Where did Zhu Yunwen go?

So far, there is no clear conclusion, but there are many statements:

Official statement: Emperor Wen Jian burned his palace and set himself on fire.

According to Emperor Taizong's records, when Judy, the prince of Yan, entered Beijing, Wen Jian also wanted to come out to meet the prince, but he sighed to himself: "How can we meet?" As a last resort, he ordered the palace to be burned down, and immediately the fire burst into flames. Wen Jian and his queen Ma Shi jumped into the fire and set themselves on fire. Most of his concubines and entourage died with him. Judy, the prince of Yan, looked for him for three days after she entered the palace. The attendants in the palace said that Emperor Wen Jian set himself on fire and dragged a charred body out of the fire to prove it. When the prince saw the body, he couldn't tell the difference between men and women. It's terrible. Judy was very sad. He caressed the body and cried bitterly, saying that he was only here to help the emperor learn to be a good person. Why do you want to find your own way? After he succeeded to the throne, he had to "bury Wen Jian" with the son of heaven. Later, Judy, the prince of Yan, sent an official to sacrifice and left for three days. Both Ming History and Biography of Fang Xiaoru hold this view.

The reliability of Records of Emperor Taizong has been questioned by people, because Judy has revised Records of Emperor Taizong three times in order to find high-sounding reasons for her to seize the throne. As the Yongle Dynasty left no record of the death of Emperor Wen Jian, even the files and Zhu Zhu notes of Wen Jian's period were destroyed. After Tianshun and Zheng De, the historical materials about Wen Jian's death began to increase. Therefore, the earlier the historical materials are, the more vague they are, and the later the historical materials are, the more specific they are. In October of Wanli two years, 13-year-old once asked Zhang about his whereabouts. Zhang replied: "The national history does not contain this story, but it was first spread to the deceased, saying that the emperor entered the city when he was difficult to learn, that is, he cut his hair, went out of infernal affairs, and then traveled around the world, and no one knew." It can be seen that records of Zhang also tend to talk about his death. It is worth noting that folk rumors have spread to the emperor's ears, and talking about the death of Wen Jian is no longer a taboo topic.

Other records: Judy sent Zheng He to the Western Seas.

It is recorded in Biography of Yao in Ming Dynasty and Biography of Hu Meng that after Ming Taizu proclaimed himself emperor, he had doubts about the emperor's self-immolation and stillbirth, and heard many rumors. Some people told him that the charred body belonged to Ma Huanghou, and Emperor Wen Jian cut his hair and became a monk. He arrested Pu QIA, a master of records in Wen Jian, and put him in prison for more than ten years, forcing him to give up the whereabouts of Wen Jian. "Biography of Ming History" contains: "The collapse of Huidi started with fire, or words escaped. The old ministers were more obedient, and the emperor (referring to Cheng Zu) doubted it. (Yongle) In five years, I sent a royal book, visited the immortal Zhang Wei, traveled all over the world, and secretly observed the existence of the emperor, so it was the longest time to leave. " That is to say, in the name of issuing imperial edicts and looking for a sloppy picture, families were asked to visit counties, townships and cities to find the whereabouts of the emperor, which lasted 16 years. The sloppy Zhang mentioned here is Zhang Sanfeng, who often appears in novels. He is a strange man, slovenly and capricious. It is said that he can walk thousands of miles a day. Cheng Zu attached great importance to Hu Ying's investigation of Wen Jian, and did not allow Hu Ying to make the request of "Ding You" as a mother (an official's parents died and should be in mourning for three years, called Ding You).

"History of the Ming Dynasty" said: "Before I arrived, it was widely rumored that Wen Jian went to the sea, and the emperor sent several generations of internal ministers Zheng He to the sea, so I became suspicious." In other words, Judy couldn't get the exact news, so she sent Zheng He to the Western Ocean to "pursue". At that time, many China people went to Nanyang. It is said that after Zhang Shicheng failed, some of his men fled to Nanyang to explore immigrants. Some people nearby confirmed that Emperor Wen Jian took refuge in Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou, set sail in Kaiyuan Temple, and finally lived in seclusion on the east coast of Sumatra Island. However, there is no more evidence, just speculation.

