Full-text translation of the preface to the later Han Dynasty Party Biography

Confucius said: "Human nature is similar, and people are different, so they gradually become different."

It is said that people's likes and dislikes are the same, but they change in different ways. Restrain your thoughts and actions, you will not be addicted, and your ambition to indulge in playthings will be gone.

Therefore, saints guide people to cultivate their temperament, control and restrain people's indulgence, carefully choose the people they make and control their preferences. Although human feelings and things are different, the content composition is also different, but when it comes to cultivating temperament and rectifying customs, the reason is the same.

At the end of the spring and autumn period, the world was frivolous and deceitful, and benevolence and morality declined, but they also expanded their power in the name of benevolence and righteousness and established their own political achievements under the banner of loyalty and righteousness.

If the behavior conforms to justice, the powerful opponent will be guilty and short of breath; Even a humble servant can tell the truth when he says something wrong. Perhaps it is the style left by predecessors' sages, which can be imitated.

During the Warring States period, benevolence and righteousness declined, and treachery and fallacy prevailed. The strong win by force, and the weak are bullied because they are not treacherous enough.

Some people will even get millions of dollars for planning half a plan, and they will be rewarded with jewels when they come up with an idea. Some officials came on foot and seized power. They took off their straw clothes and were promoted to Qing Xiang.

Scholars try their best to sophistry, because the fundamental point is to gain personal gain, so everyone has no agreement but follows like a shadow following an object. Since then, people's hobbies have advocated mutual substitution. With the changes of the times, that kind of atmosphere can't be preserved and that kind of ills can't be recovered.

By the time Emperor Gaozu pacified the world by force, a large number of brave men appeared, with loose national laws and regulations and simple and loose etiquette regulations. Everyone inherited the legacy of the Four Gentlemen of the Warring States Period. Everyone has the idea of transcending the monarch, despising life and death and valuing loyalty. Revenge and kindness will surely return. Laws and regulations were formulated and implemented in individuals' homes, power fell into the hands of humble civilians, and heroic deeds formed the atmosphere at that time.

Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, people who advocate Confucianism and carry classics with them can be found everywhere, resulting in disputes and debates in Shiqu Pavilion, local attacks between schools, and people who dance with literature and ink.

Through Wang Mang's deliberate disguise, he finally usurped the political power. Loyal people are ashamed of being sealed as officials, so they are proud of traveling in seclusion and rich in poverty.

Even though the national movement was destined to revive and Liu Han was in power again, people still maintained a clean and honest life, admired each other, learned more, and refused to be an official.

During the reign of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling, the monarch indulged in social and political chaos and left state affairs to eunuchs and eunuchs. Honest people regard working with eunuchs as a great shame, so ordinary people are angry and disobey their orders, and hermits criticize state affairs. As a result, their reputation spread everywhere, flaunting each other's comments, judging officials and commenting on officials, and praising and criticizing the court at will, and it became popular from then on.

Things that people in the upper position like will be too popular below, and correcting bends must be a little more than straightening. The truth of the matter is this.

People like Fan Pang and James Zhang, who are abstinent and detest evil, are finally regarded as disorderly parties. Right?

When Emperor Huan was a Hou, he studied with Zhou Fu, a native of Ganling, and when he ascended the throne, he promoted Zhou Fu to be a minister. At this time, where was his fellow countryman? At that time, the court was very prestigious. He made up a ballad for them in Ganling, saying, "The model of the world is the square, and Zhou is the teacher and the official."

The guests of the two families taunted each other and attacked each other, so they formed their own cronies and gradually became contradictory. Since then, there have been two schools in Ganling, from which party member Theory originated. Later, the Governor of Runan appointed Gong Cao, and the Governor of Nanyang also handed over the power to Gong Cao Cenlian. The people of the two counties also compiled a ballad for them, saying, "The satrap of Runan is a model, and the founder of Nanyang just draws a circle. The magistrate of Nanyang is Cen Gongxiao, and the people of Hongnong just sit there and shout. "

As these ballads were introduced into imperial academy, more than 30,000 Confucian scholars, led by Guo and Jia, exchanged praises with Chen Fan and Wang Chang.

Imperial College said that they said, "The model in the world is Li Yuanli, Chen Zhongju is not afraid of rape, and Wang Shumao is the best in the world." In addition, Wei Qiqing, an advanced person in Bohai, who helps the wind, dares to speak out and does not avoid strongmen. No one is not afraid of their criticism and is eager to make friends with them.

