Several historical and geographical problems about ancient Cai Guo.

Cai Guo was an important vassal state in the Zhou Dynasty, and its surname was Ji. It was blocked from the Zhou Dynasty and was destroyed by the southern State of Chu in the early Warring States. * * * has experienced more than 600 years of history and played an important role in the Zhou Dynasty. Cai Guo's deeds are mostly recorded in historical books, such as Zuo Zhuan and Chunqiu. Sima Qian's "Historical Records Guan Cai's Jia" tells the history of Cai Guo more systematically. But even so, there is still a lack of historical materials about Cai Guo, and there are still many academic views on some historical and geographical issues, which are worth discussing in detail.

First, the "three governors" and Cai's initial fief

"Historical Records Biography of Guan Cai's Family" records: "King Wu conquered the world and won the title of Kundi. So uncle is in charge of fresh, and uncle is in Cai. The two married the father of their son Wu Genglu and ruled the Yin adherents. " It can be seen that the original seal of Cai Guo started from the capital of Cai and Shu. So where is the fief of Cai Shudu? For a long time, the academic circles have different views on this, as follows.

One is what Shangcai said. Regarding the explanation of Cai Shu's "Cai" seal in Historical Records, The Collection of Interpretations quoted the world as saying: "Rank is above Cai." "History of Han Geography" also holds this view, and records in "Xiarunan County Records": "Shangcai, so my brother was blocked. When he is released, he will be king, seal his son Hu, and move to Xincai on the 18th. " Most of the later documents follow this theory, and Shangcai was the original fief of Cai State. For example, Li Daoyuan's "Water Mirror Like Water" said: "(Shangcai) County, so his brother and uncle were named Cai." "Guozhi Yuzhou" also said: "Seven miles north of Yuzhou, Shangcai County, Gucai State, Wu Wang took his brother and uncle as Cai." Gu Zuyu's "Reading Historical Records of Shangcai County" said: "Cai's old city, 15 miles on Tuesday, Cai Shu began to seal."

The second is the theory of practicing martial arts. Today, Yan Zi advocates this view. Through the analysis of the literature, he thinks: "Continued Records of Han County" contains "Yang Shan City" and "Cai City" in Hanoi County, and Liu Zhao notes "Cai is here". Shanyang County in the Eastern Han Dynasty is located in Xiuwu County, Hebei Province, and its land is near Chao Ge, the Yindu where Cai Shu first lived. "

The third is Zhengzhou Festival Theory. Mr. Zheng holds this view: "According to the ancient sound of' sacrifice' and' talent', they belong to the tooth-sounding moon and can be connected ... Therefore, the author believes that this place of' sacrifice' in the northwest suburb of Zhengzhou today, which can also be called' Cai', is located at the eastern foot of Gu 'ao Mountain, on the south bank of the Yellow River and south of Shifo Town (which we call the ancient management place).

The fourth is the theory of Changyuan. You Zhu, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, once said in the Interpretation of Yizhou Book: "Cai Shu's food city is suspected to be a sacrificial city and a famous house in Changyuan County, and later it was called Wang, renamed Cai, and now Runing County is in Cai County." Mr. He Guangyue also said when discussing the issue of ancient Cai State: "Today, Cai City in Changyuan County is officially sealed here."

