Why do we call Jingdezhen the porcelain capital?

It is said that Jingdezhen is a small town in the northeast of Jiangxi Province. It is not a big place, but it is famous. It is well known that Jingdezhen has become a world-famous porcelain capital by producing porcelain that is as white as jade, as thin as paper, as bright as a mirror and as loud as a chime. China is a country of porcelain, and the peak of porcelain industry is this capital. This is a high evaluation of Jingdezhen by Guo Moruo, a famous historian and writer, and Jingdezhen also deserves it.

The formation stage of Jingdezhen Jingdezhen was called Xinping Town in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the town was changed to county in the fourth year of Tang Wude, still called Xinping. Because living on the south bank of the Yangtze River, it is also called Changnan Town. North Song Zhenzong (A.D. 1004- 1007) was renamed Jingdezhen. At that time, the porcelain fired in Jingdezhen was beautiful and famous all over the world. Zhenzong Zhao Heng sent officials to the town to make porcelain, paid tribute to the court, and ordered the potters to write the words "Jingdezhen Year System" on the bottom of porcelain. Jingdezhen is the year number of Zhenzong. Since then, this place has been renamed Jingdezhen, which has been in use ever since.

Jingdezhen porcelain is famous all over the world, but when to start making porcelain is still inconclusive. According to historical records, Jingdezhen porcelain industry began in the first century, that is, the Eastern Han Dynasty. After the Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Chen Dynasty in the 6th century, its porcelain production has become more famous. Porcelain produced in Jingdezhen in the Tang Dynasty is called "fake jade, presented to the court" and is famous all over the world. Regrettably, however, no kiln sites and artifacts have been found around the Tang Dynasty. The earliest kiln sites and porcelain tiles found in this area belong to the Five Dynasties. Before finding new material evidence, we can only regard the Five Dynasties as the beginning of Jingdezhen porcelain industry.

Jingdezhen porcelain industry had begun to take shape in the Five Dynasties. At that time, Jingdezhen porcelain had not used kaolin as raw material for porcelain blank, but only porcelain stone as raw material. This single raw material is called "unitary formula" in history. The blank made of porcelain stone is easy to deform at high temperature. In order to reduce the deformation, ceramic workers thicken their feet to bear the pressure on them, which affects the modeling style of porcelain to some extent. During the Five Dynasties, Jingdezhen's main products were celadon and white porcelain. Celadon, tire ash, similar to the style of famous Zhejiang Yue kiln products in the south at that time, the quality products almost reached the level of authenticity. White porcelain is fine, dense and solid, with low water absorption and pure color tone, close to northern white porcelain, but with better light transmittance. The achievement of firing white porcelain in Jingdezhen in the Five Dynasties is of great significance to the production of blue-and-white porcelain in the Song Dynasty and the development of colored porcelain in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Jingdezhen was also the earliest place to produce white porcelain in the south, and began to break the monopoly of celadon in the south. However, from a national perspective, the pattern of porcelain making at that time was "blue in the south and white in the north", that is, the south represented Zhejiang Yueyao celadon and the north represented Hebei Yao Xing white porcelain. Compared with them, Jingdezhen kiln is still slightly inferior. The Five Dynasties is the initial stage of Jingdezhen porcelain industry.

In the Song Dynasty, Jingdezhen ended the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries, the society was restored to stability, and the production was developed. Porcelain-making industry also entered a prosperous period of "letting a hundred flowers blossom", and famous porcelains emerged in various places, among which official kilns, Ru kilns, Ding kilns, Jun kilns and Ge kilns were called five famous kilns by later generations, which became the representatives of the highest level of porcelain-making at that time. Influenced by it, Jingdezhen's porcelain-making technology has become increasingly mature, its scale has developed rapidly (there are more than 300 porcelain kilns) and its quality has been greatly improved. Jingdezhen mainly fired all kinds of blue and white porcelain in Song Dynasty. This kind of porcelain is named because its glaze color is white with blue, which is between blue and white (also called Yingqing, Yingqing and Yinqing). Blue and white porcelain, light and elegant, delicate and upright, is known as "Rao Yu" (the jade of Raozhou, because Jingdezhen belongs to Raozhou in the Song Dynasty). It is a kind of porcelain originally created by Jingdezhen, so it has become an extremely precious category in the history of China ceramics.