Judy, the ancestor of Wen Jian, was worried about gathering China people in Nanyang, or calling on all countries in Nanyang to fight as suzerain. Therefore, he was very uneasy and specially sent Zheng He to the Western Seas several times, one for improving national prestige and the other for finding traces of Wen Jian. According to "Ming History", "Cheng Zu suspected that Hui Di died overseas, and wanted to recount it, in order to show off his troops in a foreign country to show China's prosperity. In June of the third year of Yongle, he and his friend Wang Jinghong went to the Western Ocean. They brought more than 27,800 soldiers and more gold coins. " In Zheng He's fleet, there are also some Royal Guards who are responsible for investigating and exploring Wen Jian's traces.

Folklore: becoming a monk and traveling around the world.

Maybe it's because Zhu Yuanzhang was a traveling monk before he proclaimed himself emperor. Historians in Ming and Qing Dynasties have always speculated that Emperor Wen Jian became a monk and traveled around the world. Some people even speculated that Emperor Wen Jian disguised himself as a nun to avoid the pursuit of Ming Chengzu, and eventually traveled all over the world, according to the four sentences of "There are birds at home and nuns in the suburbs" and "The real dragon travels all over the world, and my home is outside" in Figure 28 of TuiTui.

According to the Ming History, after Wen Jian fled Nanjing, he traveled around the world with two monks, Yang Yingneng, Ye Xixian and Ji Cheng. "Ming History" said that in order to escape arrest, he "traveled to Chongqing in the west, went to Tiantai in the east, turned to Xiangfu, and lived in western Guangdong. He set up an altar in Bailong in the middle, wrote a poem in Luo Yong, and entered Jingchu's hometown. Fortunately, he was the first in Shi Bin".

In several provinces in southwest China, there are many sites and legends about Jianwen Emperor. In Xu Xiake's Travels, Xu Xiake recorded the remains left by Emperor Wen Jian during his practice in Baiyun Mountain, Guizhou Province: "There are two giant sequoias standing side by side and held by three people; The western plant was destroyed by fire, which was planted by Wen Jun. Half a mile west, it is Baiyun Temple, so Wen Jun built a mountain; The front and rear shelves are double-layered. There is a spring and a ridge under the threshold in front of the back pavilion, which is called' kneeling spoon spring'. You'll know your stone skills when you get down to Beitong. If you are not rich, you will take a spoon, so it is called' kneeling', which was provided by Wen Jun, a dragon made by God. ..... On the left side of the cave is a pavilion dedicated to the statue of Emperor Wen (the pavilion name is' Hidden Dragon', which seems to have been in the Buddha Pavilion in the past, but now it has been moved here). It was built by Hu, the envoy of the governor, looking at the distant mountain ahead, and on the right is the rice cave, looking at the top of the mountain without covering the cave. "

Some books also record the poems of Emperor Wen Jian. Although it is impossible to judge whether future generations are faking, some of them are in line with the identity of Emperor Wen Jian. The following poem is said to have been written by Wen Jian when he took refuge in Zhu Jin (now Guang Shun, Guizhou):

Dust suddenly invaded the south overnight, and Destiny moved to the center of the world.

Phoenix belongs to Danshan, the red sun is far away, and the dragon belongs to the sea.

Purple is like a star still arched, jade leaks silently, and water sinks.

Looking back at the Forbidden City tonight, the Sixth Hospital still looks forward to Cui Hua.

There are more than 100 related statements.

Compared with the legends in historical materials, modern people prefer to use historical traces for textual research. In February this year, a culvert was found in the Qingliangmen section of Nanjing Ming City Wall. It is speculated that Emperor Wen Jian escaped from this culvert. So where did Emperor Wen Jian go after he escaped? There are more than 100 stories about Wen Jian circulating all over the country. The following stories have great influence and more evidence.