Questions about what Shang Cai said have existed since ancient times. "Biography of Shangshu" Kong Anguo said: "The seal of uncle is the Cai in the house. The seal of Zhongzhi is between you. " Confucius' Justice: "Chadi, Shangcai and Xincai belong to runan county. It's too far to go to the capital. If uncle is sealed in Shangcai, he can't be in the palace. " Zheng Qiao's Tongzhi Du Yilu says: "Cai Benji's land thought that Cai Shu's fief was against the country. Arrived, the country name was changed to Runan, so Runan was chosen as Cai. If you move to the state, you will take the state as the lower Cai and Weinan as the upper Cai. " They all suggested that Cai should not go to Shangcai intact, which makes sense. According to "Historical Records Guancai Family": "King Wu conquered the world and won the title of Kundi. Therefore, the uncle is fresh in the tube, and the uncle is in Cai: the two married the father of Wu Genglu and ruled the Yin adherents. " "Historical Records of Zhou Benji" said: "In the early Yin Dynasty, the king of Wu decided not to get together, and your brother offered and Uncle Cai took care of Yin." Zheng Xuan's "Shi Mao Spectrum": "The land thousands of miles inside the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, for the defenders, was sealed in' Gong Yu', in which Jizhou Taihang was in the northeast, Yanzhou was in the east, and the mulberry field. After Zhou Wuwang attacked Wu Geng, the capital was Yin, and the stubborn people of ordinary Yin were killed. It is called Yi from the north, Yi from the south and Wei from the east. " History of Han Geography: "Hanoi is the old capital of Yin. Since the destruction of Yin in Zhou Dynasty, the capital has been divided into three countries, and The Style of Poetry is also full of courage and patriotism. Thai, to seal Wu Geng; Forever,,; Wei, Cai; Those who supervise Yin Min are called the three supervisors. " As can be seen from the above records, after the destruction of Shang Dynasty in Zhou Dynasty, in order to govern the Yin people and stabilize the eastern territory, Cai Shu and Guan Shu once participated in supervising the Yin people. As we all know, the Yin people at that time were mainly distributed in Chao Ge area, that is, Qixian area in Anyang today. At that time, transportation and communication were underdeveloped. How did Cai Shu, who was far away from Shangcai, supervise Yin people thousands of miles away? Furthermore, "Historical Records Biography of Guan Cai's Family" said: "Zhou Gongdan accepted the orders of the King of Qi to punish Wu Geng and kill Guan Shu, but let Cai Shu go and move him, ten times with the car and seventy people with him." "Yi Zhou Shu Zuo Roger" says: "Cai Shu was imprisoned in Guoling." After the defeat of Cai Shu, he was moved to Guo Ling for imprisonment. This fully shows that its initial vassal state was not near Guoling, otherwise it could not be called exile. And Guo Ling is in Shangcai. To sum up, Shang Cai's statement is not accurate.

The theory of offering sacrifices to the city in the northwest of Zhengzhou seems to have some shortcomings, because it belongs to Zheng, not the land within the royal capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. As Mr. He Guangyue said: "Xingyang and Shangcai are in the south-central part of Henan, which is far away. How can you monitor Yin Min in northern Henan? " However, it seems arbitrary to decide Cai Shu's initial fief only on the basis of phonological similarity. Martial arts literature is too thin. Changyuan is far away from the capital of Yin, which does not conform to the distance mentioned in Shangshu and the objective reality at that time. We think it should be in Niwan Township, Weihui City, Xinxiang City.