Celadon is mainly used in daily life, dishes, bowls for eating and drinking, and cups for drinking. There are bowls, washing and all kinds of aromatherapy, lights for lighting, elephant pillows and lion pillows for porcelain pillows. The boxes containing cosmetics and spices are even more colorful, and there are relief figures. The variety is complete, which shows that Jingdezhen porcelain workers have mastered the molding methods of various utensils; And there is a more detailed division of labor.

At this time, porcelain workers are very particular about the molding quality. The green tire is made very thin, the surface of the green body is carefully treated, supplemented by carving, grating, grating and printing decoration, which cooperate with the shadow green glaze and reflect each other, so that blue and white porcelain really receives the beautiful artistic effect of light. Its common patterns are peony, lotus, plum blossom, rolling grass, phoenix, fish, doll play and so on. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, celadon was known as "jade bone of Ice Muscle" because of its luster, no pattern, regular shape and clean enamel. After the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of carvings, plaid dots and plaid patterns appeared on utensils. After the Southern Song Dynasty, printing decoration prevailed. Its decorative theme and layout method are obviously influenced by Hebei Ding Kiln, so it is also called "Nanding Kiln" (Southern Ding Kiln). If we compare the density, transmittance and firing process of porcelain, celadon is superior to kiln-changed porcelain, and its whiteness and transmittance are very high, close to the standards of modern fine porcelain. Since then, a large number of white porcelain used in society have been developed on the basis of blue and white porcelain.

The appearance of blue and white porcelain made Jingdezhen one of the famous kilns in Song Dynasty. With its unique charm, it has the strength to compete with other famous kilns in the same period.

Jade blue and white porcelain was loved by people as soon as it appeared. This also makes its sales market extremely broad, not only sold to most parts of the country; It is also sold overseas in large quantities. Blue and white porcelain has a great influence on Jiangnan porcelain kilns, and there are many porcelain kilns imitating blue and white porcelain (8 provinces in total).

34 counties), forming a blue and white porcelain system centered on Jingdezhen. Blue-and-white porcelain system is one of the two major porcelain kilns in the south of the Yangtze River, which has great influence and ranks first among the six major porcelain systems in the Song Dynasty.

Song Dynasty is the stage of Jingdezhen porcelain industry's all-round development.

Jingdezhen in Yuan Dynasty On 1278, the Fuliang Porcelain Bureau was established in Jingdezhen, specializing in firing official porcelain. Why did the Yuan Dynasty set the only porcelain bureau serving the royal family in Jingdezhen? This is because Mongolian rulers advocate white, and white is precious. At that time, Jingdezhen burned a large number of celadon and white porcelain, which won the favor of Mongolian rulers. This is the main reason why they set the porcelain bureau in Jingdezhen. The establishment of the Fuliang Porcelain Bureau has given Jingdezhen "care". It can concentrate the excellent craftsmen in various kilns all over the country and monopolize excellent raw materials, which provides a guarantee for the development of porcelain industry. The Yuan Dynasty ended the confrontation between Song, Jin and Xixia, and the society tended to be stable. Although the Mongolian rulers are not good at governing the country, they strongly advocate overseas trade. At that time, China's porcelain was exported to more than 50 countries and regions in the world. The developed maritime trade and vast overseas market inevitably stimulated the development of various handicrafts, which undoubtedly played a huge role in promoting Jingdezhen porcelain industry with a broad market in the Song Dynasty. The brilliant achievements of Jingdezhen porcelain industry in Yuan Dynasty came into being under this background.

