What is Mayan civilization? ......

Update 1: What does it have to do with the end of the world?

Maya, an ancient Indian living in Central America, was born in 3 1 13 BC and disappeared mys

Update 1: What does it have to do with the end of the world?

Maya, an ancient Indian living in Central America, was born in 3 1 13 BC and disappeared mysteriously around 750 AD. Maya lived in the center of Central America, spanning Guatemala, Behles, Mexico, Honduras and El Salvador. They are centered on three isolated areas-the southern highlands of Abbas and Guatemala Plateau, the humid coastal plains of the Pacific Ocean and western El Salvador, and the tropical areas extending to the Gulf of Mexico in Behles and Honduras. The main population is concentrated in today's Peté n province and Yucatan &; #39; Low-lying areas with dense bushes. /kloc-in the 6th century, when the Spanish invaded Central and South America, they burned all the ancient Mayan cultural relics and holy books preserved by the Aztecs, the successors of Mayan civilization. It also brought diseases such as smallpox and tuberculosis to the Maya, and two Catholic priests completely destroyed the Mayan civilization. The bishop of Spain at that time could not tolerate Maya's unbelief in Christianity. So collect all the sacred books in the hands of the gods and burn them all with fire. Many precious books recording Mayan civilization have since disappeared. Fortunately, there are still some rare books that have not been burned or recorded by generations. The Mayan Bible "Popol vuh" is not only a book about divination, but also refers to the prophet's prediction that the gods of the heavens have supreme wisdom and magical power to know everything in the world. They know when there will be war, death and famine, and discuss the present situation and future of mankind. Ancient civilizations recorded their symbols on the gods, allowing future generations to explore the major accidents that happened thousands of years ago through the process of theological interpretation. These secrets are hidden in the buildings, sculptures, paintings, jewels and mathematical systems that they invented with codes, preserved and passed on to future generations. Once upon a time, there were priests dressed in feathers and jade who observed the astronomical phenomena, held various national ceremonies and festivals, and used solar calendars that were more accurate than many modern calendars. And became the first nation to invent the concept of "0". The Mayans are rich in astronomy, geography and all kinds of wisdom, so how did such a literary door disappear? Mayan civilization reached its peak in the seventh and eighth centuries BC. But in a short century, all temples were abandoned one by one, and giant buildings were neglected; Gradually become ruins. How did this civilization rise and fall? BC 1 150 was the prosperous period of Ogilvy-Canada culture, but after its decline, various civilizations in Central America gradually inherited it, including Maya. In 600 BC, the Mayans gradually developed in tropical forests. There was no large-scale construction at that time. However, 300 years later, not only the altar appeared, but also the transaction of jade and shells as currency, and the differences of representative classes also appeared in the funerary objects. This shows that Maya at that time was divided into social classes. Some scholars believe that it is impossible for such a huge temple to suddenly appear in the dense forest. It may be a civilization that spread from Indian zhina Peninsula across the Pacific Ocean to Central America. Led to the emergence of Mayan civilization. The Mayans had advanced knowledge of astronomy and mathematics, which was unmatched by other civilizations. Maya called this year Harper. There are eighteen months in a year, twenty days in each month, plus five days in a year. 360 days is a "swallowing", and 7200 days is 20 swallowing, which is a "swallowing"; Twenty kilograms is 144,000 days, which is "state swallowing". The largest unit is "Arlington"

* * * More than 63 million days, or 23.04 billion days. What civilization can compare with such a complicated calendar? Maya is the first person who invented the concept of "0" in the world, and her knowledge of mathematics is staggering. Based on Venus alone, the Mayan deposit ephemeris is 584 days per year, but today astronomers calculate it to be 583.92 days, with an error of 6 minutes per month. How did they accurately calculate the Venus calendar when there were no precise instruments at that time? How incredible this is!