As mentioned earlier, after Zhou Wuwang's commerce was destroyed, "Small Zhou Zhou" occupied "Big Zhou and Yin", and how to rule the original Yin people and occupied areas became a difficult problem for the Zhou royal family. In order to prevent the rebellion of the old Yin people, the Zhou royal family implemented a series of measures to strictly control the Yin people. Among them, the "three governors" mentioned many times in the literature is an important measure of the Zhou Dynasty. "Yi Zhou Shu Zuo Roger" records: "Wang Yin is the father of Prince Lu, who sacrificed himself to defend the business. Build uncle officials in the east, build uncle Cai and uncle Huo in the yin to supervise minister yin. " The "Three Supervisors" are composed of Zhou Wuwang's younger brothers, Kang Shu, Guan Shu and Cai Shu, whose purpose is to supervise Wu Geng. Thus, Cai Shu, as one of the three supervisors, must have his first letter around the place where Wu Geng was at that time. The territory of Sanjian was closely related to the fiefs of Guan, Cai and Huo. So which land is Cai Shu supervising? Mr. Xavier Chen clearly pointed out in the article "The Character Realm of Three Supervisors and Its Perspective Analysis" that Cai Shu's fief should be in Zhucheng and Huo Shu's fief should be in Zhucheng. "Imperial Century" also said: "From the east of Yindu, Guan Shu supervises it; To the west of Yindu is Yong (an ancient town), and Cai Shu supervises it; The northern part of Yindu is Taitai, and Uncle Huo supervises it, which is the third prison. "So where is the strict vision? Zheng Xuan's "Fu, Fu and Wei Pu" said: "Since the city was built, it has been called Fu in the north, Fu in the south and Wei in the east. "As you can see, it should be in the south of the city. Zhou Cheng, Wang Yin, Jin Daoji: "Chao Ge Ben Mo Yi also. Poetry was collected from the Tang Dynasty, and the land of foam is no longer there. Wu Ding, the king of Yin, moved to Yindu for the first time ... with rotten wine pools and new music sounds. It is also true that Du Ge sang songs in the 73-mile old town in the northeast of Weifang. This sister town is the capital of Wuding and Yinwang. "The Emperor's Century Collection" says: "The emperor has assisted Hebei to move to the DPRK, and his son is still suffering. "Thus, the city of Zhou is the song of Cao, and according to the current archaeological excavations, we can determine its specific location near Qixian County today. Then it should be in the south of Qixian County today. It should be in Niwan Township, Weihui City, Xinxiang City (Ji Gu County), which is the ancient land. " Qing Shi Lu said: "At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, the northeast of Jixian County was sealed, and Zheng's Book of Songs became famous from the south. Tongdian is located 32 miles southwest of Xinxiang, and it is also an ancient country. "Taiping Universe" is thirteen miles northeast of Jixian County. "The field investigation found that it should actually be 7 kilometers northeast of Ji 'an County, which is today's Niwan Township in Weihui City, because a plaque of Guandi Temple built in the thirty-fifth year of Ming Dynasty was found in the village, which read" Residents of Beigushe Society in Ji 'an County, Weihui District, Henan Province "(stored in Weihui Cultural Center). It can be seen that today's Niwan Township should be northeast of Ji 'an County, and it should be Uncle Cai. The History of Counties and Counties in Continued Han Dynasty records that there is Cai City in Yangshan Town, Hanoi County, and Liu Zhao notes "Cai is here". Shanyang County in the Eastern Han Dynasty is located in Xiuwu County in the north of Henan Province, not far from Weihui City in Xinxiang, just to the west of Yindu Chao Ge (southwest of Qin 'an). There is no doubt that Cai Shu's first fief should be in Weihui City.

Second, the analysis of the change of the capital after the restoration of Cai Guo.

After the defeat, Cai Shu was moved to Guo Ling to be imprisoned, and soon died, and Cai Guo ceased to exist. But by the time Cai Shu's son Hu, he was banned again. "Historical Records Guan Cai Shijia" records: "Cai Shu moved and died. His son called Hu, and Hu Nai changed his profession, attracting good people and training good people. The Duke of Zhou heard of it and cited Hu as Lu Qingshi and Lu Guozhi. Therefore, Duke Zhou said that he would be king and reinstate Hu as a sacrifice to Cai Shu and Right. " Where is Cai Zhong's residence? Jie Ji quoted Song Zhongyu as saying, "Hu moved to Xincai." "Shui Jing Zhu Ru Shui" also records: "Ru Shui passes through Xincai County in the southeast, so it is in the south of the city. In the past, it was Cai who was in charge of the royal family and let Cai Shu move away. His son Hu Neng introduced the sage Yi Dao, and the Duke of Zhou was promoted to be a nobleman, so that he could see the king, who ordered Cai and Ye. This is a tribute to Cai Zhong's uncle. Zhong Song said: Therefore, it was named Xincai, and Wang Mang called it a newcomer. These two documents actually quoted Zhong Song's theory that Cai Zhong's fief was in Xincai. However, according to the article in "History of Han Geography Runan County": "Shangcai, so Cai Guo, Zhou Wuwang's brother was blocked. When he is released, he will be king, seal his son Hu, and move to Xincai on the 18th. " It can be seen that Cai, where he lives, should be in Shangcai. This theory is also found in many documents. For example, "Zuo Zhuan's Four Years of Hidden Public": "Chen, and Wei Xianghe." Du pre-note: "Cai, today you are in Shangcai County, Runan." "Tongzhi Du Yi": "Cai Benji's land, thinking that Cai Shu fiefs land, Cai Shu defies the state. It was not until Cai Zhong that it was sealed in Weinan. " The article "Reading History and Geography Minutes" Volume 50 "Shangcai County, Runing Prefecture" also said: "In the Spring and Autumn Period, Chu invaded and moved to Xincai because it was Shangcai." In addition, the archaeological excavation of Cai's old city has made more powerful proof for Xincai, the capital. Mr. Shang Jingxi said: "Cai Gucheng is located on the east slope of Lugang in Shangcai County. Lugang is the land of ancient Cai ... The wall is about 4- 1 1 m high and about 15-25 m wide ... This wall is built with rammed earth layer by layer. Rammed soil is generally yellow or grayish yellow. The rammed earth in the middle and lower part of the city wall includes pottery pieces from Yangshao, Longshan, Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty. There are relics and pottery pieces from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in the upper rammed soil layer. It can be seen that the city was built in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty and was strengthened and repaired during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. " The discovery of the tomb of Cai Hou in Shangcai confirms the records of Cai Guo in the 10th generation of Cai in Historical Records. All these fully show that Cai Zhong lives in Shangcai instead of Xincai, and Shangcai's status as the first capital of Cai is undeniable.

