Where are the ancestors of Qin people?

A preliminary study on the relationship between winning Qin and Jizhou in the early stage of Qin figurines and Qin culture research

There are different opinions about the relationship between Ji Zhou and the pre-Qin period because there are not many documents. This paper mainly discusses the relationship between Ji Zhou and the pre-Qin period from Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions, combined with archaeological data. Please correct me.

First, the relationship between pre-Qin and Jizhou reflected by Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen.

(A) the first confrontation between China and Jizhou

In Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the late Shang Dynasty, it was recorded that Mi people led many people to migrate to Jing area. "Jing" is related to the clan, and the clan emblem is the clan emblem of Qin people. Jing is located in today's Joo Won?, Shaanxi Province. There are three kinds of cultural remains in the late Shang Dynasty around Joo Won?: one belongs to the pre-Zhou culture, and the other belongs to the Jiangrong culture. Only "Yijiabao culture" is different from the above two cultures. Although it contains commercial culture factors, it is different from commercial culture. Some scholars believe that the Fufeng Yijiabao culture near Joo Won? may be the Qin culture or one of them. [ 1]。

Some Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins reflect the relationship between Shang and Zhou Dynasties, involving the Qin clan. For example:

"Ding Sibu, Zhen: Zhou Fu to Ding Sibu, Zhen: Zhou Zhizhen: Zhou Fuzhi" ("B" 73 12). This is Oracle Bone Inscriptions who violates chastity, and the content is that Zhou people come to offer Qin women. After the King of Thailand moved the capital to Qi, there was a dispute between Qin and Zhou [2], and the content of the above-mentioned Oracle Bone Inscriptions was probably related to this background.

Qin Benji said: "His great-grandson said that he was in China, he was in Xirong, and he was protected by the West." Another cloud said, "Shen Hou said filial piety to the king:' I was the daughter of Lishan and the wife of Rong Xuxuan. When he was alive, he went back to Zhou with his relatives, so as to ensure that Xixi and Xixi were in harmony with her. ""It can be seen that the Qin family who won in the middle of the year has surrendered to Zhou, protecting it from sagging. Fei Lian in The Son of China lived in the period of King Wu, so it makes sense that the calendars of China and Zhou are very similar. For the first time, Zhongneng collided with Zhou people who moved from different places. Logically speaking, its activity area can only be near Joo Won?. The Fufeng Yijiabao culture near Joo Won? is Qin culture. From the perspective of archaeology, literature and the times, the Chinese nation is likely to be the main body of creating the Yijiabao culture. It may be that shortly after Zhou people moved to Qi, Qin people won their loyalty to Zhou people and worked for them.

Shen Guo is a country named Jiang and married. The close relationship between the Zhou royal family and Shen was best reflected in the later poem "Poetry". China and Shen are also nephews and uncles. "Returning to Zhou by relatives" in Qin Benji is rather puzzling, because Shen Hou and Zhou are related by blood, while China and Shen are related by nephews and uncles, while China is related by blood. Whether to return to Zhou, protect the west or marry in the middle of Zhou, protect the west. However, in either case, the relationship between Ying Zheng and Qin became closer, and China's XL was effective.

In the 1980s, archaeologists discovered the Qin tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty in Maojiaping, Gangu, and Dongjiaping, Tianshui, eastern Gansu. The Qin culture of Maojiaping can be traced back to the early Western Zhou Dynasty. In recent years, Qin cemetery in Dongdapuzishan, Lixian County, Gansu Province was stolen, and many national treasures and heavy objects were unearthed, most of which were lost overseas. The age of the tomb is still controversial in academic circles. According to documents, Qin people began in the late and middle Shang Dynasty, and Xianggong and Wengong worked hard in Lixian for about 300 years. Archaeologists have discovered a number of small and medium-sized Qin tombs in Dabaozishan in recent years, and scholars believe that there must be a large number of small and medium-sized Qin tombs from Shang Dynasty to Spring and Autumn Period [4].

