It was the captain who was invited to Beijing. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, mausoleum master, Liu He after the sea. Why do they have different lives?

According to Xinhua News Agency, on the morning of February, 65438+June, 65438+April, National Cultural Heritage Administration held an online press conference in Beijing, focusing on three important archaeological discoveries and research achievements in Gansu, Henan and Shaanxi, and announced that Jiangcun Tomb in Bailuyuan, Shaanxi Province was the Baling of China Emperor.

Before the owner of the tomb was determined, this tomb in Bailuyuan, Xi City, Shaanxi Province was always called "Jiangcun Tomb". Archaeologists, through careful excavation and careful analysis, judged that this "Jiangcun Tomb" was the Baling of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty-

Relative position between Jiangcun tomb and Xi city

Jiangcun Tomb is located in Baqiao District, Xi City, Shaanxi Province. With the approval of National Cultural Heritage Administration, archaeologists conducted a systematic archaeological investigation and exploration of Jiangcun Tomb and its nearby Huangduling and Nanling Tombs and the legendary Han Tomb "Fengzui", and excavated the hidden pit outside the cemetery. At present, it is basically confirmed that Jiangcun Tomb is the tomb of Nianheng in the early Western Han Dynasty.

The location of Baling, the emperor of China. Source/CCTV News Client

This archaeological discovery reminds people of another Han tomb-the tomb of the faint prince and the faint marquis.

Speaking of it, Emperor Wendi really has something to do with the sea faint. They were all inherited from the princes: Liu Heng, the acting king, was promoted to Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, and Liu He, the king of Changyi, was abolished as a sea faint. The same governor who was invited into the palace by powerful ministers when there was no heir. What's the difference between them?

Opportunities are sometimes given to people who are not ready.

Let's take a look at China Emperor Liu Heng.

Liu Heng is the fourth son of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, and his biological mother Ji Bo is not favored. He has no weight in Liu Bang's heart. There was no possibility of succession, and Liu Bang was assigned to a remote generation to be a vassal. However, after the death of Liu Bang and his eldest son, Han Hui Emperor Liu Ying, the iron law of establishing permanent offices was challenged.

Although he also created a nominal son, all the power is still in Lu's hands. Lv Hou, together with the Lushi family, dominated the state affairs, which destroyed many governors of the Liu family and had irreconcilable contradictions with the Liu family. Moreover, it also violated the agreement of the White Horse League, the high emperor, that is, "King Liu Fei is not worthy of meritorious service", which made many children of Lu become princes and made the heroes who helped Liu Bang establish the country unconvinced.

Lv Hou's film and television image. Source/TV series "Big Wind Song" screenshot

These contradictions finally broke out after Lv Hou's death.

Before Lv Hou's death, she handed over the relieving of the North and South armies in Chang 'an to her sons and nephews Lu Chan and Lv Lu respectively. However, under the careful planning of counselors He and Qiu, the hero group seized the military power of Lu and soon destroyed the whole family of Lu.

Then the problem came head on. Today's emperor was sealed by Lu Houfeng, and the little emperor made Lv Lu's daughter queen. Ministers began to discuss, from the descendants of Gaozu, choose a suitable person to be the son of heaven.

According to normal thinking, it is now the turn of Liu Xiang, the king of Qi, to be emperor. After all, when Lu Guzhu was in charge of Chang 'an, he was the first person to arise and prepare to destroy Zhu Lu. Moreover, his identity also accounts for the long words in Li Jue Li Chang-he is the eldest son of Liu Bang's eldest son Wang Qi Liu Fei, that is, Liu Bang's eldest grandson. However, Hero Group is not optimistic about Qi Wang. When Liu Xiang sent troops to prepare for the westward advance, Chen Ping and others instructed Guan Ying, who was also outside, to persuade Qi Wang to cooperate, stop moving forward first, and put an end to the possibility of his meritorious service, which quickly solved the problems in Chang 'an. In this way, the choice of the heir to the throne is in the hands of the hero group.

The powerful ministers discussed the candidates for the emperor. Source/TV series "Big Wind Song" screenshot

Choose to choose, this lucky ball hit Liu Heng, a generation of kings who have always been low-key and honest, and grandma's family is dying. Counting down, Liu Heng is the oldest living son of Liu Bang and the first son of Liu Bang. So his identity and the throne are also perfectly matched.

