Who wrote the images in the Book of Changes?

The author of the Book of Changes can't be tested, and its creation can be traced back to the times of Fuxi and Zhou Wenwang in ancient legends. If it is the embryonic form of the late Yin Dynasty and the early Zhou Dynasty, it is probably a work of 3,000 years ago. It should be said that whether it is right or wrong, it is irresponsible to future generations, and ambiguity does not seem to be a big shortcoming.

When it comes to the Book of Changes, people often think of the Book of Changes, gossip, fortune-telling and divination at first. Generally speaking, learning the Book of Changes really begins with the Book of Changes and Eight Diagrams, followed by Yin and Yang, Five Elements, Image, Number, Meaning, Reason, Cohesion, Xun, Image and so on. In fact, the first mistake we made when studying the Book of Changes was that we didn't separate the Book of Changes from the Book of Changes, which are not the same thing. According to the Book of Rites, The Book of Changes consists of three parts:

Li Zhouguan Chun Dabu: "Dabu is in charge of the three methods of Yijing, namely Lianshan, Guizang and Zhouyi. Its classics are all eight and its hexagrams are all sixty-four. "

Li Zhouguan was arbitrary: "Hold three books to distinguish the names of nine books, namely Lianshan, Guizang and Zhouyi."

Classical divination is the basic divination, that is, the eight diagrams we often say: dry, Kun, truth, smoke, hurdle, reason, root and meeting. Each hexagram consists of three hexagrams, which are divided into two types: yang hexagram and yin hexagram, and hexagram is the basic unit of eight diagrams. Other hexagrams are complex hexagrams formed by overlapping any two basic hexagrams, totaling 8864 hexagrams, namely:

Do, Kun, tun, Meng, need, lawsuit, division, comparison,

Keywords small animals, shoes, Thai, no, companion, great talent, modesty, Yu,

Follow "","","","","",",",",",

Keywords innocence, beast, H, huge, obstacle, separation, saltiness, faithfulness,

Dun, Da Zhuang, Jin, Tian Jia, Jing, Jie,

Loss, gain, benefit, extraction, promotion, difficulty, um,

Ge, Ding, Zhen, Gen, Gradually, Gui Mei, Feng, Lu,

Xun, Dui, Huan, Jie Li, Zhong Fu,,,.

Lianshan Yi, Guizang Yi and Zhouyi are collectively called Yi, and they all have the same number of classics and other hexagrams. The only difference is the sequence of hexagrams, the sequence of hexagrams and figures of speech.

Why are Lianshan Yi, Guizang Yi and Zhouyi called by such three names? There are two main views: one is that it is related to the dynasty. For example, Zheng Xuan, a scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, said in Yi Zan: "The summer of mountains is the yin of returning to Tibet and the week of Zhouyi." In the Tang Dynasty, Kong Ying Da said in the preface to the Book of Changes: "Take genealogy and other books as an example. Shennong is called Lianshan, also known as Lieshan, and Huangdi is called Zang." Sima Qian, a scholar in the Han Dynasty, said in the preface to Historical Records Taishi Gong: "Xibo was imprisoned and went to Zhouyi." Xibo is Jichang, Zhou Wenwang and Xibo in Yin Dynasty. He was once imprisoned by Shang King Di Xin.

There is also a saying that the names of the three books of Yijing are related to the divination order and the content expressed by the divination order. For example, Zheng Xuan said in Yi Zan: "People connected with mountains are like clouds, and there are endless clouds. Those who return to Tibet will return to Tibet. Yi Dao Zhou Pu, the author of Zhouyi, has everything ready. " Jia's Gong Yanshu: Lianshan Yi is named Lianshan Yi because its head is a pure root, the root is a mountain, the mountain is famous, and the clouds are out of the mountain. ""Returning to Tibet is easy to be headed by Chun Kun, who is the land, so everything is hidden in the middle, hence the name Returning to Tibet. "

Whether the above two viewpoints are correct or not is inconclusive, but there are two points generally recognized by Yi scholars: First, Lianshan Yi, Guizang Yi and Zhouyi were formed in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties respectively, among which Lianshan Yi was the earliest and Zhouyi was the latest. Second, the shapes and numbers of hexagrams in Lianshan Yi, Guizang Yi and Zhouyi are the same, and the only difference is the preface of hexagrams, poems and poems.

