I want to know something about pre-Qin literature.

The source of China's thought and culture is Yi. As one of the six Confucian classics, The Book of Changes has a long process of formation and development. What is called "River Map" and "Luo Shu" by later generations is the expression of burning Oracle bones and the reflection of the mutual connection and infiltration of rational thinking and image thinking realized by ancient ancestors in their long-term life and divination practice. According to legend, it was summed up by Fu Yi, who repeatedly arranged yarrow and painted it as gossip, covering all the phenomena between heaven and earth, primitive. Later, it is said that after careful study by Zhou Wenwang, it was standardized and sorted out, and it was interpreted as 64 hexagrams and 384 hexagrams. With divination and diction, it is called Zhouyi. It uses simple images and numbers, and the opposite changes of Yin and Yang to explain all kinds of complex social phenomena, and displays thousands or even infinite numbers, which has the characteristics of using few to show many, using simplicity to show many and being full of changes. It is called "Yi" because Zheng Xuan has three meanings: one is simplicity, the other is change, and the third is difficulty. That is to say, The Theory of Everything has changed, the phenomenon is constantly changing, and some of the most basic principles will not change, which abstracts rich and simple dialectics from the dialectical development of the objective world. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius explained and discussed the Book of Changes and completed the Ten Wings, namely the Book of Changes. In this way, Zhouyi has developed into a profound philosophical work about the change of the universe. The academic origin of Chinese civilization is very early, but it didn't develop until the Spring and Autumn Period. The academic thought at this time can be said to be the great golden age of Chinese civilization. China people call this period a period of "a hundred schools of thought contend".

Spring and Autumn Annals is a chronicle of Lu, which was revised by Confucius. It records the history from the year of Luyin (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong (4865438 BC+0 BC), and is the earliest existing chronicle work in China. The historical data of Chunqiu is of high value, but it is not complete. Wang Anshi even said that Chunqiu was a "waste newspaper". It is also one of the Confucian classics.

In ancient China, spring and autumn were the seasons when princes hired royalty. In addition, Spring and Autumn also represented the four seasons in ancient times. History books record all the major events that occur throughout the year, so "Spring and Autumn Period" is a general term for history books. The official name of Lu's history book is Chunqiu. Traditionally, Chunqiu is regarded as the work of Confucius, while some people think it is the collective work of Lu historians.

The writing in Chunqiu is very concise, and the record of events is also very brief. However, during these 242 years, the customs of vassal's attack, alliance, usurpation, sacrifice and disaster were recorded. It records the era of the twelfth generation of Lu, which is completely correct. Compared with the solar eclipse scripture written by western scholars, there are more than 30 solar eclipses recorded in it, which proves that Spring and Autumn Annals was not written by the ancients on the basis of nothing, and can be regarded as a history of faith. However, in the process of long-term circulation, it is inevitable that there will be problems such as escaping from the text and increasing channeling.

The original version of Chunqiu contained only 18000 words, while the existing version contained only 16000 words. The language is extremely concise and the wording is orderly. Because the text is too simple to be understood by later generations, exegetical works have appeared one after another, explaining and explaining the records in the book, which is called "biography". Among them, Zuo Qiuming's Chunqiu Zuozhuan, Chunqiu Gongyang Zhuan, Chunqiu Gu Liangxi Zhuan and Chunqiu Gu Liangxi Zhuan are collectively called the three biographies of Chunqiu as Confucian classics. At present, the original text of Chunqiu is generally compiled into Zuozhuan as a classic, and the new content in Zuozhuan is biography. According to Hanshu? According to Yiwenzhi, there are five biographies in the Spring and Autumn Period:

Thirty volumes of Zuo Zhuan

Ram biography (volume 1 1)

Gu Liangchuan 1 1

Zou Chuan, Volume 1 1

Biography of Jia +0 1 volume

The latter two have disappeared. Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang were written in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, using the official script prevailing at that time, which was called Jinwen. There are two kinds of Zuozhuan, one is written in ancient fonts before the pre-Qin period, called ancient prose; One was handed down by Xun Qing during the Warring States Period.

Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang are quite different from Zuozhuan. Biography of the Ram and Biography of Gu Liang talk about "righteousness" in the hope of clarifying Confucius' original intention (the author thinks that Spring and Autumn Annals was written by Confucius), while some people think that some contents are far-fetched. Zuo Zhuan is based on historical facts, which supplements the events not recorded in Spring and Autumn Annals. Some records are different from Chunqiu. Some people think that the historical value of Zuo Zhuan is greater than that of Yang Gongzhuan and Gu Liangzhuan.

contention of a hundred schools of thought

Explanatory philosophers: Confucius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Xunzi, etc. Hundreds of schools: Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism and Law. Later, it was a general term for pre-Qin academic schools. "A hundred schools of thought contend" shows that there were many thinkers at that time, but it was also exaggerated. The main figures are Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, Xunzi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi, Han Feizi, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, Xu Xing, Gao Zi, Yang Zi, Gong Sun, Keiko, Sun Wu, Sun Bin, Zhang Yi, Su Qin, Tian Pian, Shen Zi, Yin Wen, Zou Yan, Yan Zi, Lv Buwei and Guan Zi.