The powerful ministers discussed the candidates for the emperor. Source/TV series "Big Wind Song" screenshot

People sit at home and the throne falls from the sky. What was Dai Wang's reaction when the messenger came all the way to announce the good news and welcome him to the Han Palace as emperor?

How to seize the opportunity?

Liu Heng is very cautious. He was not happy at first, but worried. Liu Heng called the civil and military ministers and cronies of Daiguo and asked everyone's opinions. Ministers are divided into two groups of opinions.

Some people say that the ministers of the Han dynasty now have high IQ and high military value. They are courtiers because they can't compete with Gao He. Now the Lu family has been destroyed. Maybe everyone is ambitious and sent someone to find Dai Wang. They may have ulterior motives and hope that Dai Wang will pretend to be ill. He also said that at the beginning, everyone was fighting for the world, and now the world has long been surnamed Liu. I believe that the founding generals didn't have so many fantasies. Moreover, when Qiu was in power, he took him to the northern army, but the soldiers still said that they would follow the Liu family. It can be seen that Jiangshan belongs to Liu and has become the iron law in everyone's mind.

Faced with different opinions, Liu Heng still couldn't make up his mind, so he asked his mother, Empress Dowager Bo. Empress Bo is not a woman like Lv Hou. After a long discussion between mother and son, she still can't make a decision. Finally, I decided to use science to solve the problem-divination. The result of divination was prosperity, but Liu Heng still didn't trust him, but he finally dared to take a step and sent his uncle Zhao Bo as a pioneer to meet these old ministers in Chang 'an. Zhao Bo was warmly received by Zhou Bo and Chen Ping. At the banquet, Zhou Bo and others sincerely expressed their desire to invite Dai Wang. Zhao Bo saw their sincerity and hurried back to Daiguo to report the good news to his nephew.

Liu Heng couldn't make up his mind. Source/TV series "Big Wind Song" screenshot

Liu Heng finally breathed a sigh of relief and rushed to Chang 'an with his trusted ministers. In Gaoling, which is close to Chang 'an, Liu Heng refused to go any further, so he sent Chang Song, the minister who advised him to seize the opportunity, to inquire again to see if the situation had changed. Chang Song crossed the Weihe Bridge alone, and the ministers waited here. The representative of the country came, and officials at all levels below the prime minister greeted him. Everyone is so respectful to the king's envoy that it is enough to show sincerity. Chang Song's return once again gave Liu Heng courage. Liu Heng came to Weiqiao with a sigh of relief and met his ministers. Everyone bowed in welcome.

After a while, Zhou Bo suddenly came mysteriously and said, "I want to have a word with you."

Before Liu Heng could react, Chang Song took the lead in answering: "If it is official business, say it openly; This is a private matter. Sorry, your majesty doesn't accept private affairs. " This refusal will undoubtedly give someone in the place a scare.

Because Chang Song refused, no one knew what frequency wanted to say. Then, he is going to give the imperial seal of Tianzi and Jeff to the acting king on the spot. After being sealed, he has been a great master of the Han Empire ever since. Liu Heng heart movement, soon accepted? Of course not. He began to dodge again and told everyone to go to the Daiguo Mansion in Chang 'an to discuss it.

Subsequently, everyone entered the normal "three persuasion and three concessions" link, and ministers (including but not limited to Prime Minister, Qiu, General Chen Wu, Zhang Cang, Liu Ying, Zhu Liuzhang, Dong Mou Xing Ju, Canon Liu Jie, etc. ) suggested that Liu Heng should succeed to the throne as soon as possible. For various reasons, Liu Heng declined several times and finally became king.

Liu Heng hesitated to accept the decree. Source/TV series "Big Wind Song" screenshot

On the night when he proclaimed himself emperor, he entered Weiyang Palace and announced two personnel appointments and dismissals urgently: he was appointed as General Wei, took command of the North and South armies, and gained the military power in Chang 'an; Then appointed Zhang Wu as one of the nine ministers. A doctor's job responsibilities are many, which is also commonly known as being tolerant of others. Here, Zhang Wu's main job is to be an all-night guard. The gate has been replaced by one of our own, and the gate has also been replaced by one of our own, so Liu Heng can rest easy and carry out the next work. Means must be high-speed and sharp.