(2) Strengthening the relationship between Qin and Jizhou during the period of Women's Defence and Panggao.

Joo Won?'s Oracle Bone Inscriptions (H 1 1: 32) said, "Qin Wang ..." Although the film is not complete, it is very important, and the recording etiquette is the same as that of Fang Ding made by Daijiagou in Baoji. There is a word "Qin" in Fangding, the first word is sake, and Qin drinking is Qin sake. According to Fang Ding's inscription, "Qin" is a ceremony to celebrate the triumph [5].

According to Qin Benji's records, the period of women's defense was roughly equivalent to the period of Western Zhou Chengwang, and Joo Won? Oracle bones (H 1 1: 32) and Fang Ding were also in the period of becoming kings. So who brewed Qin wine? Qin people had been active in Shaanxi-Gansu area at the latest in the late Shang Dynasty, and one of them surrendered to Zhou in the middle of the year, hanging for Zhou Shouxi. "Biography of Dongyi in the Later Han Dynasty" records: "Dongyi people are all aborigines who like drinking, singing and dancing, or dressing with cowpeas."

Among the prehistoric systematic cultures, Dawenkou culture and Shandong Longshan culture are the most prominent and eye-catching. There are 40 wine glasses buried with No.6 tomb of Lingyanghe in Yingxian County, which can prove that Dongyi people drank a lot at that time [6]. According to archaeological data, China's brewing industry came into being in the Northern New Culture Period about 7,000 years ago, and Dongyi people were probably the earliest inventors of China's artificial brewing industry [7]. Bo Yi, the ancestor of Qin people, was once the chief of Dongyi. In the process of moving westward, it is natural that Qin people brought wine-making technology to the west and were good at wine-making. Joo Won? was near the Qin Dynasty, and Fang Ding was unearthed in Daijiawan, Baoji, belonging to the Qin Dynasty. Therefore, the author thinks that Qin was brewed by Qin people who lived in the western part of Guanzhong and the eastern part of Gansu at that time, as a good tribute to Zhoushi during the celebration of major events.

Joo Won? Oracle bones H 1 1: 5 1, 107 can be combined, and the whole speech is "Qi Yi Bang Zi Feng". As for the age of these Oracle bones, the upper limit is Wang Wen and the lower limit is Mu Wang. Most of them are definite dates before they became kings, and the latest ones are H/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/:/KOOC-0/3/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/:/KOOC-0/35 [8].

In terms of probability, H 1 1: 5 1, 107 had the highest probability before becoming king, and it was also in the Zhao Kang period at the latest.

"Yi" should be a branch of Qin Yiren who lives in the Shaanxi-Gansu region, because Oracle Bone Inscriptions was unearthed in Joo Won?, where there are scattered Yi communities, which is probably the settlement state near Joo Won?. From the content analysis of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, this Qin family won a small state at that time, and its political status was relatively high. The Zhou royal family is very concerned about its agricultural harvest, which shows that this Qin family has a close relationship with Jizhou.

(3) Tai Chi —— The status of Qin was gradually improved during the Gongbo period.

Taiji-Gongbo period is equivalent to-Li, * * and the period, belonging to this period, which includes Xun Gui [9], Shi Xun Gui of Wang Xiao period and Shi You Gui of the period [10]. Xun and Shi Xun are one person and the grandson of Shi Xun [1 1]. Because his ancestors were destined to assist the Zhou family, he was sealed for generations and became an important minister of the Zhou family. What is intriguing is that the family is not surnamed Ji.

In Xun Gui, Yi Wang granted great power to investigate, and there were thirteen or four kinds of people in charge: Yi people, Hu Chen Xian, Yong Hou, Ximenyi, Yi, Qin Yi, Shen Zhiyi, Shiling Xinbian, Yi Hua Yi, Ren, Zhou Zouya, Qin people's garrison, demotion and so on. One of the most important reasons why Xun was reused by the King of Zhou was that "Pi Xianwen and Wu Junling were the ancestors of Zhou". It turns out that in the process of establishing the Zhou Dynasty, Xun's ancestors made great efforts, which should be noted. Among the people managed by the information office, some are divided by identity, some by region, and some may be divided by occupation.

