Why is Ji Xiaolan called a great genius in Qing Dynasty? I haven't seen his works.

——————————————— Dr. Wu Zhaolu's Speech at Fudan University (Excerpt )———————————————

With the TV series "Ji Xiaolan with iron teeth and copper teeth" and other dramas of the Qing Dynasty constantly broadcast on the screen, Ji Xiaolan suddenly became a household name. This university student during the Qianlong period did not expect to be "on fire" again after 200 years, especially his wits and wits with He Kun were brilliant. Ji Xiaolan in TV plays is obviously beautified a lot, but there are also many banter elements. What kind of person was Ji Xiaolan in history? Today, several different aspects are used to provide dinner for interested people.

Hejian talents enter Hanlin

On June 15th, the second year of Yongzheng (AD 1724), Ji Xiaolan was born in Cuierzhuang, xian county, Hejian Prefecture. There have been various magical legends about his birth for a long time. According to Zhu's epitaph, on the eve of his birth, "there was a strange light in the water every night" and a light flashed into the cloud tower where he was born, which was later considered as "the embodiment of spiritual things". So in the name of "cloud". "Cloud" means day, and Xiaolan is his word.

This strange birth is obviously a legend made up by later generations, but it is true that Ji Yun has special functions since he was a child. At the age of 69, he told himself in Reading Notes of Huaixi Magazine of Wei Caotang: "When I was four or five years old, I could see things at night, just like during the day. After seven or eight years old, I gradually lost consciousness, and after ten years old, I couldn't see anything. Or wake up in the middle of the night, occasionally see, for a while. From the age of 16 to the present, it's only a year or two or hit it off at once, such as lightning Shi Huo. If the cover wants to increase, then God will reduce its ears tomorrow. " Lao Ji's words are probably true.

Ji Xiaolan has been called a "child prodigy" since he was a child. There are many stories about his extraordinary talent as a teenager. It is said that one day Ji Xiaolan and his companions were playing ball in the street, and the Taishou passed by, but unfortunately, the ball was thrown into the sedan chair of the Taishou by mistake. Other children have already fled everywhere, and he actually stepped forward to stop the sedan chair rope ball. Seeing his naivety, the satrap said, "I have couplets. If you can match, I will give it back to you, otherwise it is mine. " Ji Yun agreed. The satrap sent out the first couplet: "There are six or seven boys, but you are cunning." Ji Yun replied without thinking: "The prefect has 2,000 stones, which is the only one ..." The last sentence was delayed. The satrap asked him, "Why didn't you say the last sentence?" He replied: "if the satrap returns the ball to me, it is the word' Lian';" Not paying back is' greed'. " The satrap couldn't help laughing and naturally returned the ball to him.

Talent is important, but learning the day after tomorrow is the basic element for Ji Xiaolan to become a "generation of Confucian scholars". Ji Yun was deeply influenced by his father and strictly urged by his family. Of course, he is also diligent, well-read, and with his own smart talent, his knowledge is increasing day by day. In the 12th year of Yongzheng, Ji Xiaolan entered Beijing with his father and studied under the famous painter Dong Bangda. He is a master of the royal painting academy in Qing Dynasty after Wang. A famous teacher naturally makes a noble apprentice. After five years of Qianlong (1740), Ji Yun returned to his hometown to take an examination of the boy. After having obtained the rural examination for 12 years in Gan Long, the articles are rich, colorful and fascinating. After having obtained the provincial examination, the examiners are the famous acton and Liu Tongxun. These two people can't help but say that they are the first after having obtained the provincial examination. /kloc-entered the Jinshi in March, 0/9, ranking 22nd in the senior high school entrance examination and 4th in palace examination. In the same year, he entered imperial academy and started his career. Since then, he has served as an examiner in Shanxi and Shuntian, and studied in Fujian. During Ji Yun's busy learning and serving the emperor, there were many compliments and quips between the monarch and the minister, which not only won wide acclaim, but also won the praise of Emperor Qianlong.

After Ji Xiaolan entered the Imperial Academy, his intelligence was brought into full play. One year, Tommy Tam visited Mount Tai in the East, and Ji Yun accompanied him. In front of Migao Rock in Dongyue, Emperor Qianlong suddenly remembered the phrase "the height of Yang is the highest" in The Analects of Confucius, and happily integrated a rather difficult couplet: "The height of Yang is the highest, and the drill is the strongest, and it can be higher." Without thinking, Ji Xiaolan read the next couplet: "Out of its kind, out of its kind, it should be natural." Yes, naturally ingenious and impeccable.

