On the configuration of buildings and plants.

Architecture belongs to the hard landscape that wins by artificial beauty; Plants are creatures, with their growth and development laws and smart natural beauty. The arrangement of plants and buildings is a combination of natural beauty and artificial beauty. If the relationship between them is handled properly, harmony can be achieved. The rich natural colors, soft and changeable lines, graceful posture and verve of plants can increase the aesthetic feeling of buildings, make them lively and full of seasonal changes, reflect a dynamic sense of balance, and make buildings more harmonious with the surrounding environment.

1 principles of plant arrangement around buildings

1. 1 humanistic

Any landscape that needs layout is designed for people, and it is based on people's needs. But people's needs are not simply the enjoyment of beauty, and the real people-oriented should first meet the most fundamental needs of people in the process of being users. So is the design of plant landscape. Therefore, designers should first master the types of users of the designed buildings and the general rules of their life behavior, so that the design can truly meet the basic behavior feelings and needs of users, that is, it must realize its basic function of serving people.

1.2 adjust measures to local conditions

When allocating plants, it is necessary to select suitable plant species according to the different ecological environment of each building, so that the ecological habits of plants are basically consistent with the environmental conditions of the planting area, and the scheme can be finally implemented. This requires designers to conduct on-the-spot investigation and comprehensive analysis on the environmental conditions of the design site (including temperature, humidity, light, soil, air, etc.). ); Then the specific planting design can be determined according to the actual situation.

1.3 ecology

Use the recycling function of plant community ecosystem to maintain the ecological balance around the building. Construct an artificial ecological plant community, form a circular channel of matter and energy from the spatial form, absorb nutrients through plants, improve soil and purify air through decomposers. In addition, ecological plant communities can volatilize multi-component gases, which is beneficial to air ionization, increase the concentration of negative oxygen ions in the atmosphere and promote people's physical and mental health.

1.4 Personalization

The arrangement of plants around the building changes regularly, which can produce a harmonious sense of rhythm, thus echoing the building in external form. There are many rhythms and rhythms in landscape composition, such as simple rhythm, alternating rhythm, ups and downs and mimetic rhythm.

The plant landscape design around the building should highlight the image characteristics of the building itself. Each building has its own different style, historical background, spatial scale, color, symbols and so on. Therefore, when we allocate plants for different buildings, we should use different ways to reflect the elegance and charm of different styles of buildings and show their unique temperament and personality. Pay attention to choose plants with different stem shapes to form a patchwork artificial plant community, consider the harmony between plant configuration and ecology, and reflect the rhythm change through the collocation of different tree species.

2 the relationship between architecture and plant composition

The relationship between architecture and plant composition includes two aspects, namely, the combination of plane organization and three-dimensional modeling. The plane combination of architecture and plants forms the relationship of "the bottom of the picture", which makes both of them have to be shown. If the building is surrounded by flowers and trees, the architectural form is particularly prominent. The plane form of greening should be designed according to the outline of the building, and one of its methods is to follow the shape, that is, to arrange plants with concave and convex changes outside the building, and its plant form and the building form a unified form. Another unified method is to make the form of plant landscaping consistent with the shape of the building, and the greening form outside the building adopts a regular way to make the landscaping consistent with the architectural form; However, the unique composition technique is used in the spatial composition, which further makes the greening form rich in changes and brings a fresh feeling to the architectural environment.

2. 1 Opposite scenery and borrowing scenery

The opposite scene is a scene with the plant landscape as the axis of the building or the end of the route, which is the visual center. Landscape can be divided into direct landscape and indirect landscape. Direct landscape is a landscape that vision must pay attention to. For example, when entering and leaving the building, you can see the big flower bed in front of the door, which becomes an eye-catching landscape under a large perspective. Indirect antithesis is a hidden scene, which is not in the front domain of the route, but slightly hidden, such as looking back or finding it in the journey. The object of landscape can be architecture or plant landscape, for example, seeing the outdoor greening in a building become a landscape, or seeing a building among trees become a landscape, also called mutual landscape. Borrowing scenery means borrowing unorganized scenery to the horizon.

