Ethnic Regime in Hexi Region of Northern Song Dynasty: Shazhou Uighur Regime

1. Development of Shazhou Uighur. In the middle of the 9th century, the Uighur khanate in Mobei collapsed, and one of them defected to Tubo. At that time, Tubo was trapped in Hexi and Longyou, so it was scattered by Uighurs. Volume 3 records its scattered places: Uighurs have been immersed in micro-water since the end of the Tang Dynasty, scattered among incense, cool, melon and sand, each with its own monarch and clan account. Song Hong Hao also said in the Xixia calendar: Uighur. Those who live outside the four counties are quite autonomous and have a monarch. As can be seen from these records, the emergence of Gua and Sha Uighurs occurred in the middle of the 9th century when Uighurs moved westward. Before that, Uighurs lived in the melon sand on the east and west sides of Gansu, Liangliang, Yike and Xiting. There are no obvious signs of Uighur people living in Du and Sha. In the mid-9th century, after Uighur moved to the west, it was enslaved by Tubo people first, and then became a vassal of Shazhou Guiyi Army regime. At the same time, they still keep their original clan account. As early as Mobei Uighur khanate period, Uighur society had already realized the transition from clan society to nomadic feudal society, but there were still strong remnants of clan system in clan society. There are eleven chiefs in the khanate, nine tribes, one for each tribe, and people with prestige in their own tribes were elected as chiefs, that is, the princes and chiefs mentioned in the stories at the end of the Song Dynasty. Each tribe is relatively independent, with its own tribal organization and a tribal account. The remnants of these clan societies still exist after they moved west. Since the beginning of the 10 century, the influence of the Uighur group in the sandbar has gradually grown and gradually controlled the sandbar. Volume 490 "Song Wen" records: In the winter of the second year of Taiping Xingguo, the temple sent a letter to Khan's nephew in Ganhe and Shazhou, and gave him money, which attracted a famous woman Ma Meiyu to prepare for a bus ride. In five years, the Uighur Khan in Gansu and Shazhou prevented Pei Yi and other four people from sending envoys at night and offered them with camels, famous horses, corals and amber. The word Shazhou Uighur began to appear. At that time, the ruler of the sandbar was Cao's rebel army. Because Ganzhou Uighur Khan Jingqiong attacked Guazhou and Shazhou, forcing Cao Shi to belong to himself, Jingqiong began to call himself Ganzhou and Shazhou Uighur Khan. Since then, the power of Shazhou Uighur has gradually grown. By the beginning of 1 1 century, sandbars had been recognized as the world of Uighur. This volume contains 9 years. At this time, there were several kinds of Uighur, such as Ganzhou, Shazhou, Xizhou and Xinfuzhou, and Ganzhou forced Xixia. In this case, the Cao Shi regime was besieged and the helpless rebels in China were forced to accept the control of Uighurs. When Cao Xianshun arrived in the Liao Dynasty, Gua and Shagui rebels began to be called Shazhou Uighur, and even paid tribute or tribute to the Liao Dynasty as Shazhou Uighur or Shazhou Uighur Dunhuang County King. The appearance of this phenomenon shows that Dunhuang and its surrounding areas have largely been Uighur since 1 1 century. Ten years later, in the sixth year of Song Tiansheng, Ganzhou Uighur was destroyed by Yuan Hao, and the remaining forces moved westward. When some of them moved to melon and sand, it further strengthened the power of Uighurs in Shazhou. In the first year of Xixia, Yuan Hao sent troops to attack Uighur and was trapped in melon, sand and Suzhou, all old places in Hexi. At that time, Yuan Hao encountered resistance not from Cao Shi's rebel army, but from Uighur, indicating that Uighur had indeed replaced the rebel regime at that time and became the actual owner of Guasha area. Two. Xixia established political power in the first year of Daqing, and Yuan Hao attacked Uighur. Although the tenacious Uighur army was defeated in the sandbar, it was not completely destroyed. In April of the first year of Li Qing in the Northern Song Dynasty, the prince of Shazhou Town sent envoys to pay tribute, claiming to be the nephew of the Tang Dynasty, and the son of heaven was my uncle. The Tangut people broke away from the Han Dynasty, hoping to get the support of the Central Plains Dynasty, and therefore led a crusade against Xixia. Its activities were supported by Cao Cong sent by Song and Qin Dynasties. This is the commander