From this process, we can see that Liu's imperial clan, founding ministers, liehou, and officials with more than 2,000 stones in the imperial court, almost all important officials actively supported Dai Wang. His road to the throne was smooth sailing.

Liu Heng proclaimed himself emperor. Source/TV series "Big Wind Song" screenshot

So, what's the situation in Liu He?

Why is Liu He the most suitable?

Liu's situation is similar to that of Liu Heng. When the young emperor Zhao died, there was no heir. Fu and General Huo Guang decided to find a qualified successor from the descendants of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Although Emperor Liu Che lived a long life, he only had six sons in his life. The eldest son, Liu Yuxin Yi, died of witchcraft as early as Emperor Wu, and the second son, Liu Hong, the king of Qi, also died young. The third son, Liu Dan, the prince of Yan, conspired to seize the throne during the reign of Emperor Zhao and committed suicide after being deposed. The fifth son, Liu Bo, the king of Changyi, also died young, and the youngest son, Liu Fuling, the newly deceased Emperor of the Han Dynasty. Of all the sons, only Liu Xu, the fourth straight king, is left.

According to the number of people who acceded to the throne in those days, how should the throne belong to Guangling's Xu? At the beginning, Liu Heng acceded to the throne with the fourth child. The fourth child should be a lucky number, right Most importantly, Liu Xu is the only living son of Emperor Wu.

However, Liu Xu has long since lost the qualification. First of all, he is playful and grandiose. He has great strength and often fights with wild boar and bear with his bare hands, and his behavior is completely devoid of imperial temperament. When Emperor Wu was in power, he was never considered as the heir to the throne. Such a person, Huo Guang nature also dare not help him.

The negative evaluation of Liu Xu in Hanshu. Source/program "Classic Legend" screenshot

Contrary to the situation in Liu Heng, Huo Guang decided to look for it from the grandchildren of Emperor Wu. His favorite is Liu Bo's son, Liu He, the second generation of Changyi King. Why did you choose him? First, Liu He's grandmother, Li Furen, was very popular with Emperor Wu. Secondly, before the death of Emperor Wu, Queen Wei Zifu had been deposed. After the death of Emperor Wu, no one enjoyed the sacrifices of future generations with him. Therefore, Huo Guang speculated that Emperor Wu's intention was to make Li Furen a filial queen, worthy of the ancestral temple. That is to say, the descendants after Emperor Wu will sacrifice to Li Furen and ratify her as the first wife of Emperor Wu.

Therefore, according to this birthright, the identity of Liu He, the king of Changyi, is much higher than that of Liu Xu, the king of Guangling.

Good candidate, Huo Guang, in the name of the Queen Mother, quickly sent someone to wait for Liu He to enter the palace on the road. The representatives sent this time are: Shaofu Lecheng, Zong Zheng Liude, Guanglu doctor Bingji, and corps commander Li Han, which is not serious.

It can be said that the conferring of Liu He was also the result of careful consideration by Huo Guang and others.

Portrait of Huo Guang. Source/program "Classic Legend" screenshot

However, in operation, Huo Guang is not as sincere as Zhou Bo and others. The emissary sent to replace the country clearly said that the king would be made emperor, while the will sent by Huo Guang only said that Liu, the king of Changyi, would be invited to preside over the funeral of the first emperor. Maybe Huo Guang wanted to re-examine Liu He at the funeral ceremony. However, it is the next heir who can preside over the funeral ceremony of the emperor. Liu He understood this rule.

So, how did Liu He react when he received the news?

I was so excited that I was skipping all the way. The imperial edict was drafted in the evening. At noon the next day, Liu was ready to go to Chang 'an to be emperor. Depart from Changyi at noon and arrive in Dingtao at dusk. If we don't know how fast this speed is, let's use the map to search. Changyi Dingtao has a total length of 488.7 kilometers, and it takes more than 5 hours to walk at high speed. In other words, the speed of Liu He's carriage has caught up with the speed of high-speed cars. But the route at that time was probably different from now. According to the history books, it only took Liu He half a day to get to Dingtao and walked all the way 135. What kind of concept is this? Almost the speed of marching in an ancient day. So, following Liu He's entourage killed countless horses all the way.