The official career is overcast.

From the 19th year of Qianlong (1754) to the 31st year of Qianlong (1768), it was a day when Ji Yun flourished in the academician courtyard, drinking and having fun, and singing loudly. At this time, his friends are Wang Mingsheng, Qian Daxin, Zhu Jun and Lu Wen? , Wang Chang, etc. After twenty years of Qianlong, Ji Yun visited Dai Zhen in Shexian Guild Hall. The two hit it off and broke up.

In the thirty-third year of Qianlong (1768), in June, according to Records of Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty, Lu Jian, the salt administrator of the two Huai Dynasties, was dismissed for investigation. Ji Yun was sent to Urumqi because he tipped them off. Unofficial history Grand View in Qing Dynasty recorded this event vividly and interestingly: at that time, Ji Yun learned the news and wanted to inform the Lujia in advance. But I'm afraid of getting burned. I dare not send messages easily or write letters easily. He came up with a wonderful way to seal a little salt and tea in an empty envelope without writing a word inside and outside and send it to Lu's house on a starry night. Lu Jian once finally realized a code word: "the salt case was sealed in the hole." After careful investigation by Liu Tongxun and others, Ji Yun was finally exposed, and in the same year 10, he was taken to Urumqi for atonement.

Ji Yun stayed in Xinjiang for more than two years before being recalled to Beijing in June of the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong. During these two years, his eldest son Ji Ruwa died of illness, and his beloved concubine Guo Tsefu died shortly after returning to Ji Yun. In these days, Ji Xiaolan had a deeper understanding of life, and realized the impermanence of the monarch, the sinister officialdom and the cruelty of the world. A sense of emptiness in life, a pervasive sense of sadness, always haunts my mind. During this period, he once wrote a poem for one of his inkstones: "Dry inkstones are as strong as iron, and they have gone out of Yumen Pass. There are not many friends in Longsha Wan Li, and there are only a lot of family ties. " He also wrote a poem for The Eight Immortals Game Map, in which Han Xiangzi and He Xiangu played games. Looking at the Five Immortals, Tie Guai Li fell asleep. Ji Yun read, infinite regrets come to mind, wrote:

"Eighteen years of official career, this quiet inside for a long time. How to clear the obstacles, and look at the fairy game map.

It is a popular feeling that the two men met mahjong at close range outside thoughtfully. The stubborn fairy seems to have lost consciousness, and the butterfly sleeps in the depths of the spring breeze. "

Back in imperial academy, Ji Xiaolan had a fierce ideological struggle between being an official and living in seclusion. He has a clearer understanding of the life world and a deeper understanding of the theory of victory and defeat. It is better to be happy when you are unconscious than to be competitive.

However, Ji Yun finally chose to continue to live that kind of drowning life, and the fervent feelings of governing the country finally defeated the idea of retiring. Ji Yun was much loved in his later years. He moved to the empire three times, joined the Ministry of Rites three times, and took charge of the military code twice. In the end, the Ministry of Rites served as the official, co-sponsored the university students, and served as the Prince Jiataibao to manage imperial academy affairs. Ji Yun not only has a high status and great reputation, but also has an academic ear, which is admired by scholars. Hong called him "unparalleled in the contemporary era" and was a veritable literary master. Nevertheless, his inner world became more and more closed in his later years. When he was young, he was once brilliant and full of blood. At this point, he felt more and more tired every day, and then "no more ambition to write books, just write miscellaneous notes for recreation". His Reading Notes of Wei Caotang is the product of this mentality. Therefore, when Yuewei Caotang Notes was published, he lamented regretfully: "I spent a lot of time on paper in my life. The book warehouse to be written is old, and it should only be said that ghosts are like Dongpo. "

On February 14th, the 10th year of Jiaqing (1805), Ji Xiaolan, a great scholar, died at the age of 82. Emperor Jiaqing personally went to pay homage to Wenda.