At that time, Zhang Cheng, a native of Hanoi, was good at feng shui fortune telling. He predicted that there would be an amnesty in the world to let his son kill people. Mars served as He Nanyin and urged him to be arrested and brought to justice. Soon, he was pardoned, and Mars became more angry and resentful. Finally, he was tried and killed.

When Rizo used divination to make friends with eunuchs, the emperor often asked him about divination. Zhang Cheng's student supervisor later wrote a letter falsely accusing Mars and others of letting imperial academy Confucian scholars wander around, making friends with students from various counties, and forming a private party together, slandering and attacking the court, disturbing and corrupting customs.

So the son of heaven was furious, issued imperial edicts to various counties and countries, arrested private party members, published the world, and let everyone condemn it together, so he arrested Mars and others. Their confessions implicate more than 200 people, including Chen Ya. Some of them escaped without being caught, and they all offered a reward for their arrest.

Messengers run and meet on the road. In the second year, Shang Huoqiao and Dou Wu, a captain of the city gate, went to the table to intercede for them. When the emperor's anger subsided a little, they were all pardoned and returned to the village, and they were not allowed to be officials for life. The name of private party member is still recorded in the palace.

Since then, honest people have been exiled, evil villains have prevailed, and the world has respected the ethos, so they advertised each other, put forward world celebrities and gave them special titles.

The first class is called "three kings", the second class is called "eight kings", the third class is called "eight aunts", the third class is called "eight ladies" and the third class is called "eight kitchens", just like the ancient "eight yuan" and "eight opening". Dou Wu, Liu Shu and Chen Fan are "three kings". By monarch, I mean they have been respected all their lives.

, Xun Yu, Wang Chang, Lu You,,, Zhu? They are the "eight handsome guys", and the so-called handsome guys mean that they are the elite of mankind. Guo, Zong Ci, Basu, Xia Fu,,, Cai Yan and Yang Yi are "eight cares". The so-called concern is that they can guide people with moral behavior.

James Zhang, Cen Can, Liu Biao, Sean, Kong Yu, Yuan Kang, Tan Fu and Chao Zhai are "eight harmonies". The so-called harmony is to guide people to follow respected sages. Duchamp, Zhang Miao, Wang Kao, Liu Ru, Hu Muban, Qin Zhou, Fan Xiang and Zhang Wang are the "eight famous chefs". The so-called chef means that he can save a life with his own property.

In addition, fellow villagers, adhering to Zhong Changlan's last wish, wrote to report that they had mutual names with 24 fellow villagers, formed a party for personal gain, and plotted to harm the country.

Together with Tan Bin, Chu Feng, Zhang Su, Lan Xue, Feng Xi, Wei Xuan and Xu Gan, Tian Lin, Zhang Yin, Liu Biao, Yu Xue, Wang Fang, Liu Zuo, Xuan Jing and Gong Xugong are called "Eight Concern", and together with Zhu Kai, Tian Pan, Yi Dan and Xue Dun are called "Eight Concern". After the imperial edict of the spirit emperor deleted the names in the book, people were arrested according to the list.

Da Changqiu Cao Jie took this opportunity to hint that the competent officials demanded the arrest of the former private party party member, such as the former Taifu, the Shaofu of Changle Palace and a captain Zhu? , Yingchuan satrap Basu, Pei Guoxiang, Xun Yi, Hanoi satrap, satrap, Ren, Pang, etc. 100 people all died in prison. Some of the remaining people died early and missed it, while others took refuge and fled. Since then, people with personal grievances have taken the opportunity to frame each other, and all the small grievances that have been glared at have entered the private party case.

In addition, states and counties are adhering to the will of their superiors, and some people who have no blood relationship at all have also suffered this scourge. Six or seven hundred people were executed, exiled and imprisoned.

In the fifth year of Xiping, Cao Luan, the satrap of Yongchang, wrote a letter to defend party member, and his words were very straightforward and sincere. When the emperor saw this paper, he was very angry. He immediately ordered Li Si and Yizhou to arrest Cao Luan with a prison car and send him to Li Huai prison to torture him to death.

So he ordered the prefectures and counties to re-examine the father, son and brother of the party's student subordinates, and all the officials were removed from office and imprisoned, including their five-clothing relatives.