Why are Lianshan Yi, Guizang Yi and Zhouyi collectively called Yi? There are also two explanations: one is from the source and composition of the text. For example, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen quoted the minister as saying: "The sun and the moon are easy, like yin and yang." I turned over the Qi in my notebook and said, "The word is from next month." The second is to explain according to the content of Yi. For example, the Book of Changes in the Han Dynasty said, "Yi Yi has three meanings: Yi Yi, Yi Yi and Yi Yi." Based on these two viewpoints, we can think that the contents of Lianshan Yi, Guizang Yi and Zhouyi should be the induction and demonstration of some changing laws, and the origin may be related to the movement of the sun and the moon.

In ancient China, at least before the Spring and Autumn Period, not everyone could learn and use the Book of Changes. It is a specialty of Tiandi. Protected by Zhou royal historians from generation to generation, it is difficult for ordinary princes to see it. This is why Zuo Zhuan said, "Zhou Shi saw Chen Hou with Zhouyi." "Duke Xiang of Jin sent Han to hire him and ... read a book in a surname. Seeing Yi Xiang and Lu Chunqiu, they said,' Zhou Li is here' ". Lu is the country where the descendants of Duke Zhou live. Duke Zhou is the regent, so he is half the son of heaven. When Duke Zhou was alive, he enjoyed the treatment of the emperor. After his death, the king chartered his fief and enjoyed the emperor's rites and music from generation to generation. More importantly, the etiquette system of the Zhou Dynasty was formulated by the Duke of Zhou. Because of this special relationship, Lu can completely inherit the etiquette system of the Zhou Emperor, but Jin Guohe can't enjoy this kind of treatment, which naturally has nothing to do with Zhouyi. There is no book of changes in the vassal States, even a well-informed scholar like Han has never seen it. It can be seen that not everyone can learn to use it, and the value of the Book of Changes is extraordinary.

In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou family declined, the rites and music collapsed, and Zhou historians left the royal family one after another. The Book of Changes and ancient books about Zhou Li were gradually introduced to people, and it was at this time that "Zhou Shi saw Chen Houzhu with the Book of Changes". Historians of the Zhou Dynasty presented the Book of Changes as a precious gift to the kings of the vassal states as their own way to enter the world. It was from this time that the official learning system of "learning in Wang Guan" began to be broken, and private learning rose. A hundred schools of thought contend to write books and learn, a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend. The most successful person in running a private school is Confucius. Confucius, a native of Lu, was influenced by Zhou Li since childhood and was the most staunch advocate of Zhou Li. He took the means of sorting out and teaching Yi, Shi, Shu, Li, Yue and Chunqiu, and took it as his duty to maintain and restore Zhou Li. These books are not only the textbooks of Confucius, but also the textbooks of the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty, except that Confucius has made new deletions, which can be regarded as excerpts from the original textbooks. Confucius, a native of Lu, was once the commander-in-chief, general and major general of Lu, and should have access to Zhou royal classics. I also studied with Lao Tzu, a historian of the Zhou royal family. "Zhuangzi Tian Yun" contains: Confucius once said to Laozi: "It took Qiu Zhi a long time to master the six classics: poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, yue, meaning, spring and autumn." These six books are collectively called Confucian classics by later generations, and the Book of Changes is also called the Book of Changes.

Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism, and the Book of Changes was spared together with the book of divination. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, hundreds of schools were deposed, and Confucianism was the only one. The Book of Changes was highly regarded as the first of the Six Classics and was widely circulated.

Why are these six books called Jing? The word "essence" has three meanings:

1, the original meaning of warp is the longitudinal line on the loom, and the horizontal line is called "weft". In ancient times, there was no paper. Generally, animal bones, bamboo slips and wooden slips are used to engrave or write on tortoise shells, among which bamboo slips can be rolled into books with cowhide ropes. Now, we also call a book a book, and "book" is the pictograph of ancient books. Sima Qian said in Historical Records of Confucius' Family: "Confucius was fond of the Book of Changes, and Wei compiled three verses after reading the Book of Changes." Confucius read the Book of Changes, and the ropes on bamboo slips were broken many times. Here, the "weft" is the "weft" opposite to the bamboo slips-warp. Therefore, the word "Jing" originally refers to bamboo slips engraved with words, which is extended to the floorboard of ancient books. There were no private writings in the Spring and Autumn Period, and "Learning from Wang Guan" and "Jing" became the special names of official documents;

2. the "classics" of saints. For example, natural history research says: "sages write classics, sages write biographies."