Cai Guo, who had experienced more than ten generations, was destroyed by Chu in the Cai period, which made him "abandon his illness as Cai Gong". But the son gave up his illness and soon killed King Chu Ling, making himself king and "king Ping". In order to repay Cai Guo's contribution to winning the throne, King Chu Ping won over the governors and restored Cai Guo. Historical Records Guan Cai's family: "Chu destroyed Cai at the age of three, and Zi Chu gave up his illness and killed his king's tomb as Ping Wang. Nai begged Cai to be Lu's youngest son and make him Pinghou. That year, the State of Chu also re-established Chen. King Chu Ping was first established and wanted to kiss the princes, so he re-established Chen and Cai Hou. " So, where did Cai Pinghou live after the restoration? Ji Jie quoted Song Zhongyu as saying, "Pinghou moved to Cai Xia." But Hanshu Geography says, "Xincai County, runan county." Ban Gu's note: "Cai Pinghou moved here from Cai and moved to Cai the next year." The article about Xincai County in Runing in Book Records of Historical Records also records that "Xincai County ... the old country of Lu, the capital of Cai Pinghou moved here in the Spring and Autumn Period, so it was called Xincai County and Han County ... Sima Yan was classified as Xincai County ... and the Eastern Wei Dynasty was located in Cai Zhou." It can be seen that Cai Guo began to move the capital when Pinghou was restored, but where did he move the capital? Whether in Xincai or in Cai Xia, the literature has different opinions. However, the archaeological excavation of Xincai provides strong evidence to solve this problem. Xincai Ancient Town is located in the northwest of Chengguan Town, Xincai County. The circumference of the city wall is 3215m. Now the east and south city walls are well preserved. The general height is 2.7m, the maximum height is10m, the base width is 20-50m, the rammed layer is14cm thick, and the rammed layer is clear. Over the years, pottery ding, pot, bean, bronze sword, arrow, spoon, ant nose money and clay pipe have been unearthed. There are cemeteries in the north of the city. According to records, he moved to Xincai City in the first year of Cai Pinghou (530 BC). It is listed as a key cultural relics protection unit in Henan Province. These archaeological findings prove the correctness of Ban Gu's note, that is, Xincai, not Cai Xia, should be the capital after the leveling.