With extraordinary creativity, Jingdezhen porcelain workers in Yuan Dynasty made a great breakthrough in porcelain-making technology, found a new excellent porcelain-making raw material-kaolin, and mixed it with porcelain stone to make tires. This is the famous "binary matching method". Kaolin (this local product is located in Gaolingshan, gao ling cun, 45 kilometers northeast of Jingdezhen, hence its name, and it is also an international technical term. Since then, the application of this kind of white mud, which can be used to make porcelain, is a great pioneering work in Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty, which has epoch-making significance in the history of ceramics: First, it has ushered in the prosperity of porcelain making industry. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, there was a raw material crisis in Jingdezhen, and the upper-level high-quality porcelain stone was exhausted, and the production of porcelain industry was in trouble. The application of kaolin enables the middle and low-grade porcelain stones that could not be used in the past to be used, so that Jingdezhen porcelain industry has survived the crisis of raw materials since the Southern Song Dynasty, ushered in the prosperity of porcelain industry in the Yuan Dynasty, and opened up a broad new world for the vigorous development of Jingdezhen porcelain industry in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Second, reduce product deformation. The mixture of kaolin and porcelain stone increases the content of alumina in the ceramic tire, broadens the firing range of the product, reduces the deformation and improves the yield. Kaolin plays an aggregate role in porcelain tires, so it can be used to burn large-scale porcelain, which has a great momentum. The application of kaolin improved the physical and chemical properties of porcelain, and Jingdezhen porcelain changed from soft porcelain with low refractoriness to hard porcelain with high refractoriness, thus completing a great qualitative leap in the history of China ceramics. Third, the cost is reduced. Kaolin is a kind of soil raw material, which is easy to dig and can be used only by elutriation (porcelain stone needs to be crushed for a long time before it can be used), so the cost of porcelain will inevitably be reduced. The application of kaolin is one of the important symbols of the high development of Jingdezhen porcelain industry in Yuan Dynasty, which has brought a series of major changes to Jingdezhen porcelain industry. "Official Kiln" is a kind of porcelain with white embryo and white glaze, which was fired by Privy Council in Jingdezhen in Yuan Dynasty (named after some vessels were engraved with the words "pivot" and "mansion"). Compared with celadon, the official porcelain has a slightly thicker carcass and a white glaze color, showing goose egg color, so it is also called "egg white glaze" porcelain. It has the characteristics of high firing temperature and close combination of fetal glaze, and has become a famous product of the first generation. Egg white glazed porcelain can be divided into fine and coarse categories. The refined products are basically white opalescent glaze color with printing decoration; Rough products generally have a heavy carcass, a plain surface without ornamentation, and a white glaze with a slightly grayish blue color. The appearance of egg white glaze provides material conditions for the artistic effect of blue and white and underglaze red. Another great achievement of Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty was the firing of mature blue-and-white porcelain (blue-and-white porcelain refers to an underglaze blue-and-white porcelain made by coloring the porcelain blank with cobalt, applying transparent glaze and firing at a high temperature of about 1300). Fresh and lively blue-and-white porcelain has replaced the decorative techniques such as engraving, painting and printing before Yuan Dynasty, and has become the mainstream of ceramic decoration in China, creating a new era of ceramic art. The appearance of blue-and-white porcelain dwarfs most other ancient kilns, marking the high development of Jingdezhen porcelain industry. Its unique artistic charm and excellent use value have won the love of people at home and abroad. For this reason, the production of blue and white porcelain lasted for hundreds of years. Most of the blue and white porcelain wares in Jingdezhen in Yuan Dynasty were exported, mainly to Islamic areas. Most of the blue and white porcelain wares sold in this area are large pieces, and the caliber of various plates is generally between 35 and 45 cm, and the largest is as high as 58 cm. This is used to adapt to local living habits, so that people can get together, sit on the floor and eat pilaf. In-glaze red porcelain is another important invention of Jingdezhen in Yuan Dynasty. Under-glaze red is also under-glaze color, which is the same as blue and white in operation; Different from blue and white, the colorant of blue and white is cobalt oxide, and the glaze red is copper oxide. The glaze in Yuan Dynasty is red but not fresh, unpretentious,

