Summary of knowledge points of political academic level examination in senior two

Learning to survive requires us to work hard, work hard and work hard again. We must live up to our expectations. We are no worse than others. As students, we should study hard; As children, we should work hard in our own lives. Study hard. The following is a summary of the knowledge points of the political level test in Grade Two for everyone. I hope I can help you!

Summary of knowledge points of political academic level examination in senior two 1

First, understand the error-prone areas of "perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge"

Error-prone area 1: The sum of perceptual knowledge is rational knowledge.

Analysis: perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge are two different stages in the process of understanding: perceptual knowledge is the understanding of things and phenomena, and it is the low-level stage of understanding; Rational understanding is the understanding of the nature and laws of things, and it is the advanced stage of understanding. The sum of things and phenomena is not equal to their essence and laws. Only by processing a large number of reliable perceptual materials can we realize the leap from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. Therefore, it is considered that "the sum of perceptual knowledge is rational knowledge" confuses two different qualitative knowledge.

Error-prone area 2: rational knowledge comes from perceptual knowledge.

Analysis: Rational knowledge depends on perceptual knowledge, which is the necessary stage of rational knowledge. Without perceptual knowledge, there is no rational knowledge, but both perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge come from practice.

Error-prone area 3: Rational knowledge is reliable, while perceptual knowledge is unreliable, so rational knowledge is more reliable than perceptual knowledge.

Analysis: (1) Cognition is the human brain's reflection on objective things. The human brain's reflection on things is both true and distorted, so both perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge may be correct or wrong. We can't generally say that rational knowledge is reliable and perceptual knowledge is unreliable, and vice versa.

(2) To judge whether a kind of knowledge is reliable, we must take it as the basis: perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge are reliable only when they are correct; On the premise that both are correct, rational knowledge is more reliable than perceptual knowledge; Wrong rational (perceptual) cognition cannot be compared with correct perceptual (rational) cognition.

Second, the misunderstanding of "innovation"

Error-prone area 1: Innovation emphasizes that human beings should create new things.

Analysis: (1) New things refer to things that conform to objective laws and have strong vitality and great development prospects, while new things are not necessarily new things, such as "computer fortune telling", but they are not new things in essence, so they cannot be regarded as an innovation.

(2) Before human beings came into being, every evolution of species in nature meant the emergence of new things, but there was no human innovation. Therefore, innovation does not mean that human beings create new things, and new things are not necessarily the result of innovation.

Error-prone area 2: innovation is to dare to deny everything in the old things.

Analysis: Innovation is to dare to put forward new ideas and methods under the guidance of scientific theory and in the face of new situations in practice. Innovation inevitably requires the rejection of some backward old ideas and ideas that do not meet the needs of the times, but it does not mean the rejection of everything in the old things. We should still retain and inherit the reasonable and scientific components in the old things, and make great innovations and developments on this basis.

Error-prone area 3: Innovation is to dare to break the routine, "think what people can't think of and see what people can't see". Therefore, as long as you dare to think and do, you can innovate, and innovation will definitely promote the development of things.

Analysis: (1) Innovation needs to break the old ideas and concepts that are rigid, hidebound, content with the status quo and do not think creatively from reality. Innovation needs to dare to break the routine and "think what people can't think and see what people can't see", but this doesn't mean that we can make subjective assumptions that violate objective laws out of thin air, but we should respect objective laws and conditions under the guidance of scientific theories. On the contrary, if we subjectively and arbitrarily violate objective laws and conditions, innovation is impossible.

(2) To push things forward, we must innovate, but innovation is only one of the subjective conditions. Only when people have the correct world outlook, outlook on life, values, good knowledge composition, innovative ability, willpower and other subjective conditions can they respect objective laws and make full use of objective conditions to push things forward.

Summary of knowledge points in the political academic level test of senior two.

Test site 1, the essence of consciousness (what is consciousness? Consciousness is the product of the long-term development of the material world (the origin of consciousness). ② Consciousness is the function of human brain (physiological basis of consciousness). ③ Consciousness is the subjective image of human brain to objective existence (the essence of consciousness).

The content of consciousness is objective and the form of consciousness is subjective. Whether it is a correct consciousness or a wrong consciousness, it is a reflection of the objective existence of the human brain. The formation of consciousness is inseparable from social practice.

Test site 2, the role of consciousness (the initiative of consciousness).

