How to judge whether ancient officials were loyal or treacherous?

Loyalty and betrayal? The problem is the primary problem for ancient ministers to be officials. When they were students, they began to accept information about. Loyalty and betrayal? Education of values. Parents and teachers will tell them to be loyal and not treacherous. There is even a very extreme example. Yue Fei's mother put it there? Serve the country faithfully? Yue Fei has four words tattooed on his back, telling him not to violate his beliefs and to be a loyal minister all his life.

(mother-in-law tattoo)

When the emperor uses ministers, the first consideration is not from ability, but from? Loyalty and betrayal? Come up and think. If the emperor thinks the minister is? Loyal minister? I trust him very much. If the emperor thinks the minister is? Treacherous court official? , will certainly refuse him.

When historians write history and evaluate historical figures, they also put? Loyalty and betrayal? Questioning is the first criterion to evaluate this historical figure. Under the unified illumination of this standard, historical figures are put into different sequences. For example, the characters in Historical Records and Biography of Cool Officials are basically regarded as traitors. And what are the characters in Funny Biography? Hard loyal subjects? Existence.

Since? Loyalty and betrayal? The question is so important, then, what is a loyal minister and what is a traitor?

Loyalty and betrayal? This question was really important in ancient times, but? Loyalty and betrayal? But there has never been a standard, which has always been a controversial issue. Why do you say that?

For example, Yue Fei. Regardless of historical evaluation or folk evaluation, he is an absolute loyal minister. However, Emperor Song Gaozong thought he was a traitor and killed him. On the other hand, Qin Gui is also recognized as a traitor, but Song Gaozong thinks he is a loyal minister and values him very much? Are you alone? State.

For example, small Shenyang. We all know that he is a traitor and Jiaqing thinks he is a traitor, but Gan Long thinks he is a loyal minister. Even though Gan Long knew that Xiao Shenyang was a corrupt man, he still thought Xiao Shenyang was a loyal minister and would not punish him.

Yuan Chonghuan, for example, was regarded as a traitor by both Emperor Chongzhen and ordinary people. But in later history, he was characterized as a loyal minister and a national hero.

(Yuan Chonghuan stills)

These ministers, in any case, finally gave them a historically determined evaluation. However, there are also some ministers in history who argue endlessly. To this day, they are still not sure whether they are loyal or treacherous. Such as Huo Guang and Cao Cao. Huo Guang and Cao Cao are in charge of North Korea's state affairs, and they are in charge of all North Korea's affairs. By rights, they are treacherous court officials. But what they have done is of great help to the country and the royal family, and it seems that they should become loyal ministers again. So, are they loyal or treacherous? It's still inconclusive, okay? The public says that the public is right, and the woman says that the woman is right? This situation.

However, we know that history cannot be? The public says that the public is right, and the woman says that the woman is right? Yes, this is not the right way to study history. About what? Loyalty and betrayal? There should be a standard for the problem. So, what is this standard?

The first criterion: whether to be loyal to the emperor.

This is also the most recognized standard in ancient times. The emperor here, of course, can continue to be broader, and this sentence becomes: Is he loyal to his master?

Such as Wei Chijingde and Xu Maogong. Li Shimin considered them loyal subjects. When they fell into the hands of others, Li Shimin tried to win them over. They know that the present owner is not the master of wise SHEN WOO, but they don't want to turn against each other and still fight for it. It was not until their master was killed that they defected to Li Shimin. Li Shimin thinks such people are called? Jun Chen? , but also the most loyal performance.

According to this standard, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms also portrays Huang Zhong as Cheng Zhongchen and Wei Yan as a traitor.

However, this standard is actually not easy to use. Because as we said before, people like Qin Gui and Xiao Shenyang are also loyal to their masters, but we think they are traitors. Therefore, it is obviously inaccurate to regard people who are loyal to the emperor as loyal ministers.

(Little Shenyang stills)

The second criterion: loyalty to the country.

In ancient imperial society, family and country were actually connected. The royal family represents the country, and if there is a royal family, there is a country.

But sometimes, the royal family and the state are separated. For example, Yue Fei, Song Gaozong thought that he was unfaithful to the royal family and to himself. However, Yue Fei believes that his purpose is to restore the country and is a loyal minister. On your back? Serve the country faithfully? It implies such a profound meaning. Another example is Cao Cao, who did kidnap Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. For Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, it must be disloyalty. But Cao Cao's efforts are for the unity of the country. He is a loyal minister of the country.

The royal family and the country are best together. But the royal family is divorced from the country, and as a loyal minister, they should choose the country.

The third criterion: whether to be loyal to the people.

If the emperor is in chaos, what is the choice in this case? What is a person's death? Such a loyal minister is also possible. But some people are foolish and loyal, which is of little help to the country and people. In ancient times, the most important loyal minister was actually a person who was dedicated to the people, which should be the highest realm of loyal ministers.

However, this highest state is sometimes the most controversial. For example, Li Yuan and Li Shimin rebelled against the Sui Dynasty and established the Tang Dynasty, which brought peace and tranquility to the people. Are they loyal ministers? For example, Zhou Wenwang and Zhou Wuwang, whose four rulers overthrew the chaotic Shang Zhouwang, brought happiness to the people. Are they loyal ministers?

It can be seen that although the standard of loyal subjects is very certain, it is still controversial forever.