It symbolizes auspiciousness and wealth and is deeply loved by people. Red in glaze can decorate porcelain alone or be combined with blue and white, which is called red ware in blue and white glaze. The comprehensive decoration of blue and white and underglaze red has a peculiar artistic effect. They set off each other and appear harmonious and elegant. It is still a boutique in Jingdezhen porcelain. In addition, golden color, French color, red glaze and blue glaze were also new varieties at that time. The appearance of these colored glazes has greatly enriched the color decoration techniques of porcelain, indicating that Jingdezhen porcelain workers have mastered the use of various colorants skillfully. Jingdezhen porcelain industry made brilliant achievements in Yuan Dynasty and began to enter the golden age, which laid a solid foundation for Jingdezhen to become the national porcelain center in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

On the basis of the development of Song and Yuan Dynasties, Jingdezhen porcelain industry in Ming Dynasty showed a prosperous scene. Before the Song and Yuan Dynasties, famous kilns spread all over the country, and their products had their own characteristics and markets. But the production level is similar. Since the Ming Dynasty, the technical level and firing scale of Jingdezhen porcelain industry have obviously surpassed that of local kilns, and its products have occupied almost the main market in the country, and almost all exquisite palace porcelain is supplied by Jingdezhen. As a result, Jingdezhen has become the center of the national porcelain industry, and "there are many porcelain kilns in the world". The formation of this situation, in addition to its special historical conditions and favorable geographical environment, the establishment of the imperial factory also played an important role. On the basis of the Fuliang Porcelain Bureau in the Yuan Dynasty, during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, the imperial court set up an imperial ware factory in Jingdezhen, namely the official kiln, which specialized in firing royal porcelain. In order to meet the needs of the court, the official kiln pays no attention to cost and quality, develops to high precision, and constantly develops new varieties, which also promotes the development of folk kilns. In order to expand the market, folk kilns are constantly improving their quality. In this way, there has been a prosperous scene of "officials and people vying for profits". According to historical records, there were 58 official kilns and more than 900 private kilns in the heyday of Jingdezhen porcelain making in the Ming Dynasty, and there were more than 10 porcelain workers engaged in the porcelain making industry, and there was a grand occasion of "white smoke covering the sky during the day and red flame burning the sky at night". Clear the water of the Yangtze River and pass through the city. On this traffic artery in ancient Jingdezhen, "boats and sails cover Jiang Lai every day." For Jingdezhen, an ancient town in the mountainous area of the south of the Yangtze River, porcelain has bred the seeds of capitalism and brought unprecedented prosperity. Due to the development of commodity economy, Jingdezhen folk kiln has a very fine division of labor, from porcelain clay mining to porcelain firing, it has to go through 72 processes; At the same time, the division of labor in the official kiln is also extremely detailed. Imperial kiln factory has 23 kinds of professional division of labor, such as big bowl worker and small cup worker. Specialized division of labor improves productivity and product quality. The porcelain produced at that time was exquisite in porcelain quality, exquisite in glaze color, and the art of making fat was quite high. Porcelain is mainly blue and white, and other varieties are also excellent; It can also burn magnificent dragon tanks and thin-walled porcelain as thin as cicadas. According to the porcelain-making process, it can be divided into four categories: underglaze color, overglaze color, bucket color and colored glaze.