(1) People can actively understand the world. The performance is: the conscious activity is purposeful and planned. Conscious activities are positive, creative and selective. There are only unknowns in the world, and there are no unknowns.

(2) People can actively change the world. ① Consciousness plays a guiding role in transforming the objective world. That is, people turn things in consciousness into things in reality through practice, and create things that will never appear with the participation of people; ② Consciousness can regulate people's physiological activities. High spirits can push people up and make them work hard; A listless spirit will make people pessimistic, depressed and lose morale.

Test center 3, the principle of combining respect for the law and giving play to subjective initiative.

(1) world outlook: giving full play to subjective initiative is a necessary condition for understanding and applying the law; Respecting the law is the premise and foundation of giving full play to subjective initiative. (2) Methodology: We must combine respecting the law with exerting subjective initiative. It is wrong and harmful to emphasize any aspect unilaterally. We should respect the law, that is, respect the objectivity of the law and act according to the objective law. We should also give full play to subjective initiative, that is, make full use of favorable conditions, overcome unfavorable conditions, create new conditions, act according to law, and be pragmatic. )

How to persist in proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts?

Insist on the basic requirements of proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts: ① Insist on proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts, respect the objective laws of material movement, and proceed from things that exist objectively. ② Insist on proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts, give full play to people's subjective initiative, constantly emancipate their minds and keep pace with the times. ③ Insist on proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts, and combine giving full play to subjective initiative with respecting objective laws. ④ Insist on proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts. We should not only oppose voluntarism that exaggerates the dynamic role of consciousness, but also oppose the idea of unilaterally emphasizing objective conditions, being content with the status quo and doing nothing.

Summary of knowledge points in the political academic level examination of senior two 3

1. Social existence and social consciousness

(1) Their meanings and contents:

① Social existence

One meaning: refers to the material aspects of social life.

B Including: including material means of production, natural environment and population factors.

Its most important and basic content is the mode of production of material data.

② Social consciousness

One meaning: refers to the spiritual aspect of social life, which is the general name of various spiritual life phenomena in human society.

B includes: not only different customs and social psychology, but also different forms of social consciousness such as political thought, legal thought, morality, science, art, religion and philosophy.

(2) the relationship between social existence and social consciousness:

① Social existence determines social consciousness, which, whether correct or not, is a reflection of social existence in the final analysis.

What kind of social consciousness is there; The nature of social existence determines the nature of social consciousness.

B. The change and development of social existence determines the change and development of social consciousness.

② Social consciousness is relatively independent, which has a dynamic reaction to social existence. Displayed as:

A the change and development of social consciousness may lag behind or precede the change and development of social existence, and the development of the two may not be completely synchronized.

B. Social consciousness has a dynamic reaction to social existence: advanced social consciousness greatly promotes social existence, while backward social consciousness hinders social development.

(3) The viewpoint that social existence determines social consciousness is historical materialism;

The view that social consciousness determines social existence is historical idealism.

(4) Why did historical idealism come into being? Why can Marxism discover the laws of social development?

(1) Social history is the result of human activities, which have conscious consciousness and purpose. This creates an illusion that social history is determined by people's motives and purposes. Previous social and historical theories were all confused by this illusion. At most, they only examined the ideological motives of people's historical activities, but did not return to the material reasons of these ideological motives-social existence.

② Social life is essentially practical. The practical viewpoint of Marxism is the basic viewpoint of dialectical materialism and the key to solve the mystery of social history.

2. Productivity and relations of production

(1) The meaning of both:

(1) Productivity: refers to the ability of the production subject to process the labor object by using labor tools, which is manifested in the relationship between man and nature, or the material force for human beings to conquer and transform nature. It includes labor subject, labor tools (a significant symbol of the development level of productive forces) and labor objects.

(2) relations of production: refers to the relationship between people formed in productive labor.

(2) the dialectical relationship between productivity and production relations:

(1) Productivity determines the relations of production. Productivity is the most revolutionary and active factor in the mode of production. The status of productive forces determines the nature of production relations, and the change and development of productive forces will lead to the change of production relations sooner or later.

(2) relations of production have a negative impact on productivity. When the relations of production are suitable for the development of productive forces, it promotes the development of productive forces; When the relations of production do not adapt to the development of productive forces, it hinders the development of productive forces.

(3) This is the law that the relations of production must adapt to the productive forces. (one of the universal laws of human society)

3. Mode of production

(1) Meaning: It refers to the way of obtaining the material data necessary for social life and the system of the relationship between man and nature and between people formed in the production process.