Cai people were persecuted by Chu people during the period of Cai Zhaohou, but in order to seek the help of Wu, they moved the capital again. "Historical Records Guan Cai's Family" recorded this incident: "Wang attacked Cai, and Cai was afraid of rushing to Wu. Wu yuan, about to move away from the near, easy to rescue; Zhao Hou privately promised not to associate with doctors. Wu people came to save Cai because they moved Cai to Yuzhou. " On Zhou Lai's horizon, Suoyin said: "Zhou Lai is in Cai Xia County, Huainan." "Zuo Zhuan lived in seclusion for four years" Kong Ying Da just quoted the marquis's genealogy and said, "Pinghou moved to Xincai, and Zhaohou moved to Jiujiang and Cai Xia." After Cai moved, tombs of five emperors, namely, Cai Zhaohou, Cheng Hou, Sheng Hou, and later emperors, were discovered in succession, except for the monarch who perished. For example, the famous tomb of Cai Zhaohou was discovered in Shouxian County, Anhui Province today. According to the records in Historical Records, there is no doubt that Cai Zhaohou moved to Zhou.

Third, geographical location and the rise and fall of Cai

Cai Guo was founded at the end of 1 1 BC, and perished in the state of Chu in 343 BC, which lasted for six or seven hundred years. Its rise and fall were closely related to its geographical location. Cai Guo is located in the north of Huaishui and Rushui, and actually swims in Rushui. Here, the land is fertile and the transportation is convenient, and its south reaches Jianghuai, which controls and deters the southern races. The north can reach Zhoucheng directly, which is an important barrier between the royal family and the Central Plains. Therefore, whether politically, militarily or economically, this place was prominent at that time. The rise of Cai Guo is closely related to this geographical orientation. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the influence of the Zhou royal family in the east and south of Huaihe River was relatively weak. After the Duke of Zhou put down the rebellion of the "three governors" and Wu Geng, he continued to conquer Xufang and Huaiyi in the east and south, and also conquered Chu. Duke Zhou's crusade to the East is of great significance to the Zhou royal family. These conquests greatly expanded Zhou's territory and the scope of Zhou's rule, and Zhou began to really own the land in the east and south. The royal family of Zhou restored Cai Zhong to Emperor Cai, and naturally had the intention of stabilizing the newly occupied areas. So together with Chen, Jiang, Shen, Huang, it became a vassal state of "defending in the south and the Central Plains in the north". Because of this important position, Cai Guo made an indelible contribution to defending the southern soil of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Cai Hou was also one of the important courtiers of the Western Zhou Dynasty royal family. Shangcai, the capital of Cai State, has thus become a prosperous city. As Mr. Shang Jingxi said: "The ancient city of Cai is located on the hillside, surrounded by the two rivers of Ru and Hong. The terrain nearby is dangerous and rich in products, which has become a favorable condition for the rise of this famous city ... The ruins and relics in the Spring and Autumn Period are particularly rich, which is about the heyday of this ancient city." Cai Guo in the early Spring and Autumn Period still plays an important role in the historical stage. For example, in 707 BC, King Huan of Zhou blamed Zheng, and Cai also took part in the crusade against Zheng.

After entering the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty gradually declined. Cai Guo's role in controlling barbarians and sheltering the royal family has been greatly weakened, but it has increasingly become an important chess piece for princes to compete for hegemony, and its important military geographical value has not been weakened. In particular, it is located in the main road of Chu, a big country in the south, which has an inevitable impact on its rise and fall. Chu people don't want to live in the south, but always want to go north to the Central Plains. Based on this strategic consideration, the Chu people successively wiped out many small countries between Jianghuai. By the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, Chu was already "Fangcheng thought of the city and Jiang Han thought of the pool". However, at this time, if Chu wants to dominate the Central Plains and there are continuous Funiu Mountains in the north, it can only go to the northeast of Nanyang Basin and reach here in Fangchengguan East, and then it can develop smoothly to the north. The first area to be conquered by Dongfang Town is Cai Guo. In addition, Chu's base camp is far away in Jianghan. If he wants to forge ahead in the Central Plains, he must establish his own frontier military base. Chu destroyed some vassal States in Nanyang basin. Although it has made a big step forward, it is urgent to establish a stable base area on the plain on the east side of the basin because of the terrain limitation, so as to advance northward. "Historical Records of Chu Family" says: "The King of Spirit said,' In the past, princes were far away from me and feared Jin. Now, in my big city, Chen, Cai and Tang Dou have received thousands of gifts. Are governors afraid of me? "Yes:' awesome'." The purpose of the king of Chu is to establish four important military border towns on the plain east of Funiu Mountain, among which "Cai" is Shangcai. It can be seen that Cai State is a strategic place of Chu State, and Shangcai, its capital, is an intermediate link for Chu State to establish an important military fortress line in the north. In this way, Cai was constantly attacked by Chu. Since "Autumn and July, Chu entered Cai" in the fourteenth year of Zuo Zhuan, Chu and Cai fought many times, and even directly destroyed Cai in the period of King Chu Ling. Historical Records Guan Cai's family: "Make the son abandon the disease and surround Cai. In November, Cai was destroyed and abandoned as Cai Gong. " Although Cai Guo later restored the country, his power was not as good as before. Under the great pressure of Chu, Cai people moved their capital to Xincai, which is closer to Chu.