The way to make a career, the way to make friends

Ji Xiaolan galloped in the officialdom of the Qing Dynasty for nearly half a century, and took part in the provincial examinations and the final examinations for many times, and served as the examiner. In addition, he also presided over the compilation of Siku Quanshu, which was recognized as a literary master in Ganjia period. Although he has a big official position, he is knowledgeable, humble and corporal, and has a strong human touch, so he has a wide range of friends, confidants and students. It can be verified from his works or some documents that many famous sinologists and scholars had close friendship with him at that time, such as Dai Zhen, Wang Chang, Lu, Qian Daxin, Shao, Wang Niansun, Duan Yucai, Zhu Yong, Zhu Jun, Ruan Yuan, Jiang Shiquan, Hong Liangji, Huang Zhongze, Luo Pin and Liu Yong.

In the summer of twenty years of Qianlong, Ji Yun first met Dai Zhen. Dai Zhen took refuge in Beijing at that time. The two people have deep feelings. Ji Yun also participated in the writing of Fu Zi in Dai Zhen's Exam Notes, and made a preface for it. Dai Zhen went to Beijing several times later and lived in Ji Yun's home. In the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong, Dai Zhen was recommended by Ji Yun, and also entered the Si Ku. After Dai Zhen's death, Ji Yun wrote a poem with deep affection, saying that he was a friend who showed his courage and showed his liver. Dai Zhen's sharp attack on Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, which "upholds justice and destroys human desires", is also deeply reflected in Ji Xiaolan's Notes on Yuewei Caotang and Summary of Sikuquanshu.

In his later years, Ji Xiaolan talked many times about his friendship with Lu Qinglai. Lu qinglai used to be an official of the governor of Hunan province and a doctor of the household department. Scholarships advocate practical application. When he was a teenager, he was educated with Ji Xiaolan in Dong Bangda and was a very good classmate. Ji Xiaolan said that when he was a child, he often liked to fight with Lu Qinglai, but Lu Qinglai didn't mind, saying that Ji Xiaolan's emotional changes were the expression of his true nature. To this end, Ji Yun is a bosom friend.

My old friend also has a Dong. Dong, Zilu, is a native of Qujiang, Shandong, and a native of Shandong Plain. Seventeen years, Jinshi. The two met in Qianlong for thirteen years and have been very friendly since then. There are many singing poems handed down from generation to generation. Dong Shi is free and easy, and doesn't like being bound. After Hanlin became an official, he still often took time off to travel abroad. His post-official career was not smooth, and he died of poverty, so his poems were more graceful and sentimental. Ji Yun once said in his poem A Play for Qujiang that he was "completely relaxed and bored for a long time" and said, "Love is like brothers, and we have been friends for more than three years. Every pity is the same as loneliness and pity. " The Notes of Yuewei Caotang also praised Dong's attitude of "not asking for others" for many times.

Ji Yun and Liu Yong have an indissoluble bond. Liu Yong's father, Liu Tongxun, is the examiner after having obtained the provincial examination in Jiyun. Ji Xiaolan has always appreciated Liu Tongxun's kindness to meet him. Then Ji Yun was sent to handle the case, and Liu Tongxun was in charge. Coincidentally, it was Liu's adult who recommended Ji Yun as the editor-in-chief of Siku Library. Liu Yong, whose real name is Shi Chong, is the eldest son of Liu Tongxun. Liu Yong is a household name, and the well-known Gong Liu case is proud of him. Liu Yong is four years older than Ji Yun, and both of them are gifted scholars. According to legend, Liu Yong got excellent grades when he took the entrance examination. Emperor Qianlong asked him to write poems on the hunchback. He wryly and jokingly wrote: "Qiankun Fu has a hunched back and an economy in his stomach. Loyalty and treachery are clear at a glance, and yue longmen has one leg. Dan Xin helped the country and painted his brain to repay the emperor's kindness. Those who judge people by their appearance are sages! " He Kun has been in power for decades, and all the ministers at home and abroad have gone, except for Liu Yong and Ji Yun, a few ministers have never attached themselves. Both of them are good at writing, but they both have a hobby of collecting inkstones. Sometimes they give gifts to each other, and they often compete with each other for a beloved thing, but they are indifferent to each other and regard it as a joke.