Jiangsu Wuxian said. Xu Zuosheng, a reporter from Wen Wei Po, once found some remains and relics left by the death of Emperor Wen Jian by consulting literature and personally visiting Wuxian, Jiangsu. According to the literature, he thinks that after Emperor Wen Jian left the Forbidden Palace, he was rescued by monk Pu Qia and has been hiding in Fusaiji, Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province. Since then, I have been a monk with one heart and no intention of rejuvenating the country. Before long, he retired to Yao Zen Temple. Under Yao's protection, the emperor hid in the Yujia Hall on the dome mountain until he died here in the 21st year of Yongle (1423), at the age of 47, and was buried on the hillside behind the hall.

Yongzhou, Hunan said. In 2007, cultural relics and archaeologists in Xintian County, Yongzhou City, Hunan Province discovered a mysterious castle, Daguanbao, at the junction of Xintian and Ningyuan, which was suspected to be the refuge of Emperor Wen Jian. Wudang Mountain (now South Wudang Mountain in Xintian County) has an inscription saying: "In the Ming Dynasty, there was a monk and a wise man in western Guangdong who climbed the peak, loved the mountains and green hills, and the clouds were heavier than the top, meaning hanging tin." Some people suspect that this old monk named Mingxian is the Jianwen Emperor who has been to western Guangdong.

Fujian Ningde said. In 2008, an ancient tomb was found in Shangjinpi Village, Jinhan Township, Ningde City, Fujian Province. It has no tombstone and no date of construction, and its shape is strange. Some experts believe that this mausoleum is Wen Jian's mausoleum. The shape, pattern, components and component ornamentation of the ancient tombs in the northern part of Shangjin all reflect the characteristics of the imperial tombs in the Ming Dynasty. The stupa of this tomb is engraved with "the third generation of Buddhist monks gave the golden Buddha a round and bright pagoda", but the dynasty and year are not engraved. Some local experts suggested that this signature implied the identity of Emperor Jianwen. In addition, other evidence such as Zheng Qia's descendants and Yunjin cassock were found in the local area.

Supplementary information:

Zhu Yunwen, Ming Huidi (1377 65438+February 5-? ), the second emperor of the Ming Dynasty. The grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty, and the second son of Zhu Biao, Prince of Wen Yi, were named "Wen Jian".

1February 368, Zhu Yuanzhang made Zhu Biao a prince, but Zhu Biao died young. Zhu Yuanzhang named Zhu Biao's son Zhu Yunwen as the Prince. Zhu Yuanzhang died in 1398, and a few days later, his emperor Zhu Yunwen ascended the throne in the then capital, Nanjing, at the age of 2 1. Before his death, Zhu Yuanzhang had enfeoffed his descendants to be prisoners in various places, which led to the growing power of prisoners. After his death, Wen Jian took a series of measures to separate the vassals, which seriously threatened the interests of the vassals. Judy, the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang in Peiping and Wen Jian's uncle, set out to go south, which is called "the Battle of Jingnan" in history. 1402, Judy invaded the capital Nanjing, and her whereabouts were unknown during the war. In the same year, Judy ascended the throne, that is, Ming Chengzu. The following year, Yongle was changed to Yuan Dynasty, and Beiping was changed to Beijing. Wen Jian's whereabouts became "the first mystery in Ming history".

Legend has it that Zhu Yunwen is smart, filial and upright, and he is a kind Confucian. There is no credible material about Zhu Yunwen's personality and domestic development during his reign. Wen Jian's archives and notes were all destroyed, and private accounts were almost banned. The official history of Yongle period covered up the title of Wen Jian, and artificially extended the rule of Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, for four years, that is, from 32 years of Hongwu to 35 years of Hongwu (1399 ~ 1402): this period was once called "the period of abolishing government" by historians. Emperor Wanli restored the title of Wen Jian in 1595 10, which was put forward as part of the plan to compile the Ming history of abortion. 242 years later, in July of 1644, Zhu Yousong, the monarch of Nanming, decided that his temple name was "Hui Zong" and posthumous title was "Emperor Jean". The latter honorific title was chosen to adapt to folklore, that is, Emperor Wen Jian did not die in the palace fire, but voluntarily abdicated to his uncle, so as to alleviate the general pain of the civil war.