Why did Guo's monarch go into exile?

The kingdom of Guo experienced nearly 400 years of glory and vicissitudes from its closure to its demise. Combined with the limited records of Guo in history books and the latest archaeological research results of Guo cemetery in Sanmenxia, we can see that Guo went from glory to extinction because of the special fief of the country; Years of exercise; Farming wasteland and ignorance and superstition. Although these interrelated reasons are the basic reasons for Guo's demise, the inevitable reason for Guo's demise in Sanmenxia is internal mistakes and exhaustion of national strength.

First, special seals.

To say that Guo is a special vassal state, first of all, it is special in that Guo was a vassal state named Ji when it was enfeoffed at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty. Secondly, according to Zhou Benji, Guo enfeoffed Dong Guo and Guo, and their monarchs were two younger brothers and Guo Shu. In the fifth year of Zuo Zhuan, it was said that Guo Zhong and Guo Shu were "scholars of the king, who respected the royal family, Tibetan and allied governments." In military and political affairs, he often "consulted Er Guo" and Zhou Gong also "learned from Guo Shu". Third, especially the monarchs of past dynasties held the post of Qing Dynasty in the Zhou Dynasty, and also served as one of the "three fairs" (that is, Taishi, Taibao and Taifu), so they were mostly called Duke Guo from the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Now it seems that the demise of Guo and even the Western Zhou Dynasty is inseparable from Guo's being a special vassal state and its particularity.

According to the research results of Chronology of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Guo Zhong and Guo Shu were scholars of Qing Dynasty in the pre-Zhou Wenwang period, the Wu Dynasty (BC 1046-BC 1043) and the Wang Dynasty (65438 BC +0042 BC-65438 BC +00266 BC) respectively. During the period of Kang Wang (BC 1020-996 BC), people lived in this sect. During the reign of Zhao Haoqi (995-976 BC), Ji Guo changed his father (Ji Guo Family I); During Mu Wang (976-922 BC) and Gongwang (922-900 BC), there was a teacher who won the public (Ji Guo Family II); Wang Yiwang (899-892 BC), Wang Xiaowang (892-886 BC) and Wang Yiwang (885-878 BC) successively had teachers who visited You Shu (Ji Guo III) and De Shu (Ji Guo IV). During the reign of Li Wang (877-878 BC) It was the founding monarch of Guo in the * * * and period (84 BC1-828 BC) and Wang Xuan period (827 BC-782 BC), with Guo Wengong, also known as Guo Jishi; During the Wang You period (78 BC1-77 BC1), there were Guo Shishu, also known as Guo Gonggu and Guo Gonghan. In Wang Ping period (770 BC-765,438+09 BC), Wang Huan period (765,438+09 BC-655 BC) and Wang Hui period, there were Guo Gong (the first monarch of Sanmenxia Guo after Wang Ping moved) and Guo Gong Lin Fu (after Wang Ping moved) who were jealous of his father.