Tiger minister is a subordinate of the Shi family, and the Shi family's position in the world "makes him a servant of the four barbarians, each with his own soldier's clothes, guarding the king's gate and standing aside." "Wei" originally means that when the emperor travels, it is forbidden to pass through, which generally refers to things related to the emperor's character. The inscriptions in Xungui are: "Ximenyi, Liyi, Qinyi," and so on. Scholars generally believe that the tiger minister is the guardian and guardian to protect the king, including many foreigners. Because King Wei is always close to the king, and they play the role of death squads in key battles, they must be loyal to the royal family. "Jing" is located in the area of Fufeng and Qishan, and the Shaanxi-Gansu area where Qin people were active at the latest in the late Shang Dynasty, that is, Jingyi and A Qin people living nearby; During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, it was located on the south bank of Weihe River east of Guozhen, Baoji County, with land [12]. Iraq is probably a Qin people living in this area; Qin Yi should be a man, now living in Qin. It is worth noting that there are three concepts in the inscription: Qin Yi, Qin Ren and Qin Garrison. There were three times about the westward migration of Qin dynasty, the first time occurred in the late summer and early Shang dynasty; The second time was at the end of Shang Dynasty; The third time was at the beginning of the week [13]. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, Qin moved westward because of its participation in the rebellion in the East. The Zhou Dynasty adopted a compulsory policy, which caused Qin people to leave their homes, and some of them were resettled in the Gyeonggi area of Zhou Zong [14]. As can be seen from the investigation, there were dozens of scattered Qin people living near Joo Won? at that time, some of whom had high political status and some had low status. The author thinks that the Qin people with higher status may be Qin people who lived in Shaanxi-Gansu area in the early days, such as Qin people and Qin Shoujun. Qin Yi, Ximenyi, Yi, Jing Yi, etc. It may be that Dongyi people were forced to move to the vicinity of Gyeonggi at the beginning of the week, and their status was humble. However, whether defending Qin people or defending foreigners, they are loyal and have gained new trust.

The inscription in the Book of Poetry Instructions written in February of the first year of Wang Xiao shows that a disaster happened to Zhou at the end of the last king's rule. Zhou Benji says, "The king was taken, the royal family declined, and the poet was stabbed." "Han Shu-Xiongnu Biography" also said: "When the king was taken, the royal family declined, and Rong Di invaded China. China suffered greatly from it, and the poet pioneered it. He was ill and sang: I am in a hurry, so I am sorry. "

During this period, the teacher's inquiry once tried to help the new king ("You have used Zhou Gang and made due contributions to the dutiful son"). Filial piety king acceded to the throne in the second month, ordered a teacher to inquire and rewarded 300 foreigners. The author thinks that the word "one" is wrong and the imitation of Xue Shanggong, a Gaisong man, is distorted. The ""in Oracle Bone Inscriptions looks like "",just like giving in by pressing it with your hand. According to the glyph analysis, such people may be prisoners or sinful slaves. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, there are many related records, all of which are divination of human nature. Therefore, "Yi" is a slave and has a humble position.

According to the analysis of the inscriptions in Xun Gui and Shi Xun Gui, Xun and Shi Xun were originally one person, who were reused by the Iraqi king because of their ancestors' contribution to the Zhou family, and were in charge of the palace guards and various Shu Ren and slaves. He made a great contribution to the Zhou family in the social unrest in the last years of the Iraqi king, so the new king was reused in the second month of his accession to the throne and gave 300 people to Iraq at one time. This is also rare in bronze inscriptions. The Yi people here may be a lower branch of the Qin family.

You Shi Gui was written in the first year. Because it was the first time to inquire about the book, the ceremony was presided over by the Emperor of Zhou himself, and his Jicheng Sun reflected his ancestors' shadow, so as a historian, he changed it to "Bi" book, that is, "Shi Bi Shu ordered the master to travel as an heir and be an ancestor official ..." Because it was a hereditary title, its influence was small, so its power was obviously reduced. The scope of the Yi people is also shrinking, which may indicate that the status of some Yi people has improved.