The hegemony of feudal lords in the Central Plains aggravated Cai's decline. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, there were many wars for hegemony in the region, including the battles of Chengpu, Taichi and Yanling. In the present Shanxi area, Jin had to be surrendered by the small vassal States in the Central Plains to fight for hegemony in the south, so as to better attack Chu. In order to compete for the hegemony of the north, Chu must also make small countries such as Zheng and Cai submit to it, so as to fight against Jin more actively. In this way, the state of Jin, which is trying to go south, and the state of Chu, which is hoping to go north, will inevitably have conflicts with Zheng and Zheng. Caught between Jin and Chu, Cai had a very hard life and often faced the doom of being conquered. Historical Records Guan Cai: "Summer is for Jin, for Shen, for Cai." Historical Records Guan Caishijia: "I mourned for eleven years ... I was very angry, so I asked King Chu Wen ... King Chu Wen followed it back to Cai Aihou." The status at that time, just as Mr. Gu said in the Chronicle of Events in the Spring and Autumn Period that Chu always took Cai as the portal: "In the Spring and Autumn Period, Chu fought for midsummer in the north, and the land, Shen and Qi were destroyed first. Those who belonged to Chu said that Cai ... after Cai was in the middle of the leaves, he was helpless in Chu, and China wanted to stir up Chu, so he had to. Gai Cai Juhuai is in Chubei, namely Chuping. " Later, in the Spring and Autumn Period, Cai was involved in the struggle. Wu is located in the Taihu Lake basin, and the struggle with Chu became more intense at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. After moving the capital, Cai was located in the upper reaches of Huaihe River, which was an important strategic channel for Wu Huihuai to attack Chu in the west. In order to guard against the Wu people, Chu also needs to strictly control Cai's bridgehead. Later, the battle between Wu and Chu clearly showed Cai's strategic position. Wu Jun first won Chu Liuxiang and money, and opened a new road. Later, through Cai Guo, he fought against Chu all the way west in Hanshui, and the Chu army was defeated. "Historical Records Wu Taibo Family": "Then, learn from it, with the Tang Dynasty, attack Chu, as for Hanshui." Chu sent troops to reject Wu again, and Chen was caught in the water ... Chu defeated and left. "Wu Jun after all five wars, into the ChuYing capital. For revenge and self-protection, Wu was chosen as his supporter. In 507 BC, Cai Zhaohou, who had been under house arrest for several years, was released back to Cai and began to make friends with Wu, relying on Wu's strength to preserve his power. Historical Records Guan Cai: "Cai Zhaohou made his son superior to Wu and conquered Chu with * * *. In winter, I broke up with He Lv, the king of Wu. "With the help of Wu, Cai made a fierce counterattack against Chu. But this military counterattack laid the groundwork for Cai's national subjugation again. Finally, in the 26th year of Emperor Cai Zhao, King Chu Zhao conquered Cai, and the capital of Cai moved to Zhou (Huainan). At this time, we can only rely on the strength of Wu. Historical records manage Cai's family: "In the last four years, King Hui of Chu destroyed Cai, and Cai Hou died, and Cai Sui was absolutely sacrificed. "Cai Guo finally destroyed the country again and disappeared in the long river of history.

The original text is from Chen Longwen and Liu Chenyang.

Journal of Sanmenxia Vocational and Technical College Volume 12 No.3 September 20 13