2.2 Obstacles and barriers

Obstacles cover up what people don't want to see. For example, if the image of the annex and sundry yard of the building is not very beautiful, trees can be used to cover it, or when the bathroom window appears on the main facade of the building, a cluster of trees can be used to cover the window to avoid the circulation of indoor and outdoor sight. Landscape isolation is used to separate space or scenic spots, which will make the space bigger and smaller, turn monotony into richness, or use green belts to separate places that people don't want to go and prevent people from going. For example, on the external wall of a building, there are often some sunken spaces. When people are not expected to reach these recessed spaces, they are separated by lawns or trees.

2.3 induction and suggestions

The induction of plant landscaping is to set up obvious green signs at the target that people want to reach to remind or help people find the target. For example, a single tree can be planted at the entrance of the building or a flower bed can be set to protrude from the entrance; Putting a few pots of flowers on the stairs in the lobby will make it easy for people to find their way upstairs. Greening can also be used to form directional routes, such as trees on both sides of the road and potted plants on both sides of the inner passage, which have strong directivity.

2.4 Infiltration and extension

With plants as the medium, two different spaces are connected, and the spaces penetrate, expand and extend each other. This not only increases the sense of circulation between spaces, but also enriches the plant landscape. For example, a flowerpot is arranged at the entrance from the steps to the hall through the door bucket. This continuous arrangement of flowerpots connects three independent spaces in series, forming a sense of space flow from the inside out through this link. Sometimes, people can see half the trees growing from the roof, which is caused by opening a "skylight" on the building to protect the original trees in the base. This design can lead people's eyes from indoors to the sky along the trunk, which is the mutual penetration of vertical inside and outside space.

2.5 Scale and proportion

Planting green plants in architectural space can help people grasp the spatial scale. In architecture, people want to experience a relaxed and pleasant space with pleasant dimensions. The indoor and outdoor spaces of many buildings are designed to be large-scale spaces enjoyed by adults, which also makes people feel small. The solution to this problem is to make the spatial scale pleasant or borrow green plants as a reference for people to experience space.

2.6 texture and mechanism

In the combination of architecture and plants, we can compare the different mechanisms and textures of architecture and plants and enrich the modeling language. If the full and thick lawn has a soft carpet feeling, it will be in obvious contrast with the cement or asphalt floor; Trees feel rougher and undulating than walls. In the indoor environment, walls, floors, furniture and various decorative fabrics can form a rough and delicate, rigid and flexible contrast with indoor greening plants. The comparison of institutions can enrich people's visual content and enhance the aesthetic feeling of modeling. Buildings and furniture furnishings are artificial products, and the surface mechanism is mechanical; However, the surface mechanism of plants is natural and full of vitality, and reasonable configuration in layout can highlight their different characteristics.

3 Plant configuration of different styles of buildings

3. 1 Plant Configuration of Classical Royal Buildings in China

The Royal Garden embodies the style of the Royal Garden. The tall trees such as the solemn pine and cypress in Gu Zhuo are in harmony with the colorful buildings, forming a solemn and vigorous garden feature. Palace buildings are characterized by huge volume, dense colors, neat layout and distinct grades. China traditional tree species, such as Pinus bungeana, Pinus tabulaeformis, Sabina vulgaris, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, Aesculus chinensis, Begonia, Magnolia grandiflora, Ginkgo biloba, Sophora japonica and Peony, are often selected. And they are generally planted regularly.

3.2 Plant Configuration of Classical Private Buildings in Jiangnan

The classical private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River are small in area, and often reproduce the natural scenery in a small way. The building is characterized by white walls and gray tiles and chestnut columns, which are used to express the lightness and elegance of literati. The arrangement of plants is full of poetic artistic conception, and the naming of scenic spots reflects the ingenious combination of architecture and plants, such as "Haitang Spring House", which enjoys the scenery of Haitang in spring with its fruits and drooping Haitang.

3.3 Plant Configuration of Memorial Buildings

Plants in memorial buildings often use pine and cypress to symbolize the noble character and immortal spirit of revolutionary martyrs, and also express people's nostalgia and admiration for the martyrs. Commonly used Pinus bungeana, Pinus tabulaeformis, Sabina vulgaris, Sophora japonica, Aesculus chinensis and Ginkgo biloba are planted in rows in front of the building to highlight the solemn features of the building.