From then on, until October of the fourth year of Huang You, Shazhou paid tribute to the Song Dynasty eight times during the period of 16, which proved that Xixia did not really rule Shazhou in these years. At that time, Xixia was in fierce conflict with the Song Dynasty. If Xixia really controlled the sandbar, it is absolutely impossible to allow the prince of the town of sandbar to pay tribute to the Song Dynasty alone. In April of the first year of Kangding, Li Yannian, Dali Temple School and Mige School wrote: The Uighurs are in Luoxi, and the Tang Dynasty can use their soldiers to decide Tubo, or they can be lured to promote them and divide them into thieves. The Uighur here obviously refers to the melon and sandbar areas. At this time, the Song Dynasty intended to join hands with it to form a struggle to contain Xixia, that is to say, the Guasha area has been owned by Uighurs, and Xixia did not rule here. This book, History of the Song Dynasty, with eighteen volumes and eighteen Biographies of Uighur, was written in four years. When it comes to the territory of Xixia, it is only mentioned that there are twelve states in Xixia today: Xia, Yin, Sui, You, Ling, Hui, Yan, Lan, Sheng, Liang, Gan and Su, but there is no mention of Gua, Gua and Su. As can be seen from the above, in the year of Song San, the Uighur conquered the sandbar and established the Uighur regime in the sandbar. The first Khan was the prince of Shazhou town. The Uyghur document P.3049 unearthed in Dunhuang records the great, powerful and powerful king on the earth, which is worthy of Qian Qian's praise, victorious, lucky and admirable. The town princes pray for heavenly blessing, Your Majesty Tiankhan, He Gudu, Jurrup Wu. The Uyghur Khan in Dunhuang Uyghur suicide note or.8812-116 may also refer to him. When Khan was in power, in order to cope with Xixia, he sent envoys to pay tribute many times: on the ninth day of the first month of the fourth year, the envoys sent the bones of Vice Yang, which were covered with tributes such as jade cattle, yellow chess pieces, brown, green, black leather, stamen cloth, amber, frankincense, Saljushi, Wutong method, alum and famous horses. In June, 2004, China Ambassador to India Yang Gugai and Director of Protocol Zhai Yanshun paid a visit to Sha. In April of the first year of Kangding, Shazhou was sent to pay tribute. By the 5th of the first year of Kangding 1 1 month/kloc-0, when Shazhou paid tribute again, the emissary had already paid tribute to Khan in the north courtyard of Shazhou, including jade, frankincense, Saljushi and famous horses. In the second year, in February, the Northern Dynasty was King Khan, and Shazhou sent ambassador Mi, deputy ambassador Cao DuDu and ambassador Zhai Chenggong. This shows that the first prince of Khan Town in Shazhou may die in the second half of 104 1, and Khan succeeded to Shazhou North Yard. When the new Khan was in power, he still attached great importance to the tribute relationship with the Song Dynasty. From Shazhou Uighur to Huang You for four years, he paid tribute to the Song Dynasty four times. The last time was in the fourth year of Huang You, 10, 12. From then on, I don't want to pay tribute. It may be that Khan died in Shazhou North Hospital and the new Khan succeeded to the throne. At that time, due to frequent wars in the Central Plains of Song, Liao and Xia, Xia was defeated many times and could not take care of himself, which made Shazhou Uighur eliminate the greatest threat, so New Khan cut off the tributary relationship with the Song Dynasty. During the Uighur period in Shazhou, Buddhist beliefs flourished. At that time, the upper class of Uighur nobles regarded building Buddhist temples, digging caves and painting on the walls of caves as a kind of merit. There are so many Uighur grottoes in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Xiqian Buddha Grottoes and Anxi Yulin Grottoes. There are 23 existing caves, including Cave No.1 16 of Mogao Grottoes, Cave No.5 of West Thousand Buddha Cave and Cave No.2 of Yulin Grottoes. In Cave 409 of Mogao Grottoes, it is the custom of Uighurs to dress men. He wore a round neck with narrow sleeves, a belt around his waist, boots on his feet, a carved crown on his head, a chubby face, eyes like willow leaves, a high nose, upturned corners of his mouth and a censer in his hand. Behind him are eight attendants, wearing felt crowns, short robes with round neck and narrow sleeves, boots, umbrellas, fans, bows, swords, shields and iron fences. These are very similar to the decorations in the Baizi Creek Grottoes in Turpan, the Uighur Khan of Empress Jimsar in the Northern Dynasty and the portraits of nobles. Obviously, the owner of this grotto should be a Uighur Khan or a noble. In Anxi Yulin Grottoes, we can also see the portrait of male Ui.

The existence of these Uighur Khan and noble portraits confirms the existence of the Uighur kingdom in Shazhou from another side. Third, the demise of the regime. Until the existence of the Uighur kingdom in Shazhou, there was no literature record. By studying the murals and inscriptions of the Mogao Grottoes, Japanese scholar Lang Jing Okazaki believes that Xixia effectively ruled Dunhuang as early as five years after the National Day. This theory has been recognized by academic circles, but due to the limitation of historical materials, the specific time has not been mentioned. The earliest grotto in Xixia with a clear inscription is Cave 444. On the inner side of the south column of the cave eaves gate, it is written in ink: Master at this time. Guazhou probably belonged to Xixia earlier than Shazhou. The fragments of the existing Xixia document Guazhou trial file are Guazhou civil trial files from the first year to the second year of Huizong Tianci. Today is Li Sheng's National Day. This paper records the trial process of a case of occupational injury caused by a businessman buying and selling livestock and exchanging silk. Xixia officials paid so much attention to ordinary civil cases, indicating that before this year, Xixia had reoccupied Guazhou and established Xixia official institutions in Guazhou to exercise effective jurisdiction. Judging from the murals of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and Anxi Yulin Grottoes, there are obvious differences in styles between the two places, which may be related to the length of time and the strength of Xixia rule. The successive fall of Guaguo and Saudi Arabia marked the demise of the Uighur regime in Saudi Arabia, which was in the late 1960s.