Of course, Ji Yun's list of friends goes far beyond this. There are also Qian Daxin, Lu, Zhu Bian, Wang Chang, Hong and others, all of whom are famous artists and cultural backbones in the Ganjia period of the Qing Dynasty. It is such a group of people that added gorgeous colors to the formation of academic and cultural thoughts in the prosperous times.

Learning is "close to human feelings"

Ji Yun, a generous and knowledgeable person, was a veritable official school leader in Ganjia period. Fan Jiang once commented on Ji Yun in the History of Sinologists in China: "There is nothing strange in the book". However, his extensive knowledge and his understanding complement each other. His scholarship is all inclusive, showing the broad mind of a generation of scholars. In A Brief History of Chinese Novels, Lu Xun said that he was "generous and kind to others, so his harsh observation of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty went against his words. ..... and in the theory of insensibility, those who are used to the world but don't observe it will expose their detention every time they are in trouble. "

His Notes on Yuewei Caotang is often judged by its rationality. "If I smell" (IV) said: "The sage knows the secret ceremony, so he can know the feelings of ghosts and gods with human feelings; It's inhuman, I know what "Li" means! "

There is a basic requirement in Ji Yun's thesis, which is to adhere to the critical principle of "fairness in everything" and try to be objective and fair. Poetry is a complex creative activity. In his view, "different life circumstances, different sustenance and profound spiritual development make it endless" (Ying Kui Law Journal is out of order), so its gains and losses cannot be simply handled. He can fairly evaluate Li Qing, Qian and others, and objectively evaluate various schools in the history of literature. For example, Ji Yun put the seven sons of the Ming Dynasty into the social background at that time to make a serious investigation, and the conclusion was convincing.

In addition, Ji Yun, as a great sinologist, has no different opinions. He is most opposed to the association of literati and emphasizes academic independence. He once said in the preface to Hill's Poems: "I am lonely by nature, and I don't like the literary and social poetry circles to flaunt each other." The trouble with the first one is nothing more than the portal. ..... In the eyes of cronies, a gentleman is sick. "Ji Yun fully affirmed all kinds of works with different styles from the soul.

As a feudal orthodox scholar in Qianlong period, Ji Xiaolan's requirement for literary creation was naturally the principle of "gentleness and gentleness", and he also said "poetic", but what he said was different from others, and he emphasized "extremes and emotions" rooted in human nature. "Poetry should be divided into beautiful flowers, with emotion as the whole and god as the table" (preface to Bing Ou's poems). He opposes articles full of reason and qi, and at the same time opposes inhuman Taoism. In the Notes of Yuewei Caotang, he strongly exposed the hypocrisy and ruthlessness of Taoism.

Yu xing ye mei si ku Guan

In the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773), under the personal leadership of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty, the compilation of Sikuquanshu was widely carried out. Liu Tongxun recommended Ji Yun and Wei Liu as editors. In the process of compiling Sikuquanshu, Ji Yun received many rewards from Emperor Qianlong, but he also encountered many troubles. On one occasion, Emperor Qianlong discovered that Yan Ruoqu's "Ancient Literatures" edited by Ji Yun himself contained "Uncorrected Quotations of Li Qing and Qian". So Yan Long was furious and specifically scolded Ji Yun: "Why not delete it?" Let it quickly "delete articles" and "write by yourself". In the forty-five years of Qianlong (1780), the revision of Sikuquanshu was completed, and a large number of mistakes were found. Emperor Qianlong also "ordered Ji Yun and Liu to share the compensation equally".

In the forty-six years of Qianlong (178 1), on December 6th, the first Sikuquanshu was finally copied. Therefore, Ji Yun specially wrote the Catalogue of Sikuquanshu, which was later included in the frontispiece of Sikuquanshu. The full-text analysis is detailed and the words are rich and delicate, which can be called "the first concentrated Dai Mengji". The second Sikuquanshu was completed in the following year 1 1 month, the third in 48 years 1 1 month, and the fourth in 49 years 1 1 month. This is Nesger's Siku Quanshu. At that time, these four books were collected in Wenyuan Pavilion (Zijincheng) in Oi, Wenyuan Pavilion in Yuanmingyuan, Jinwen Pavilion (Chengde) in Summer Resort and Wenshui Pavilion in Shengjing Forbidden City. That part of the Wen Yuan Pavilion was incinerated by the historical war, and the other three are now in the National Palace Museum, Gansu Provincial Library and Beijing Library. Nan San's Siku Quanshu was later collected in Wen Hui Pavilion of Yangzhou Daguantang, Wenzong Pavilion of Jinshan Temple in Zhenjiang and Wen Lan Pavilion of Shengyin Temple in Hangzhou. Similarly, due to the historical war, two books in Yangzhou and Zhenjiang were burned, and now only one book in Hangzhou is still in the Zhejiang Library.