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Maya civilization is a civilization located in southeast Mexico, Guatemala, Yucatan Peninsula and other Central American regions in ancient times. Contrary to legend, the Mayans did not disappear; Up to now, there are still 3 million Mayans living in these areas, and many people can still speak Mayan language. Maya never had a unified and powerful empire, and the whole Maya region was divided into hundreds of city-states. However, Mayan countries traditionally belong to the same cultural circle in terms of language, religion and customs. Usually, Mayan civilization is divided into three periods, 65438 BC+0500-300 AD is called pre-classical period or formation period, 300-900 AD is classical period, and 800-16th century is post-classical period. It is said that the Mayans began to build religious buildings 3000 years ago. The earliest remains were composed of some simple earth graves, which later evolved into pyramids. The early Mayan civilization seems to have been influenced by the earlier Olmec civilization. Olmec civilization declined and died after spreading their culture to today's Yucatan Peninsula. The period from 200 BC to 800 AD was the most prosperous period of Mayan culture. The Mayans developed hundreds of cities in this area, and Tikal is the largest one. Scholars estimate that during the peak period, the city has 65,438+0,000 ~ 200,000 residents. They developed into many city-states with intensive agriculture and concentrated cities. Among them, the most striking remains are the pyramids built in the religious center and the palaces accompanying them. Other important archaeological sites include inscribed stone tablets (Tetum in Mayan), which are written in hieroglyphics and mainly describe genealogy, war victory and other achievements. Palenque is the most beautiful Mayan city in classical times, and people even call it "Athens of America". Another famous city is Copan. Judging from the scale of modern relics, Tikal, Copan and palenque can be regarded as the three largest city-states in the classical period of Mayan civilization. The Mayans also participated in the long-distance trade in ancient Central America. The main commodities are cocoa, salt and obsidian. Since the 9th century, the polis of classical Mayan civilization suddenly declined at the same time. This phenomenon is somewhat surprising, and the reason is still the subject of historians' research. By the tenth century, the once prosperous Mayan cities were abandoned in the jungle. Since then, under the leadership of Chen Chi Itza, some Mayan city-states have sprung up in the northern Yucatan Peninsula, which has been called the post-classical period of Mayan civilization in history. In A.D. 1224, the city-state regime in Itza, Chen Chi was overthrown, followed by the city-state alliance headed by Mayapan. 1450, Maya Pan Zhengquan collapsed due to civil strife. When the Spanish landed on the American continent, the Maya region was actually in a state of disintegration. The post-Mayan classical civilizations of Ithaca and Mayapan in Chen Chi are quite different from those of Itikar, Copan and palenque, and can only be said to be the last remnants of Mayan civilization. Most Mayan city-states in the classical period attached great importance to recording history, and most city-states erected various monuments every once in a while. Today's archaeologists can learn about the history of Mayan civilization through these memorial tablets, and because the Mayan calendar is quite accurate, today's historians can even know the exact dates of many events. For example, King Copan was beheaded on May 3, 738 after the defeat of the Eighteen Rabbits, and King Bagal of palenque was born on March 6, 603. He ascended the throne at the age of 12 on July 6 15, and died on August 30, 684. Such an accurate historical record is unmatched by other ancient civilizations in the world. After the decline of classical Mayan civilization, post-classical Mayan civilization could not achieve the above accuracy. Today, the history of the period of Itza and Mayapan in Chen Chi is known from the legends that the early Spaniards heard from the local people. The characteristics of civilization belong to the stone civilization, and the Mayans did not invent and use bronzes, let alone ironware. Mastered a high degree of building technology, the Mayans could not use copper and iron, nor could they use unicycle. Although the concept of wheel appears in pottery and other cultural relics, it is not practical in real life. But it has created a highly civilized urban agriculture with corn as its staple food, so it is also called "corn civilization". There are no cows, horses, pigs or sheep, and there are no traces of animal husbandry. Farmers adopt the very primitive Milpa farming method. Mathematics uses decimal numbers, finds and uses "zero", and has a high understanding of mathematics and astronomical calendar. Using unique hieroglyphics: Mayan writing art, Bonanpark mural Many people think that Mayan art is the most mature and beautiful ancient American civilization in the classical period (200-900 years ago). Palenque's sculptures and reliefs, as well as Copan's statues, are considered to be the most perfect, showing the elegance and accurate observation of the classical Maya. Modern people can only learn about the advanced paintings of classical Maya from the pottery in the funeral; In addition, an ancient mural was accidentally preserved in a building in Bonan Park. From some Mayan documents, people find that Maya is one of the few civilizations, and artists will sign their works. In addition, the Mayans love jade, which is very exquisite and rich. These characters use unique hieroglyphics, Mayan