In the second year of Guanghe, Shang Lu and Haishu, the county magistrate, said, "According to the etiquette, we must separate from our ancestors, and the blood relationship between them is light and far away.

Now, imprisoning party member, including their five ethnic groups, violates both the classical provisions and the ordinary laws. "After the emperor saw it, he woke up and the imprisonment of party member was revoked except for his ancestors.

In the first year of Zhong Ping, the yellow turban insurrectionary thief rose up and rebelled. Lv Qiang, a servant of China, reported to the emperor, "party member has been imprisoned for a long time, and people are dissatisfied with it.

If they don't forgive for a long time, it is easy to collude with Zhang Jiao, and the turmoil is getting bigger and bigger, and regret can't be saved. "The emperor was worried about what he said, so he granted amnesty to members of the private party, and all those who were allowed to go into exile returned to their hometown. Later, the yellow turban insurrectionary army gradually became stronger, the court and the outside world fell apart, and the law disappeared.

Party activities began in Ganling and Runan, and were formed in Mars and James Zhang. The world has been troubled for more than 20 years, and all the people involved are outstanding talents in the world.

Thirty-five people, including the "Three Kings" and "Eight Kings", all have their names and deeds, which are recorded here together. There are also biographies of Chen Fan, Dou Wu, Wang Chang, Liu Biao and Guo.

Xun Yu attached his grandfather's Biography of Xun Shu. Zhang Miao attached the biography of Lu Bu. Hu Muban is attached to Yuan Shaochuan.

Wang Kao, whose real name is Wen Zu, is a defender of Dongping country and a secretariat of Jizhou; Qin Zhou is a native of Qiu Ping and Beihai, Chenliu County. Fan Xiang, whose name is Jiajing and Lu Guoren, is a doctor;

Zhang Wang is a native of Qucheng, Donglai County, and a low-level government official. Their status and deeds are not remarkable. The story of the Taishou is recorded in Biography of Chen Fan, but its writing and native place are not clear. Zhu? Pei Ren died in prison with others. Only Zhao Dian recorded his name.

Extended data:

It was written by Ye Fan:

Ye Fan (AD 398-445), a native of Yang Shun (now Xichuan County, Nanyang, Henan Province), was a historian of the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty.

From officials to general Zuo Wei and prince James.

In the 9th year of Yuanjia, Song Wendi (432), Ye Fan began to write the Book of the Later Han Dynasty because he failed to stay in Xuancheng as a satrap. In the 22nd year of Yuanjia (445), he was killed for treason. He wrote ten biographies and eighty biographies.

The ten goals of the original plan have not been completed.

This edition of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty has eight records and thirty volumes, which are taken from the Book of the Later Han Dynasty by Liang Sima Biao of the Southern Dynasties.

Ye Fan was born in a famous aristocratic family in Nanyang, Henan.

Gaozu Wei, who was the secretariat of Yongzhou in the Western Jin Dynasty, was General Zuo Jia.

Great-great-grandfather Wang Fan joined the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and was promoted to general Jin and secretariat of Xu Yanzhou, and was promoted to marquis of Xing Wu county.

Grandfather Fan Ning successively became a magistrate in Linhuai and Zhang Yu.

Father Fan Taishi was promoted to assistant minister of Zhongshu, but when Huan Xuan was in power, he was deposed and moved to Dantu.

Emperor Wu of Song took control of the real power of the Eastern Jin government after he rose up and destroyed Huan Xuan in Jingkou.

Fan Tai was reused as a doctor in Guo Zi, a satrap in Nanjun and an imperial adviser.

When Dongyang was a satrap, he sent thousands of troops to help Emperor Wu of Song defeat Lu and was promoted to be a general of Zhenwu.

Since then, Fan Tai has been deeply trusted by Emperor Wu of Song and has been promoted repeatedly. He has served as assistant minister, minister of history and general post.

After the Song and Jin Dynasties, Dr. Jin Jinguang was worshipped as a constant waiter and was promoted when he was young.

Ye Fan's family has a true family tradition.

Wang Fan is well-read and good at talking about Ming and Li, and he has written 20 volumes of Shangshu, Fan Family Biography 1 volume, Sacrifice 3 volumes, Fan Dongyang Fang 105 volume, Medical Chess Book, and Preface to Seven or Nine Commodities 1 volume.