Compared with Liu Heng's steadiness and modesty, Liu He's eating is a little ugly.

After arriving in Chang 'an, Liu He could not bear to dedicate her tears to her little uncle whom she had never met. He refused to express a little sadness anywhere he could hide. However, under the guidance of some ministers in Changyi, Liu He finally passed the test of Huo Guang and got the emperor's seal and ribbon as he wished.

However, Liu He is not so lucky. He did the opposite-only stayed in the throne for 27 days, and was deposed by Huo Guang with 36 civil and military ministers under the auspices of Queen Shangguan Shi and returned to Changyi. A few years later, Emperor Xuandi of the Han Dynasty, who was in a new position, gave him an insulting title-the faint of the sea.

Horseshoe golden sea faint Hou tomb. Photography/Boning Senior, Source/Thumb Creative

Game of Thrones

What's going on here?

When historians record this history, they only say that Liu He was in office for 27 days and did countless absurd things. It is worth mentioning that during the funeral, Emperor Zhao Han was not a vegetarian, bought chicken and pork privately, robbed women, was not sad, listened to music and songs and dances, and gave Jeff of the imperial court and ribbons to prove his official identity to Langguan around him, so that they could search for things in government offices at all levels.

Huo Guang learned the news, denounced Liu He, joined the crowd anxiously, and personally pulled Liu He off the stage in the name of the Queen Mother.

Then there is no more information.

It is conceivable that this court incident is not that simple. Why was Liu He fired? There must be some power struggle behind this.

Is there a power conflict between Liu He and Huo Guang?

Obviously there is. At that time, Huo Guang stood at the top of the uninhabited house, holding the power to abolish the emperor. If Liu Hejun wants to be the real son of heaven and gain power, he has to snatch it from Huo Guang.

Huo Guang's film and television image. Source/TV series "Hanwu Emperor" screenshot

One thing can prove is that there has been a fierce conflict between the two sides. When Huo Guang and others announced the deposing of Liu He in Weiyang Palace, more than 200 people brought from Changyi to Chang 'an by Liu He were all executed. Before he died, he said, "If things are interrupted, they will be disturbed."

What is "broken"? It is conceivable that Liu He and his Changyi team probably planned any action to seize power, but Changyi Wang hesitated and never made a decision, which led to failure. As a result, these slaughtered people collectively issued this complaint.

In addition, it can be proved that after receiving the call-up, Liu He has made up his mind to fight for power. When Liu He was still rushing to Chang 'an, Wang Ji, the lieutenant of Changyi country, earnestly said a word of exhortation. Wang Ji's long speech has three central ideas:

1, thank you for being selected by Huo Guang;

Huo Guang is very good. You should respect him and listen to him.

3, when you are the emperor, as long as the vertical arch inaction, the rest to Huo Guang.

Liu He was emperor for 27 days. Source/TV series "Oolong Love Story" screenshot

The hidden meaning behind this exhortation is that Huo Guang has too much power, so please ask Liu to be patient first.

Finally, we know that Liu He is not an impatient person.

So, what did Liu He do, which finally angered Huo Guang and caused the division between them? History books are not deliberately inked, but some clues can still provide us with a glimpse.

Shortly after Liu Hegang entered Chang 'an, he also promulgated the appointment and dismissal of personnel, and appointed Guo Xiang Anle of Changyi as the escort of Changle Palace. Changle Palace is the queen mother's bedroom, and Wei Wei is the commander-in-chief of the imperial army, also known as the "Southern Army". That is to say, Liu He imitated his ancestors, got the relieving of the Confederate army, and prepared to control the Queen Mother.

Because, although Huo Guang was in power at that time, a large part of his power came from his granddaughter, the Empress Dowager. If you control the Queen Mother, Huo Guang's power will be greatly reduced. This move can be said to be very precise and very ruthless.

After taking the first step to control the Queen Mother, Liu He promoted all the people brought from Changyi, hoping to replace all the people in the hall now. In the end, it turns out that people in Liu He are not helpful, and he is really in a hurry. Instead of controlling the Queen Mother, he only approached and trusted the old minister of Changyi, which also aroused public anger. This is why Huo Guang was able to quickly contact a long list of 36 people to abolish him.