In the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong (1793), Ji Yun spent another ten years compiling the Catalogue of Sikuquanshu. When compiling Sikuquanshu, the editor at that time wrote an abstract every time he reviewed a book. Finally, Ji Yun and Lu repeatedly deleted and polished it. Liu died earlier, and the main work was completed by Ji Yun. Therefore, the Summary of the General Contents of Sikuquanshu can be regarded as a representative document of Ji Yun's academic and cultural thoughts. Zhu, a scholar at that time? In Ji Xiaolan's epitaph, he said: "Guan Gong Bookstore, cut the pen and comment, and deleted it into the general catalogue of the whole book with one hand" (Volume 6 of the Collected Works of Chisuozhai); Fan Jiang's History of China Sinologists also said: "Gong's life energy was extracted from the book Summary; Zhang Weiping's "Listening to Song Lu Wen Chao" also said: "Wenda's life energy has been found in the summary of Sikuquanshu, so why write more books! "

Ji Yun presided over the compilation of Sikuquanshu, which made great contributions to the preservation and arrangement of ancient cultural heritage in China. Book * * * contains 3,503 books, 79,337 volumes and 6,783 books. Among them, more than 380 kinds of lost books are treasures that many scholars have collected and recovered for a long time. There are still many books, which have been painstakingly reviewed and revised, and have been restored to their original appearance. Dai Zhen carefully studied Li Daoyuan's Notes and distinguished the long-confused "Jing" and "Zhu". The general introduction of Sikuquanshu has important ideological and academic value. This paper introduces cataloging and cataloging books, and indicates the author's first and last name, the era in which he lived, the theme and basic evaluation of the book. It is an excellent bibliography book. Zhou Zhongfu, a Qing dynasty, once commented on Volume 32 "Summary of Four Treasures of the Study": "No matter whether it is written by government or private, there is no better way than compiling it, that is, the volume is rich, the categories are appropriate, the textual research is meticulous, and the discussion is fair." Yu Jiaxi, who devoted his life to the study of the Summary of Siku, also fully affirmed its due academic value: "After Jiaqing and Daoguang, a large number of scholars came out, and they all made great contributions and made great use of it." ("Dialectical Preface of Si Ku Summary")

However, because the compilation of Sikuquanshu is an official act and the guiding ideology of compilation is influenced by political purposes, the recorded books are not eclectic, but have strict selection criteria. This is clearly stated in Oracle Bone Inscriptions at the beginning of Sikuquanshu. While compiling, collating and researching ancient books, they also engaged in disgraceful activities of destroying and deleting some books that were not conducive to the Qing Dynasty. While hooking up, compiling and preserving ancient books, it is also destroying and destroying culture. In this way, not only many books with precious historical value were abandoned, but also some collected books, especially many books with heresy after Song and Yuan Dynasties, lost their original features. In this sense, it is also a cultural catastrophe. Regarding Li Zhi's remarks in the Ming Dynasty, the Qing government not only listed his works as burning books, but also denounced Li Zhi for "being heretical and unholy" and "doing whatever it takes to be a villain". (Book Collection Summary and Four Treasures of the Study Summary, volume 50, belong to the category of non-history) If Qu Dajun and other works strongly contradict the Qing Dynasty, they will naturally be destroyed; As for the works of Ming adherents who occasionally hurt the Qing Dynasty with a few words but are awe-inspiring, I will use them with a little "consideration". (Record of Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty (volume 1095)) Its political purpose is obvious. According to official statistics, during the compilation of Sikuquanshu, more than 2,600 titles were destroyed or damaged, and the actual situation is probably more than this figure.

Yuewei Caotang spent his old age.

Yuewei Caotang Notes is another influential collection of China classical novels after Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. Ji Yun's artistic style is unique because of his special position at that time, his understanding, erudition and humor, and his realistic technique of "what he saw and recorded" (preface to summer vacation in Luanyang).