Confucianists

Confucianism advocates "Zhou Li" and thinks that everyone should obey the rules and care for each other, so as to achieve a world of great harmony, that is, "benevolence." Benevolence is the core content of Confucianism.

dao jia xue pai

"Tao" is the ideological center of the theory of "Laozi and Zhuangzi" and the foundation of everything. Tao is also endless. Taoism emphasizes that everything need not be forced, but should conform to nature and reach the highest state of Tao. Taoist spirit lies in spiritual detachment, not limited to formal drive, but only seeking freedom and spiritual openness. The following is the Taoist concept: world outlook: "Tao" is invisible, the absolute spirit beyond time and space, the highest ontology of the universe and the foundation of all things.

mohists

Shang Xian and the monk are the basic political programs of Mohism. Mohism and Confucianism are also called "outstanding studies". The following is the concept of Mohism.

Ethics: put forward "universal love" and think that love should not be divided into intimacy, superiority and inferiority, and hierarchy. He thinks the world is chaotic because people don't love each other.

Legalist school

Legalism is the most important school among the pre-Qin philosophers, which advocates "ruling the country according to law" and puts forward a set of theories and methods. This provided an effective theoretical basis for the later establishment of the centralized Qin Dynasty. Later, the Han Dynasty inherited the centralized system and legal system of the Qin Dynasty and became the political and legal subject of the ancient feudal society in China.

Legalists attach importance to the law, oppose Confucian "rites", oppose the hereditary privilege of nobles monopolizing economic and political interests, demand private land, and award official positions according to their merits and talents. The function of law is to "resolve disputes", that is, to clarify the ownership of objects. "Making meritorious deeds and being afraid of violence" encourages people to make meritorious deeds and makes those who are lawless feel afraid. The ultimate goal of meritorious service is to make Qiang Bing rich and win the annexation war.

Logician school

Famous scholars are a school that advocates "seeking fame and responsibility" and "seeking responsibility by correcting names", that is, "correcting right and wrong with each other to make it worthy of the name". During the Warring States period, the situation was turbulent and chaotic. Many ceremonies exist in name only. Famous artists come out from this, emphasizing that things should be "worthy of the name", so that everything in the world can be on the right track.

It is a kind of logic that famous artists pay attention to the relationship between "name" and "reality". The difference between famous artists and various schools lies in the method of "correcting their names" They mainly analyze things based on logical principles, and the content of the debate is mostly philosophical issues unrelated to political practice. Therefore, in China's 5,000-year academic biography, the theories of famous scholars have been branded as "sophistry".

eclecticism

Strictly speaking, "sage" is not a conscious and inherited school, so he does not pretend to be a "sage" school. This school was officially named after Lu Chunqiu was classified as a "miscellaneous school" for the first time in Hanshu Yiwenzhi.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, and each school had its own countermeasures and ideas for governing the country. In order to defeat other schools, each school absorbs the theories of other schools more or less, or attacks each other or makes up for the defects of their own theories. However, any school also has its own characteristics and strengths, and the "miscellaneous school" is to make full use of this feature, learn from others' strengths, and become a set of ideologically inclusive but practical strategies for governing the country.

novelist

Novelists come from officials, that is, people who tell stories for a living. Its meaning is mostly created by street gossip and hearsay. It is spread and recited by people, and the beauty of poetry is explored in the grass.

In ancient times, people regarded saints as books, history as poems, workers recited admonitions, doctors taught them, scholars spread rumors, and Shu Ren slandered them. In Meng Chun, I went to Muduo to listen to folk songs, and toured the province to observe people's poems to understand customs. Correct it if it passes; Correct if you lose; If you hear hearsay, you will never finish your discipline.

Novelists can represent four customs of civilian society. But because of its path, it was ignored by the world and eventually destroyed.

Military strategist

Military strategists are the general names of ancient military strategists and strategists in China, and also refer to the schools that studied strategy and war in the pre-Qin period. The important works of military strategists include Sun Tzu's Art of War, Woods, Sun Bin's Art of War, Sima Fa, Liu Tao, Sanlve and Wei Liaozi.

The master strategist is Sun Wu's The Art of War. China's military strategists have been valued since ancient times. The development of the art of war in China has a long history. Sun Tzu's Art of War originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty and matured in the Spring and Autumn Period.

How to grasp the war from a macro perspective is the key to Sun Tzu's Art of War. War is a continuation of politics, which is related to the life and death of a country or a nation or being enslaved by others. Sun Tzu's Art of War can also be regarded as a guide to how to govern the country and formulate national strategies. It is also a book about how to lead troops to fight and formulate war strategies and tactics.

doctor

The formation of China's medical theory lasted more than 700 years from the second half of the 5th century BC to the middle of the 3rd century AD. In the second half of the 5th century BC, China began to enter the feudal society. The transition from slave society to feudal society and the establishment of feudal system was a turbulent period in the history of China. Social system reform has promoted economic development, and new situations have emerged in the fields of thought, science and culture, including the development of medicine. Doctors generally refer to all people who practice medicine.

On behalf of:

Bian Que

There are also records of Bian Que Qi people from Bohai County or Zheng people from Bohai County. "Bian Que" is not a real name. People compared him with Bian Que of the Yellow Emperor and called him "Mr. Bian Que". Even the history books call him Bian Que. Originally surnamed Qin, later surnamed Yue. Born from 407 BC to 3 10 BC, about the same time as Confucius. Because he is from Lu, people also call him "Doctor Lu". Bian Que is a famous doctor in the history of China and the first doctor with a formal biography.