Han Wendi VS hai faint Hou

Now, let's take a concrete look at the difference between Emperor Hanwen and Houhaifayin.

Strictly speaking, the situation faced by Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty is not simpler than that faced by Liu He. What he has to face is a whole group of founding heroes, among whom there are not a few who can be literate and martial, and their IQ is ridiculously high. But Emperor Wendi is very mature, and his tactics are very loose and relaxed. He should never be soft on the thunder, just as he quickly got the army and controlled the north and south armies; When it is time to pour rain and dew on your kindness, he is not stingy at all. Three days before he ascended the throne, he was still doing good deeds crazily, which gave great benefits to ministers. First of all, he sealed those who contributed to pacifying Zhu Lu. In the imperial clan, Wang Langya was named the prince, Zhu Liuzhang and Dong Mouxing lived as tax collectors, sealed 2,000 households and gave 65,438+10,000 Jin of gold. The Heroes' Zhou Bo, Chen Ping, Guan Ying and others first kept their official positions, with Chen Ping as the left prime minister, Zhou Bo as the right prime minister and Guan Ying as the general. Finally, it gave practical benefits, sealed three thousand food cities for three people and gave two thousand kilograms of gold. In addition, the people who participated in the compilation also got the benefits they deserved.

Liu Heng's film and television image. Source/TV series "Big Wind Song" screenshot

In the case of Wendi, doing practical things and paying dividends are directly equated, which also gives people who support Wendi a reassurance.

What about Liu He? Apart from controlling the army's thoughts, all his other actions were to compete for power with those who supported him, and he did no good. He also wants to replace the old minister around him.

Of course, Wendi didn't take care of the old minister and cultivate his cronies. However, he kept a much lower profile, and only arranged six people with him in Jiuqing's team, not moving easily. Being able to do things is also a sign of being a man. From this point, Liu lost the heart.

Another point is Liu He's weakness. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen the power of the emperor, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty carried out a reform of court officials: silently replacing foreign officials with internal officials. The so-called imperial court officials were originally close ministers of some emperors, who helped the emperor draft imperial edicts, convey imperial edicts, express opinions and so on. During the Liang Wudi period, all his worries were discussed with these trusted ministers. On the contrary, foreign bureaucracies headed by prime ministers cannot participate in decision-making, so their power naturally moves inward gradually and is absorbed by domestic officials. Imperial officials gained substantial power, and they only obeyed the emperor, thus realizing the monopoly of imperial power.

Conversely, after the death of the emperor, the imperial power will be transferred to the officials of the imperial palace. Huo Guang, as a fu, is such an imperial court official. His power has long been above the prime minister and Qiu. Therefore, even though Huo Guang was not military and clever, his command and control over the imperial court far exceeded that of the old ministers in the early Han Dynasty, not to mention the prime minister and the following officials.

Huo Guang's film and television image. Source/TV series "Song in the Cloud" screenshot

Look at the night before the abolition of Liu He, Huo Guang is "hence called the prime minister, suggestion, general, hou, in two thousand stone, doctor, doctor meeting weiyang palace". As a person, he can summon all the officials who have collected two thousand stones. When Huo Guang proposed to kick Liu He out of the group, everyone's reaction was "all the ministers were shocked, pale, afraid to speak, and passive to Nuo Nuo". As you can imagine, Huo Guang was uncompromising. Even the prime minister, as the head of a hundred officials, can only be "stunned" and "passive".

Liu He's film and television image. Source/TV series "Oolong Love Story" screenshot

In other words, when Emperor Wen of Han came to power, he only needed to disintegrate one by one to deal with the scattered forces such as imperial clan and heroes. Liu He is facing Huo Guang who has just entered Beijing from a foreign vassal. How can he shake Huo Guang, who has been in power in North Korea for many years and has a veto power? In order to challenge his authority, Emperor Xuan Di gave the correct opening method.

In a word, Liu He not only acted too hastily, but also failed to do what he could. Although Changyi's learned veteran also took pains to give him directions and seek help, in the end, the impatient prince interpreted the sentence "I won't let you see my hand, so you don't know how fast I failed" almost at the speed of sprint, thus becoming a legendary emperor who has not been in office for a long time in history.

Cultural relics unearthed from the tomb of the sea faint Hou. Photography/Li Xun, Source/Picture Worm Creativity

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