Notes of Yuewei Caotang, 24 volumes, about 400,000 words. Including 6 volumes of Luanyang Xiaxia Record, 4 volumes of So I Smell, 4 volumes of Huaixi Magazine, 4 volumes of Gu Zi Listening, and 6 volumes of Luanyang Continued Record. This book was written between the fifty-fourth year of Qianlong (1789) and the third year of Jiaqing (1798). This book is the crystallization of Ji Xiaolan's ten years' painstaking efforts, and it is also a portrayal of Ji Xiaolan's spiritual world in his later years. It also shows the complex cultural outlook of the times in the middle of Qing Dynasty from a certain aspect. The material of this book comes from Ji Xiaolan's personal experience, what he saw and heard, and also from materials provided or relayed by others. The novel covers almost all areas of social life, from a bachelor of arts, a prostitute and a beggar to a voracious and enchanting fox. Rich life materials provide writers with a broad space for thinking. There are some strange stories in the book, which are full of karma, superstition and feudal ethics of loyalty, filial piety and righteousness, but they also objectively and truly reflect some life realities in the middle of the Qing Dynasty and touch on some social drawbacks at that time, which not only has important cognitive value, but also shows a certain tendency of progressive thinking.

There are many story chapters in Yuewei Caotang Notes, which reveal the decadent darkness of feudal officialdom and the hypocrisy and meanness of Taoists. For example, officials are corrupt and ignore human lives; Some look like gentlemen, but in fact, they are full of thieves and prostitutes, despicable and dirty. All these directly or indirectly reflect that bizarre era. For example, in the tenth episode of Summer in Luanyang (VI), the author vividly describes the ghost hermit world in the mountains, just like the human world, full of mutual struggle and pursuit of fame and fortune, exposing the darkness and decay of officialdom. In the four volumes of Luanyang Summer Record, it is written that "there are two divisions living in the village, all of which take Tao as their own responsibility". In public, they "dissect their own desires and use words rigorously and seriously, just like sages", but secretly they collude with each other, losing their conscience and trying to seize the widow's land.

In addition, there are many chapters in Yuewei Caotang Notes that reveal the living conditions and tragic situation of ordinary people in the lower classes. As a literary servant of Emperor Qianlong, Ji Xiaolan lacked the courage to face the bleak life, but his writing spirit and sense of justice of faithfully recording rumors also revealed his view of right and wrong and standards of good and evil to some extent. "Continued Record of Luanyang" (V) is a sad and thought-provoking thing. There is a Hua Dong in Cangzhou, Hebei. His family is very poor and lives by selling medicine and divination. "A mother and a wife helped her sew, but she still didn't make a fire." It also coincided with another famine this year, which made Dong's family worse and the whole family was dying. In desperation, Hua Dong had to "marry a woman for a living". In this story, the author did not blame the woman who "lost her virginity as a last resort", but added some sympathy and understanding to truly and vividly show the social reality of the poverty of the people at that time.

Notes of Yuewei Caotang, as Mr. Lu Xun said in A Brief History of China's Novels, is suspected of being "too talkative" and "uneasy about being just a novel, but more interested in benefiting people's hearts", but many vivid fables and allegories are quite lively and interesting, even inspiring and instructive. In the third volume of "So I Smell", I wrote an official of Hanlin who "met and gave lectures". Others think that he is "above" and has a good reputation. Unexpectedly, he was "unhappy" because he didn't accept the guests' gifts in time. If he loses something, he will count it-the character characteristics and spiritual world of the characters are really unforgettable. In addition, the philosophical short stories such as Looking for Animals in the River in the second volume of Listen to menstruation often give people a refreshing feeling.

Although Ji Yun regards Yuewei Caotang Notes as a rambling work of Leisure Time (preface to Luanyang Summer Vacation), it is even difficult to compare with Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, but it is unique and rare.

Ji Xiaolan's scholarship emphasizes tolerance, which shows the broad mind of a generation of scholars. In A Brief History of Chinese Novels, Lu Xun said that he was "generous and kind to others, so his harsh observation of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty went against his words.

..... and in the non-sensory theory, those who study in the world but don't observe, also each set of questions, exposing their pedantry. "