Fan Ning wrote one volume of Shun Dian, ten volumes of Notes to Shangshu, ten volumes of Miscellaneous Questions in the Book of Rites, sixteen volumes of Collected Works, especially twelve volumes of Interpretation of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Liang Dynasty.

Fan Tai also has 24 volumes and works such as Collection of Ancient and Modern Good Words.

Influenced by his family, Ye Fan was eager to learn from an early age. He was very talented and smart. Therefore, before he was an adult, he was famous for his extensive knowledge and good writing style.

Ye Fan's life history as a teenager is not detailed, except that his mother was born in the toilet and his forehead was bruised by a brick, so the fine print is "brick".

After he succeeded Bohong, he attacked the fifth-class Hou of Xing Wu County.

Not so studious, more involved in history ... seventeen years, the monarch's main book, not just "("Song Ye Chuan ").

The following quotations, unless otherwise specified, are all here).

In the Southern Dynasties, Ye Fan became an official. He was a top scholar in Song Wudi Guo Xiang and Wang Pengcheng Liu Yikang's home, joined the army and joined the right army. He works as a secretary for Jingzhou.

In the fifth year of Yuanjia in Song Wendi (428), his father Fan Tai died and became an official.

Later, he was General Tandaoji Sima, who led the new Cai Taishou and moved to Situ to engage in corps commander. Before long, he was promoted to Shang Shulang in the official department.

It can be said that the career is prosperous.

In the winter of the ninth year of Yuanjia (432), the mother of Liu Yikang, the king of Pengcheng, died.

Hundreds of officials expressed their condolences the night before the funeral. Ye Fan and Situ Zuoxi belong to Wang Shen. They spent the night in Guangyuan, Yikang House (when Ye Di Guangyuan offered wine for Yikang House), and they reveled in the middle of the night. They listened to elegy for fun in a drunken haze, so they angered Yikang and demoted Ye Fan as the satrap of Xuancheng (now Xuanzhou City, Anhui Province).

During his demotion, Ye Fan was deeply depressed and frustrated, and there was no hope of upward adjustment in a short time, so he abridged The Later Han Shu from many families into a masterpiece, and completed most of it during the period.

About 67 years later, Shi Yixin, commander of Guanzhi Changsha Town, and Gan Ningshuo, general of Liu Wang.

In the 16th year of Yuanjia (439), his biological mother died of illness, and he became a military commander after Wang Zhuo, the founder of Shixing, and led the southern region as the prefect.

Before he died, he defected to General Zuo Wei and Prince James.

Ye Fan was unruly all his life, and his will was very dissatisfied with the imperial court. In his later years, his attack finally reached a climax, and he joined the rebel camp in Wang Pengcheng.

In November of the 22nd year of Yuanjia (445), Xu Zhan, a member of the same party, reported all the letters and letters of rebellion to the same party, and the rebellion failed.

Soon, Ye Fan and others were executed, as were his brother Guangyuan and his son Fan Ai.

While in prison, Ye Fan and his nephews wrote a book summarizing his research experience in literature, history, music and calligraphy.

When he is about to die, he hopes to have a confidant in the future and understand the value of the Book of Were Han.

He is very conceited about the historical works he has written all his life, thinking that they are "extensive and profound" and have never been seen since ancient times. Among them, the preface is praised as "Wonder of the World", which is no shame compared with Ban Gu's Hanshu.

He said that the world values the ancient times and ignores the present, which is why he "talks nonsense" to attract people's attention to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty.

Although Ye Fan's boasting is a bit excessive, his works are indeed superhuman.

Liu Zhao said: "The Later Han Dynasty was in Ye Fan, and it really spanned many places" (preface to Notes and Addendum of the Later Han Dynasty), and Liu Zhiji also said: "Learn more books, cut into the Han Dynasty, and observe what they have taken, which is quite noticeable" (see Supplement to the History of Tong Shu).

According to the Records of Sui Shu Classics and Records, there were ten books with more than 800 volumes about the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty before Ye Fan was written.

However, as soon as the sample books came out, the later Han books of various schools became increasingly depressed and gradually lost.

Later, except the Book of the Later Han Dynasty written by A Jin Justin, everything was gone.

This shows that although Shu Fan was late, he came from behind.

Baidu encyclopedia-danggu