During the period of Taiji-Gong Bo, the people who won Qin lived scattered around Joo Won?. Although humble, he was very sincere to the Zhou royal family and trusted by the Jizhou dynasty. They are loyal to the Zhou family, but they have also developed themselves. When Li arrived, their overall political status gradually improved.

(d) Qin people rose and won during Qin Zhong and Zhuang Gong.

At this time, it is roughly equivalent to the Wang Xuan period. After Wang Xuan acceded to the throne, he appointed Qin Zhong as the doctor of Xiqiao, which greatly won Qin's position. Qin Zhong was killed by Xirong in the battle with Xirong, so he died for Zhou Shi.

Buqigui recorded a battle between Zhuang Gong of Zhou Xuanwang and Xirong, which was posthumous title of Qin Zhuanggong [15]. King Zhou ordered Bo Shi and his army not to resist this stubborn man's invasion. In Tianshui, Gansu in the southwest, Bo Shi did not follow Bo Shi to defeat this stubborn man. Bo Shi went back to Zhou Wang and offered prisoners, but he did not lead his army to pursue. He also fought with Rong and made some gains. This can be proved by Qin Benji.

During the period of Zhuanggong, Won Qin also guarded the northwest gateway of the Western Zhou Dynasty. With the continuous intrusion of Xirong clan on Zhou Wang, Qin clan became the western barrier of Zhou Dynasty, and with the support of Zhou royal family, Qin also developed and became the orthodox branch of Qin clan.

Second, the characteristics of the relationship between the early Qin Dynasty and Jizhou.

(1) King Tai moved the capital to Qi, Ji Zhou collided with Joo Won?, and King Qin won; Moving westward, winning Qin, repairing, passed down from generation to generation.

Since Qianqi came into contact with Qin, striving for Zhou peace has become the mainstream of Zhou-Qin relations. Qin people had been active in Shaanxi and Gansu at the latest in the late Shang Dynasty. After King Tai moved his capital to Qi, he clashed with China people living near Joo Won?. Due to the intermediary role of Shen Hou, Zhong quickly surrendered to Zhou and moved to Tianshui to serve Zhou, which became a barrier for Jizhou to defend Xirong. In the battle against merchants, Qin was the main force.

At the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, the relationship between Qin people and Jizhou was further strengthened. Qin people who were good at brewing contributed good wine to the Zhou family, and became a country where Zhou Wang held major celebrations. At this time, some Qin people may have established a small country, and the Zhou royal family was very concerned about its agricultural harvest. The richness and regret of Qin people are closely related to the Zhou royal family.

According to Zhou Wang's Xungui records, the Guards in Zhou Wang were mainly composed of Qin people, known as barbarians. Although their political status is not high, they are very loyal to Zhou Shi. Zhou Wang trusts these barbarians and gives them important tasks. During Li Wang's reign, some barbarians had broken away from the status of clan slaves, and the overall political status of Qin people was constantly improving. Qin Zhong was named Dr. Chui, which is a sign of the rise of the Qin family and the result of the repair of the Qin and Zhou Dynasties. In the continuous action against Zhurong, Qin people strengthened themselves on the one hand, and were favored by Jizhou on the other. The conferring of Qin Zhong by Wang Xuan was an epoch-making event in the history of the rise of Qin people, and Qin Zhong became an orthodox branch of Qin family.

It should be pointed out that the Qin family moved westward three times. Before the end of Shang Dynasty, the status of westward migration was high, and a small country might have been established. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, the Qin family moved westward and was placed in the Gyeonggi area of Zhou Zong. Their status plummeted and they became slaves of the Zhou royal family. However, it must be clear that Qin people are very loyal to Zhou Wang regardless of their status.

(2) won the marriage of Ji and the attachment of Qin to the Zhou royal family; In order to control foreigners with barbarians, Ji Zhou used Qin nobles.

