theology, emphasized personnel, and replaced "arsenic" with "human", which was very valuable in the feudal society where theological superstition dominated more than 1000 years ago. Liu Zongyuan also turned his criticism of theology into a criticism of politics, explained the relationship between heaven and man from the viewpoint of simple materialism, and criticized the idealistic theory of destiny. His philosophical thoughts were in line with the development of social productive forces and the level of natural science at that time. He developed ancient naive materialism's atheism to a new height and was an outstanding thinker in the middle Tang Dynasty.

Some of Liu Zongyuan's social and political works are the concrete embodiment of his political thought and a means for him to participate in political struggle. Feudalism is Liu Zongyuan's most famous political paper. In view of the dispute between feudal system and county system, Liu Zongyuan believes that the whole social history is a natural development process with an inevitable trend of objective development independent of human will. The enfeoffment system exposed all kinds of serious drawbacks, and the new county system can overcome the disadvantages of the enfeoffment system, which is superior and progressive, thus strongly supporting the county system. The evaluation of Qin Shihuang also reflects the progressiveness of Liu Zongyuan's political thought. Political papers such as Six Contradictions and Jinwen advocate meritocracy and oppose hereditary privileges. They even think that the son of heaven should correct his mistakes in employing people. His thought of attaching importance to agricultural warfare is also very prominent, and he attaches importance to persuading farmers to build water conservancy projects to benefit the people. Liu Zongyuan admired Confucianism, but did not advocate the dominance of one family. Many of his speeches often give a harmonious explanation of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism from the standpoint of compromise and reconciliation, which is also the difference between his thoughts and other thinkers.

As an outstanding thinker and writer in the history of our country, Liu Zongyuan will always be respected by the world.