Interpretation of Xiong Yi's column in vernacular Chinese 2017.10.9-10.20 (pronunciation and meaning of some words in Chu Ci)

..... Qu Yuan made another beautiful answer. Anyway, he said he loved cleanliness. It is better to die clean than to live in a dirty environment. Say that finish, he wrote an article "Huai Sha", and then really died in Luojiang (Mi).

The so-called Huai Sha is actually a stone, that is, holding a stone.

Step 2 embrace

...... The fisherman also said a famous saying: "Why do you want to hold jade and let yourself be (wéi)?" The idiom "Huai Jin holds jade" and the name Nan both come from here. Both gold and jade are beautiful jade, which is a metaphor for the inner beauty of a gentleman.

3. How to pronounce the word "down" in "The spirit emperor has fallen, far away from the clouds"?

-Read Hong. (See the end of the article for reasoning and textual research)

-So how do you judge the correct pronunciation? In fact, accurate values are often not found, so only the largest approximation can be found.

4. Di Zi

-"Di Zi fell in Zhu Bei, his eyes hurt. Autumn wind blows, and Dongting waves are under the leaves. " "Di Zi" in the movie is a title for Mrs Xiang, which means "Princess". "Zi" can refer to both men and women in ancient Chinese, so "Di Zi" can refer to both the son and the daughter of the emperor.

5. The goal has been achieved.

-"Qiu Lan ·Xi· Qingqing" (J and ngj and ng), with green leaves and purple stems. All beautiful women, suddenly alone with Yu Yu. "Qiu Lan is lush, which is both realistic and exciting. The point is: There are as many beautiful women as there are in Qiu Lan, so why did you give me a loving look?

-"Wooden City" has become a very romantic word since then, and poets like it very much. If you say "flirting", you always feel a little superficial, but using the word "aiming" is very quaint.

6, beauty, jade people

-The "beauty" in the poem "Looking at the beauty and looking forward to the future, singing big songs against the wind (Hu m︱ng)" refers to the male god Shao Siming. This was not surprising at that time, because the word "beauty" can describe both men and women, and later it gradually became exclusive to women.

-there are some similar words, such as "jade man", which seems to be reserved for women, but can actually be used for men. There is "Twenty-four Bridges on a moonlit night, where there is a jade man who teaches flute playing" in Tang poetry, which is very feminine, but this "jade man" is a very elegant person.

7. "Ai"

-Nine days after Shao Siming boarded the ship, there were three actions, namely "touching the comet", "waving a sword" and "hugging the young Ai" ... Let's sum up the various meanings of the word "Ai": it refers to the beauty of young people and is also a respectful title for the elderly; It refers to both green and gray, which is full of contradictions. What is even more puzzling is that "green" can also describe hair. If the ancients said that someone's hair was green, it actually meant that his hair was black. However, what color is "the river is as green as blue in spring" ... it's really messy.

-self-pity "ai" what to read?

"Self-pity" cannot be pronounced "self-pity". "Yi" here means "ruling the country and keeping the country safe", and "self-pity and self-love" comes from Mencius, which means a king who made mistakes in the Shang Dynasty, criticized himself and repented. But gradually, the word simply became the meaning of "regret".

-I'll use the word "AI" to show you how the annotator works. In the future, when you see those concise meanings in dictionaries or notes of pre-Qin documents, you will know what complex textual research is hidden behind them. More importantly, these explanations are not necessarily standard answers.

8. Betty Wong of Wang Zhao and Avenue of Confucius.

King Zhao Chu was ill, and the fortune teller said, "This is the God of the Yellow River." It was the custom at that time to sacrifice to anyone who was at fault, but King Zhao of Chu said, "Three generations have sacrificed, and they don't expect sacrifice." That is to say, customs since ancient times can only sacrifice the mountains and rivers of their own country. The Yellow River can't be seen anywhere in the territory of Chu State. Therefore, Chu's sacrifice to the God of the Yellow River belongs to "Betty Wong", which is beyond the scope of sacrifice.

-Confucius later learned about it, and severely praised King Zhao and Chu, boasting that he knew the "Avenue". The "avenue" that Confucius talked about is the golden mean. King Zhao Chu's practice is very consistent with the golden mean.

-What is the "golden mean"? It is "the gentleman is poor."