In the above, we said that the family that came to power by the order of King Zhou was not Ji. Generally speaking, people with Japanese names in inscriptions can infer non-Zhou clan people. Query and you call it "B", which embodies the Japanese name system. Since the ancestors' spouses are all women surnamed Ji, it is certain that the family is not the Zhou family named Ji.

The teacher inquired and interpreted it as a teacher, and the unitary word was related to wine. There are examples in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions that directly refer to wine with unitary characters. The ancients often used occupation as their surname or first name. The naming of members of the You family is related to the word "you", probably because he is good at brewing. Qin people are a nation good at making wine, and the Zhou royal family regarded Qin wine as a good wine for state banquets. At that time, among the non-Ji surnames, Qin people were most appreciated. You's family may be Qin people. In Bu Qi Chan, the ancestor's spouse is Ji, not Qin Zhuanggong, and the ancestor's spouse is Ji. Therefore, we think that the You family is an aristocratic family in the Qin Dynasty.

An important factor for the inquiry to be reused by Zhou Wang is that "Pixian civil and military officials were ordered, so the ancestors laid the foundation for Zhou Guo", and this information is very important. Wu Wen was ordered, that is, King Wen and King Wu launched the revolution. It can be seen that Xun's ancestors made great contributions in the process of overthrowing the tyranny of Yin Zhou and establishing the Zhou Dynasty. After winning Qin, he has been serving Zhou and protecting his position. Later, the members of the guards and death squads around were mainly Qin Gui, and the leader was Qin nobles. From the information we have inquired, we can infer that Qin people must have participated in the battle of fur goods and played a major role. The reason why the history books didn't point out is that Qin people are regarded as their cronies, which may be the basic point of harmonious relations with Ji in the next few hundred years.

"Bu Qigui" is a musical instrument of Zhuang Gong, whose grandfather Gong Bo married Ji Meng, the daughter of Ji, which is the most conclusive evidence of in-laws relationship. In recent years, an inscription in Sanmenxia, Henan Province said: "Guo Zhong's successor, Guo Zishuo's father, is ashamed of Gigi, his long-lived son, Sun Yongbao. Scholars believe that this casting age is around 800 BC. According to the bamboo book Chronicle, in the seventh year (-775), Guo Guo was destroyed, and the western Guo Guo, which was established on the ruins of the former diplomatic country, was moved eastward from the national treasure of Xi Guo [16]. In other words, this casting location should be in Xiguan. It is the monarch of Guo, and Guo's father is the father of Shuo, the youngest woman in a family named Wang. This should be Guo Shuo's father's wife. Xiguo, surnamed, is the fief of Wang Ji's son in Guo Town, Baoji County. Guo Zhong and Wang Jizhi Guo Zhong in the inscription should be two people. This is another evidence of Ying Ji's marriage.

The main purpose of the enfeoffment system in the early Zhou Dynasty was to effectively rule the whole country. At the same time, the Western Zhou Dynasty also sealed some tribal leaders with different surnames. For Yin people, there are ways to govern Yin with Yin, win over Yin nobles and govern Yin adherents.

The Qin people are good at taking advantage of the situation and living in harmony with powerful aliens. During the Yin and Shang Dynasties, it was closely related to its son's surname. After King Tai moved his capital to Qi, he quickly improved his relationship with Jizhou. During the Qin Zizhong period, it was Zhou Baoxi. When attacking merchants, Qin clan was his main force. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, when the royal family held important events in the court, they all used the wine of Qin people. As a guard close to the King of Zhou, its members were mainly composed of Qin Yi, and the guard was commanded by Qin nobles. Zhou Wang has always been closely related to the agricultural harvest in Yibang. More importantly, from a long time ago, Qin made friends with him. On the one hand, winning Qin wanted to be attached; On the other hand, Ji Zhou wanted to take the opportunity to win the Qin Dynasty, reuse the Qin nobles and govern Qin Yimin, which was the embodiment of his basic national policy of "controlling foreigners with foreigners".