characters. Such as Chinese characters. Mayan characters are a combination of hieroglyphics and sounds. Maya carved characters not only represent a whole concept, but also have their own unique pronunciation. This is similar to the relationship between Chinese characters and pseudonyms in Japanese. For example, the word "Bakaru" in Mayan language can be written as an ideographic character, and it can also be divided into three kinds of phonography: "ba", "ka" and "la". The development level of Mayan hieroglyphics is comparable to that of China, but the symbol combination is far more complicated than that of Chinese characters, and the block is approximately round or oval. Character lines change with the ups and downs of graphics, and they are round and smooth. The main part of a character in Mayan script is called the main character and the secondary part is called the connecting character. There are two kinds of fonts, namely "geometry" and "head body", and there is also a "whole body" composed of patterns of people, animals and gods, which is mainly used for calendars. Mayan characters are read in groups of two lines from top to bottom, and the order is "left → right → (next paragraph) left → right". Mayan characters are difficult to understand and obscure, and less than one-third of them can be deciphered so far. Religion The religion of Maya Stadium occupies a very important position in Mayan civilization. The great achievements of Mayan astronomical calendar and architecture are largely attributed to the prosperity of its religious activities. Mayan civilization was established under the theocracy system, and the Mayan royal family and priests were in charge of religion. The highest god of Maya is called "Gecharchang", which consists of Gecharchang bird feathers and rattlesnakes. It is considered to be Shen Feng and Venus (the morning star). In addition, it is also in charge of agriculture, harvest and rainfall, which is of great natural significance in the arid Yucatan Peninsula. In the center of Issa, Chen Chi, there stands a pyramid temple covering an area of more than 3,000 square meters, named Kukulkun Temple, which is a temple dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. The Mayan sacrificial activities were frequent and cruel. Sacrificial ceremonies are held in wars, festivals, prayers for harvest and many other activities. There are not only rich sacrificial treasures here, but the Mayans also sacrificed the hearts of the living to the sun god. Wars often occur between Mayan cities, and the defeated party usually executes a large number of prisoners as sacrifices. The Maya first learned to use rubber, which also originated from religious ceremonies. They use chewing gum to make things similar to today's football and hold cruel games in special stadiums. Both sides pass the ball with any part except their hands, and the ball can't land, so they try their best to throw it into the stone circle on the wall. The loser will be put to death as a sacrifice. But there are also places like Itza, Chen Chi, where leaders of winners or losers are sacrificed. This kind of game usually takes days and nights to tell the winner. See Central American Cuju Calendar. The Mayan calendar is the most perfect calendar in the world. Their calendar system consists of three calendars, namely, the divine calendar, the solar calendar and the long calendar. The divine calendar, also known as "Zagreb's golden calendar", consists of 20 images of gods and numbers, from 1 to 13, with 260 days every year. Similar to heavenly stems and earthly branches in China, through continuous combination, 260 combination icons are obtained, representing 260 days. The solar calendar is based on astronomical calculations. A year is divided into 18 months, with 20 days in each month and 5 days as taboo days, so there are 365 days in the whole year. After long-term observation and careful calculation, the Maya, who are good at astrological observation, revised the length of a year to 365.4438+029 days, which is less than one thousandth of the absolute length of 365.438+098 days measured scientifically today. The disappearance of civilization The Mayans created an amazing advanced civilization, but why the Mayan civilization suddenly disappeared is still inconclusive. Scientists and archaeologists have put forward many hypotheses about the mystery of the demise of Mayan civilization, such as foreign invasion, human bombing, disease, climate change, civil war and so on. The Maya's profound knowledge and culture are only in the hands of a few nobles and priests, while the lower-class workers, who account for the vast majority of the Mayan population, are completely illiterate. The aristocratic intellectuals who are pampered and pampered can hardly survive or even disappear soon after their prosperity is exhausted, and they also take away the splendid Mayan civilization. Long calendars are very suitable for calculating long historical scales. Based on extremely developed mathematical thinking, Maya can accurately record every day in tens of millions of years by using this calendar. Archaeologists calculated that the first year of the Mayan calendar was 3 1 14 BC and 13 August BC according to the time when Spain invaded Maya in the 6th century and the counting units recorded in the inscriptions. After 73 cycles over the years, God just returned to the same mark as the 52-cycle solar year, thus forming a 52-year cycle, and the Mayans defined 52 years as a century. Not only that, the Mayans also worked out the lunar calendar, calculated the time for Mars and Venus to make one revolution, and found a method to correct the accumulated errors of the solar calendar and the lunar calendar.

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