Under-glaze color refers to blue and white, under-glaze red and blue and white under-glaze red, which are painted on green tires and fired once after glazing. Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain in Ming Dynasty reached the highest level in history. Due to the different cobalt materials used in painting, painting themes and brushwork, blue and white porcelain in different periods of the Ming Dynasty often has its own characteristics. Blue and white porcelain, for example, is rich and dignified in color in the early stage, elegant and beautiful in the middle stage, bright in blue and purple in the later stage, and gray and white in the later stage. At this time, the official kiln blue and white is fine and beautiful, and the folk kiln blue and white is also exquisite. In the production of blue and white and the use of green materials, the Ming Dynasty reached a state of perfection and became the peak of the development of blue and white porcelain in China. The production of underglaze red reached its peak in Hongwu period, and Xuande's underglaze red ware was also famous. Later, the red wares in the glaze gradually decreased. Blue and white underglaze red was created and fired in the Yuan Dynasty, but no successful works appeared. During the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty, a relatively successful underglaze red of blue and white was produced. Overglaze color refers to the painting on the fired porcelain, and the color is named after glaze. In Ming Dynasty, there were many kinds of glaze colors in Jingdezhen, including monochrome, tricolor and blue and white multicolor. Blue and white multicolored was created in Xuande and prevailed in Jiajing and Wanli years. Jiajing and Wanli blue and white are colorful and dazzling. Not only the official kilns are brilliant, but also the folk kilns compete with each other. The production technology of blue and white multicolor has entered a new stage. Doucai is a kind of colored porcelain technology that combines underglaze blue and white with underglaze color. The real fighting color was created during Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty, and it became popular in every dynasty in the future, but Chenghua's fighting color achieved the highest achievement and was the most famous. Colored glaze refers to high-temperature glaze and low-temperature glaze of various colors. It has monochrome glazes and variegated glazes of various colors. The colored glazed porcelain in Jingdezhen in the Ming Dynasty was mainly produced by the official kiln. White porcelain in Ming dynasty belongs to high temperature glass. White porcelain in Ming Dynasty has thin matrix and high whiteness. This kind of white porcelain glaze is soft, giving people a "sweet" feeling, which is called "sweet white porcelain". Since then, the white porcelain of each dynasty has a unique style, such as Xuande white porcelain, Jiajing white porcelain, Wanli white porcelain and so on. High-quality white porcelain creates excellent conditions for the rapid development of colored porcelain.

Yongle and Xuande successfully fired a high-temperature copper red glaze, that is, "Sacrificing Red", which is the first pure red glazed porcelain in the history of China ceramics and another great contribution of Jingdezhen porcelain workers. After Xuande, the high-temperature copper-red glaze gradually declined. In addition, the high-temperature blue glaze, persimmon glaze, black glaze and blue glaze fired in Jingdezhen in the Ming Dynasty have made great achievements. Its low-temperature peacock green glaze, iron red glaze and yellow glaze are also excellent; During Jiajing period, the production of variegated glaze was particularly prosperous.

Jingdezhen porcelain was exported in large quantities in the Ming Dynasty, not only to Asia and Africa, but also to Europe. With the export of porcelain, the ceramic art of Jingdezhen in the Ming Dynasty also had an impact on ceramics all over the world. In the pottery made in Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey and other countries, we can clearly see the influence of Jingdezhen porcelain in the Ming Dynasty. Some products are very lifelike, and are very close to Jingdezhen porcelain in shape, pattern and decoration. With the export of porcelain, Jingdezhen's porcelain-making technology has also spread to all parts of the world. First spread to Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, the Middle East and other countries and regions, and then spread to Italy, Spain, Germany, France, Denmark and other countries through Arabs, which opened a new era in the history of European porcelain making.

Jingdezhen porcelain industry in Ming Dynasty made great achievements and had far-reaching influence on the world. Jingdezhen in Ming Dynasty became indisputably the porcelain capital of China and the most famous porcelain capital in the world.