3.4 Plant Configuration of Modern Public Buildings

Modern public buildings have flexible shapes and various forms. Therefore, the selection of tree species is wide, and the appropriate tree species should be selected according to the specific environmental conditions, functions and landscape requirements. If there are some activity facilities in front of the building, or the space where people often stay, you can consider using big trees to shade the sun, or you can consider using safe plants, such as no thorns on the branches, no allergic flowers and fruits, and no pollution to clothes.

4 Plant configuration in different parts of the building

4. 1 south

The south of the building is generally the main viewing surface and main entrance and exit of the building. There is plenty of sunshine, and there is direct light almost all day during the day, with more reflected light and large wall radiation. In addition, leeward, poor air circulation, high temperature and prolonged growing season have formed a special microclimate. Choose flowering shrubs, leafy trees, etc. Exotic tree species with high ornamental value or needing to overwinter under microclimate conditions. The foundation planting of the building should consider the lighting problem of the building, not too close, not too much to block the facade of the building, and the building foundation can not affect the normal growth of plants.

4.2 North

There is sunshade in the north of the building, and its range changes with latitude and sun height, mainly with diffuse light; There is a small amount of direct light in summer afternoon and evening. The temperature is low, the relative humidity is high and it is windy and cold in winter. First, we should choose shade-tolerant and cold-resistant tree species; Trees or multi-plant communities can be used in winter, and there is no entrance and exit to block the north wind; If there is an entrance, choose spherical flowering shrubs and plant them at the entrance regularly.

4.3 East

Generally, there is direct light in the east of the building in the morning, and it will be blocked after 3 pm. The light temperature is not high, and it is soft, which is suitable for ordinary trees. You can choose trees that need shade, such as Acer, peony, or trees (such as residential areas).

4.4 West

The west of the building is shaded in the morning and sunny in the afternoon, especially in summer. Although the illumination time is short, the temperature is high and changes dramatically, and the heat absorbed and accumulated by the western drying wall is large, and the air humidity is high. In order to prevent the sun, generally choose trees that like light, are resistant to dry heat and are not afraid of sun burns, such as big trees as shade trees or forests, and Boston ivy can be planted on the walls if conditions permit.

4.5 walls

The function of building wall is to bear the load and separate the space. Taking advantage of the good microclimate in the south of the wall, some beautiful plants that are not hardy were introduced and cultivated, and then developed into a wall garden to beautify the wall. Wall-style gardens generally take pruned and bound vines, ornamental flowers, ornamental fruit trees or a few trees as beautification objects, supplemented by various bulbous plants and perennial flowers. Commonly used species are wisteria, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, kiwi fruit, grape, buckwheat, clematis and so on.

4.6 door

The door is the entrance and passage of the building, which plays the role of dividing the space with the wall. Doors should be combined with roads, stones and plants to form a beautiful composition. Plants can enrich the composition of buildings, increase vitality, soften the geometric lines of doors, increase the depth of field, broaden horizons and extend space.

4.7 window

Windows can be used as the material of the frame. Sitting indoors and looking at the plant configuration of the window frame is a vivid picture. Because the size of the window frame is fixed, plants keep growing, and with the growth, the volume increases, which will destroy the original picture. So choose plants that grow slowly and change little.

4.8 Roof Garden

The appearance of roof garden makes plants and buildings more closely combined and enriches the aesthetic feeling of buildings. The roof garden has thin soil layer, simple organic nutrients in the substrate, and poor water retention, cold resistance and wind resistance. Plants should choose small trees, shrubs and grass flowers with light weight, shallow roots, wind resistance, drought resistance and cold resistance, and beautiful flowers, leaves and fruits.

5 conclusion

Buildings and plants, one hard and one soft, one loose and one loose, have different texture and form a sharp contrast; However, as the basic elements of landscape composition, the two are more complementary and complementary. Plants around buildings are not only the foil of buildings and passive planning projects, but also the unified landscape body that interacts with them. This requires that when designing, it is clear what the problem to be solved is and what the goal of this landscape is, and then take this as the guide to find the answer. Usually, we should consider the characteristics and functions of buildings, the ecological and biological characteristics of plants, the surrounding environment and people's needs, and integrate these factors to build a harmonious landscape.

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