9. Poverty, poverty, poverty, real poverty and moderation

-There is a dialogue in the Analects of Confucius, saying that Confucius and his students were hungry because they were short of food in the state of Chen. Lutz asked the teacher discontentedly. The original words are: "Is the gentleman poor?"

The meaning of "poverty" in ancient Chinese is different from today's. Today, it is said that a person who is poor has no money. In ancient Chinese, saying that a person is poor often means that he is in trouble and cornered. A man is trapped at the end of a cave, and he can't use his power. )

-Ancient prose says that people who have no money generally use the word "poor". ("North" property is divided by a knife, lacking and poor) Today, these two words have been combined into one and become "poor".

-Lutz's dissatisfaction is: Will gentlemen like us be cornered?

-Confucius' answer "The gentleman is poor, and the villain is poor."

It means that a gentleman is still a gentleman even if he is in trouble, while a villain is poor and can do anything.

-Zhao, the king of Chu is ill, which is a dilemma. If he is ill, he is in a hurry to go to the hospital. Whether he is a mountain god or a river god, he will worship one. This is "little people are extravagant." But he didn't. Even if there was no cure, he still insisted on being a gentleman.

The so-called "normal way" means what to do in peacetime and what to do in difficult times. This is the gentleman's accomplishment required by the golden mean.

-Seeing the example of King Zhao of Chu, we can easily understand why Confucius lamented that it is more difficult to stick to the golden mean than to go up a mountain to burn in flames.

Why do you talk too much? A: The poor are educated, so they talk a lot. )

10, a sentence worth reciting

-"Zhu Mingcheng can't sleep at night. The high (gāo) orchid quilt (pι) gradually grows (jiān). There is a maple tree on the water in Zhanjiang. Seeing thousands of miles away hurts the desire for love. The soul returns to the south of the Yangtze River! "

This is the last sentence of the whole poem and the most beautiful one. If you want to recite some beautiful sentences from Songs of the South, these sentences are just right. Cycle day and night, time is gone forever, bluegrass once flattened by wheels has flourished again, paving the way of the year. Maple trees grow by the clear river. In this spring, I can see from a distance, but I can only touch the scene. Come back, Jiangnan is so pitiful today.

Attachment: How to pronounce "see"

..... "The king in the clouds" has two sentences, namely "the spirit emperor descends (hóng) and the spirit emperor raises the cloud (biāo)". Why do you pronounce the "drop" of "landing" as hóng? You will see in some notes that this is an ancient sound. But how do people know that ancient sounds should be pronounced like this? On the one hand, we should infer from the context, on the other hand, we should find circumstantial evidence. In the context, this section is rhymed with ong, so the pronunciation of "Jiang" here should also take ong as the vowel. This situation can also be seen in other chapters of Chu Ci. Even in the book of songs of the northern language family, it is called (shào) South? There are two sentences in "Grass Worm": "I am worried if I don't see a gentleman. I won't watch it. If I don't watch it, my heart will be put down. " The last word "see" is pronounced Jian in some notes and xiáng in others, which is incorrect, because it rhymes with "chong" and the rhyme must be ong. In other pre-Qin documents, words with similar shapes, such as "Jiang", "Da" and "Long", often appear, indicating that they should have the same sound but different meanings. There is a passage in Guoyu, because the meaning of the context is very clear, so it can be inferred that "Xia" in the article should be a homonym of "coax", which also shows that the vowel of "Xia" is h? ng. Look at the first letter. The initials of "long" and "coax" are l and n respectively. Even today, these two initials are difficult to distinguish in some parts of the south. For example, let Sichuanese say "Henan" and "Holland" in Mandarin, which sounds exactly the same. Where do Sichuanese come from? We all know that there is such a thing as "Huguang fills Sichuan". Huguang was originally the State of Chu. Therefore, the word "down" in "Songs of the South" is also pronounced as "long". But is this an accurate pronunciation? Of course not. This is only an approximate value obtained by textual research. After all, more than two thousand years have passed, and there are dialect factors. The tones in ancient times are different from the four-tone system of Putonghua today. No one will know what the original sound of Qu Yuan's time was.

(In the Book of Songs, the pronunciations of "beauty is difficult to repair" and "Yao" are not pronounced, some are pronounced as Yao by default, and some are pronounced as yāo, which I think is Y m o because the pronunciations of Yao and Y ā o have no corresponding meanings, so I judge that this word should be ". )