(2) The material content of mode of production is productivity, its social form is relations of production, and mode of production is the unity of the two in the process of material production. Among them, productivity is the most revolutionary and active factor.

(3) Importance: the mode of production determines the social nature; The change of production mode determines the replacement of social form; The production of material data is the foundation of the existence and development of human society.

4. Economic base and superstructure

(1) The meaning of both:

(1) economic base: that is, the economic structure of a society refers to the sum of all aspects of the dominant production relations in a certain society.

(2) Superstructure: refers to the sum of social ideology and corresponding political and legal systems, organizations and facilities established on a certain economic basis.

(2) the dialectical relationship between economic base and superstructure:

(1) The economic base determines the superstructure.

(2) The superstructure reacts on the economic base. When the superstructure adapts to the economic base, it promotes the consolidation and perfection of the economic base, thus promoting the development of productive forces and social progress; When it is not suitable for the economic base, it will hinder the development and reform of the economic base. When the superstructure serves the advanced economic foundation, it promotes the development of productive forces and social progress; When it serves the backward economic base, it restricts the development of productive forces and hinders the progress of society.

This is the law that the superstructure must adapt to the economic base. (The second universal law of human society)

5. Basic contradictions and universal laws of human society

(1) Two pairs of basic contradictions, namely, the contradiction between productive forces and production relations, and the contradiction between economic base and superstructure, are the basic contradictions that run through human society from beginning to end.

(2) the law of social development: that is, the relations of production must be suitable for the law of productive forces and the superstructure must be suitable for the law of economic foundation, which is a universal law that plays a role in any society.

(3) The discovery of the law of social development has enabled mankind to solve the "Sphinx" mystery in the field of social history for the first time, making the theory of social history truly become a science for the first time.

6. Development of human social history

(1) The general trend of social and historical development is forward and upward, and the development process is tortuous.

(2) the way to realize social development: social development is realized in the contradictory movement between productive forces and production relations, economic base and superstructure, and in the continuous solution of basic social contradictions.

① In class society, the solution of basic social contradictions is mainly achieved through class struggle, which is the direct driving force to promote the development of class society;

② In the socialist society, the basic social contradictions are non-antagonistic, and can only be solved through socialist self-development and self-improvement.

Reform is the self-improvement and development of the socialist system.

The fundamental purpose of the reform is to adapt the relations of production to the development of productive forces and the superstructure to the development of the economic base.

Reform is a powerful driving force for Socialism with Chinese characteristics's development.

7. People

(1) Meaning: It refers to all people who promote social history, including both ordinary individuals and outstanding figures.

(2) Features: People have different connotations in different countries and different historical periods.

(3) The working people are the main body of the people.

(4) At the present stage, the scope of the people of China: workers, peasants, intellectuals, cadres, officers and men of the People's Liberation Army, socialist workers, builders of the socialist cause, patriots who support socialism and patriots who support the reunification of the motherland all belong to the scope of the people.

(5) Status and role: The people are the creators of history and the main body of social history, as follows:

People are the creators of social material wealth. The broad masses of working people have created the necessary means of subsistence such as food, clothing, housing and transportation, and the people engaged in the production of material materials and promoting the development of material production are the decisive forces to promote social and historical development.

② People are the creators of social spiritual wealth. People's life and practice are the source of the formation and development of all spiritual wealth. People's practice provides the necessary material conditions for the creation of spiritual wealth. The people have also directly created rich social spiritual wealth.

The people are the decisive force of social change. People are the main force of social change at any time. In class society, the change of production relations and social system is realized through the people's revolution.

(6) To this end, we must adhere to the mass viewpoint and mass line.

The basic content of the mass viewpoint: believe that the masses liberate themselves, serve the people wholeheartedly, be responsible for everything, and learn from the masses with an open mind.

-Insisting on building the Party for the public, governing for the people, governing for the people, valuing people's feelings and benefiting the people, and realizing, safeguarding and developing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people is the fundamental starting point of all our work.

The basic content of the mass line: everything is for the masses, everything depends on the masses, from the masses to the masses.

-The mass line is the fundamental leadership method and working method of proletarian political parties.

③ Reasons for adhering to the mass viewpoint and mass line:

The mass viewpoint and mass line are the important guarantee for our party to lead the people of China to win the democratic revolution.

B is also an important guarantee for the victory of the socialist revolution and the success of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's construction.

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