Jingdezhen in the Qing Dynasty In the Qing Dynasty, Jingdezhen has always maintained the status of China's porcelain capital. Porcelain production is still divided into official kilns and folk kilns, but the relationship between official kilns and folk kilns is different from that of Ming Dynasty. It abolished the official burning system of official kilns in Ming Dynasty and adopted the civil official burning system. The restrictive ban on folk kilns in Ming Dynasty was abolished, and the development potential of folk kilns was fully released. The production scale and professional division of labor of folk kilns have reached a new level. The firing technology is generally improved, and fine porcelain is constantly emerging. In the Qing Dynasty, official kilns were mostly produced by private kilns. Official kilns and folk kilns influence and promote each other, which promotes the development of the whole porcelain industry. During Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong periods in the early Qing Dynasty, Jingdezhen porcelain industry developed greatly and entered the golden age of ancient ceramic history in China. In its heyday, there were more than 200,000 porcelain workers. Yin (Chinese name), a French missionary, described Jingdezhen in a letter written in Kangxi 5 1 year (A.D. 17 12): "There are 18,000 households in Jingdezhen, some of which are businessmen. They have a large house and employ an amazing number of employees. Generally speaking. This town has a population of one million and consumes more than 10,000 tons of rice and more than 1,000 pigs every day. .................... "Fuliang County Records" said: "There used to be only 300 kilns in Jingdezhen, but now the number of kilns has reached 3,000. ..... At night, it seems to be a huge city surrounded by flames, and it is also like a big stove with many chimneys. "The figures here may be somewhat inaccurate, but they do reflect the fact that Jingdezhen porcelain industry was very prosperous in the early Qing Dynasty. As far as the whole Qing Dynasty is concerned, the status of Jingdezhen porcelain capital is more prominent than that of Ming Dynasty: all court porcelain is supplied by Jingdezhen, and most folk porcelain in society is also supplied by Jingdezhen; Jingdezhen porcelain is also sold to five continents in the world, and a large number of porcelain are sold to Europe. At that time, most exported porcelains were made according to the varieties, shapes, patterns and colors designated by foreign countries. All these have greatly promoted the improvement of Jingdezhen porcelain-making technology.

Jingdezhen made great achievements in porcelain-making technology in Qing Dynasty. During the Kangxi period, Jingdezhen porcelain workers reformed the kiln. They absorbed the advantages of the northern steamed bread kiln and the southern dragon kiln and invented the egg-shaped kiln (named "egg-shaped kiln" because it looks like half an egg cover). Egg-shaped kiln is also called town kiln, and it is also called "wood kiln" because it uses pine as fuel. It is famous for its large capacity, fast combustion and the use of reducing flame. We know that there are two key points that determine the quality of porcelain: one is raw materials, and the other is kiln firing technology. Therefore, kiln is an important part of China's excellent traditional porcelain-making technology. Egg-shaped kilns have a special position in the history of ceramics and kiln technology in China, and also have a great influence on ceramic kilns in Europe. The appearance of egg-shaped kiln has created conditions for the rapid development of Jingdezhen porcelain industry. Secondly, the preparation process was improved, and the amount of kaolin in the ceramic tire was greatly increased, which greatly improved the physical and chemical properties of the ceramic tire and reached the standard of modern hard porcelain.

The porcelain of Jingdezhen in the Qing Dynasty is compact and slightly translucent, and its glaze is white and pure, as bright as fat. This laid a solid material foundation for the great development of colored porcelain and glass. Blue-and-white porcelain is still the most important product of Jingdezhen in Qing Dynasty, especially the blue-and-white porcelain of folk kiln in Kangxi period. Kangxi blue-and-white porcelain is the representative of the whole Qing Dynasty blue-and-white porcelain. In addition to Kangxi blue and white, Kangxi underglaze colors include underglaze red, underglaze color and underglaze colors of blue and white, all of which have reached a high level, among which underglaze color is a new variety created by Kangxi Dynasty. Kangxi glaze color is also a hundred flowers blossom, and Kangxi multicolored is one of the famous brands. Its major breakthrough is to replace the underglaze blue and white used in colorful blue and white in Ming Dynasty with underglaze blue and white, and to use black as underglaze decoration, thus enriching the colors. This is a kind of colored porcelain painted with underglaze color materials. At this time, porcelain makers used imported enamel materials to burn colorful enamel porcelain; Jingdezhen porcelain workers also created a new glaze color-famille rose on the basis of Kangxi multicolor and referring to the production process of enamel color. In addition, Kangxi Doucai and Su Sancai are also excellent. There are many kinds of glass in Kangxi, which are beautiful. Big red glaze can be divided into iron red, copper red and gold red; Blue glaze is divided into sky blue, blue and sky blue; There are both unpredictable kiln glazes and unique crystalline glaze; Among them, Lang Yaohong and Cowpea Red are world-famous.

Although Yongzheng's time was short, his porcelain-making achievements reached the peak, with many varieties and exquisite craftsmanship, which were incomparable to other dynasties. The glazed pottery in Yongzheng period is famous for imitating official kilns, elder kilns, Ru kilns and Jun kilns, and its imitation skills have reached a state of superb and arbitrary. The firing level of its green glaze climbed to the peak of history, and the red fur in the glaze was bright, which became an unprecedented masterpiece. On the basis of Kangxi famille rose, Yongzheng's famille rose technique became more and more mature, forming a unique famille rose decoration style, and the production of official kilns, folk kilns and famille rose porcelain was very particular. Throughout the Qing Dynasty from Yongzheng, famille rose became the mainstream of colored porcelain, and it and blue and white took a large proportion in the porcelain fired in Jingdezhen. In addition, the production level of low-temperature rouge water glaze also reached a record high, and the average glaze of the furnace was the first in Yongzheng Dynasty.

During the Qianlong period, Jingdezhen porcelain climbed to a new height in quantity and quality. Its exquisite and ingenious shape, colorful glaze color and colorful ornamentation are all wonderful works of a generation. Judging from the molding technique alone, Qianlong porcelain has indeed reached an unparalleled level in the history of China ceramics. It tries its best to do things, no matter how big or small things are, it will spare no effort to keep improving. Blue and white, bucket color, enamel color, golden color and famille rose products all have extremely exquisite products in Yongzheng tradition; Red glaze, blue glaze, blue glaze, emerald glaze and other high-temperature and low-temperature color glazes have reached the state of perfection. Another outstanding achievement of the Qianlong Dynasty was the great development of special craft porcelain, such as "elephant porcelain" and "bionic porcelain". Elephant porcelain is the image of plants, animals and dried and fresh fruits molded with porcelain clay. Walnut, lotus root, pomegranate, eggplant, peanut, crab and conch are almost the same as the original. Bionic porcelain is to imitate all kinds of handicrafts with porcelain. Antique bronzes, lacquerware, bamboo, horn and jade are all very handy and lifelike. Throughout the Qianlong period, its porcelain was characterized by "strangeness" and "ingenuity". It is not as gorgeous as Kangxi, and its delicacy is not as beautiful as Yongzheng. The craftsmanship of special craft porcelain is unique.

The three generations of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong in Qing Dynasty were the heyday of China porcelain industry. After Qianlong, Jingdezhen porcelain industry began to decline, especially from the Opium War to the establishment of New China. Jingdezhen, as the center of China porcelain industry, suffered a great blow.

From the Five Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, Jingdezhen porcelain industry in Xiaojie has flourished for thousands of years and is unique in the history of ceramics in the world. Although she is not the inventor of porcelain, she can collect the achievements of famous kilns in past dynasties, and become the most outstanding representative of China ceramics with exquisite porcelain-making skills and high achievements in the ceramic industry. Jingdezhen porcelain reflects the traditional national culture of China to a certain extent, and it is also an important link between China and the eastern and western ethnic groups in economic and cultural exchanges. Therefore, Jingdezhen ceramics naturally occupy an important position in the cultural history of our great nation and the history of world civilization.