The emperors and princes of the State of Guo were outstanding officials, who made great contributions to the maintenance of the rule of the Zhou Dynasty. Whether it was the prosperity and stability during the Cheng Kang period or the decline and decline of the King of You, they all played a decisive role in the rise and fall of the Zhou Dynasty. After the death of King Xuan, Nie acceded to the throne in the secluded palace and was appointed as a courtier. Guo Shifu is also called Guo Gong Drum (Drum is a name, Master Shi is a word). "Historical Records of Zhou Benji" said: "After Shi Guo's father abandoned his application, he went to the prince. Shen Hou was furious, and with Gou and Canrong, he cut the king of seclusion. Wang You held a bonfire to recruit soldiers, but the soldiers didn't arrive. Then he killed the reclusive Wang Li at the foot of the mountain, captured him, praised him, accepted Zhou's bribe and left. Therefore, the vassal is the application of the marquis, and * * * established that the prince in the secluded place should be a mortar in order to be the king of peace and worship in the Zhou Dynasty. " Although he was an official of the royal family, he also shouldered the heavy responsibility of assisting the king of Zhou. However, he formed a clique with Princess Zhou for personal gain, which made the king of Zhou abolish the queen's application at that time and set up a compliment. The son of compliment destroyed the patriarchal clan system that maintained the internal order of the ruling group, intensified the internal contradictions of the ruling group and weakened the cohesion of the royal family in the Western Zhou Dynasty. At the same time, the abandoned Shen Hou and Yijiu joined forces to rebel against the tribes of neighboring countries such as Jiang Guoshen, Yi Guoshen and Xirong, and attacked and killed them at the foot of Lishan Mountain, which eventually led to the collapse of the Western Zhou Dynasty. At the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, because the newly-established Prince Bofu died in Lishan with the king of seclusion, Guo Gonghan (the son) made joy chen, the son of the king of seclusion, the king of Zhou (known as the king of seclusion in history). In the twenty-sixth year of Zhao Gong's Zuo Zhuan, Du Zhuyun said, "Be with you, and you will follow it." . "Chronicle of Ancient Bamboo Books" records: "Guo Gonghan made Prince joy chen take it with him, and the king made it on Tuesday." He was supported by Shen, Lu, Zheng, Jin, Qin and other vassal States, while the king of Guo Gonghan was supported by Rong Di and continued to fight the newly acceded (former Prince Yijiu). In this way, two highly antagonistic political groups have been formed. The royal family in the Western Zhou Dynasty faced the danger of division and the choice of life and death, so the situation of "two kings coexisting" appeared in the history of the Zhou Dynasty. Soon, the farce ended with Wang being killed by Emperor Wen of Jin. (Zheng Guo Shi Bo) In eight years, he commented on Guo Shifu in Mandarin Zheng language, saying that "the skill of flattering others is also", and Zhou Benji, a historical historian, also held the same view: "Wang You regarded Guo Shifu as a noble person and used it, and China people all resented it. The stone father is smart and profitable, and the king uses it. " Due to the limitation of his own comprehensive quality and historical environment, Fu assisted the royal family, which not only failed to turn the tide and revitalize the Western Zhou Dynasty, but also accelerated the decline of the Western Zhou Dynasty by actively participating in "taking a concubine after employment" and establishing a "servant" for the prince. "Guoyu Yijin" recorded these two things, saying: "Zhou Youwang criticized and praised people for praising women and praised them for being loved, so he gave birth to Fu Bo, and compared with Guo Shifu, he set up Fu Bo one by one. When the prince went to Shenshen, he called Xirong to attack Zhou and Zhou died. "

In addition, in the Western Seventh Year (775 BC), Guo Shifu destroyed diplomatic relations in Sanmenxia, Henan Province (the fief after Shennong at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty). According to the Chronicle of Bamboo, in the seventh year of Wang You, the Guo people destroyed diplomatic relations. Guo Shifu's breaking off diplomatic relations not only relieved his heart disease, but also curbed the east-west traffic arteries from Guanzhong to the Central Plains, directly enhancing the comprehensive national strength of the State of Guo in Sanmenxia. At about this time, Xiguo gradually moved eastward here, with Shang Yang as its capital, which was called Nanguo in history.

Zhou Pingwang acceded to the throne and moved the capital to Luoyang, known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in history. As for the reasons for the migration, most scholars believe that Pingdong moved eastward because it was invaded by Xirong. In recent years, some scholars say that he was intimidated by the forces of Qin. In fact, there may be another important reason, that is, because of the threat and persecution supported by Guo and the occupation of the old capital Fenghao, the newly acceded to the throne has no place in Guanzhong and has to rely on Jin and Zheng to protect the east. Therefore, "Zuo Zhuan" concealed it from the public for six years: "I moved to the east of Zhou, but it." With the eastward movement of Xiguo, Shang Yang in Sanmenxia changed from a small vassal state to a big one, and Shang Yang, the capital of Xiguo, is located in the site of Li Jiayao, 2 kilometers south of Xiguo cemetery in the southeast of Sanmenxia. At this time, the State of Guo (Nanguo) in Sanmenxia was its political, economic and cultural center, and xia yang, the State of Guo (Zuozhuan called Beiguo) on the north bank of the Yellow River, was its important city.

At the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, due to Uncle Guo, the monarch of Hezheng was appointed as minister, which made Guo lose his imperial power. In his later years, in order to contain Zheng's influence, Guo was revived and the kingship was designated as the "two kings"; During the period of King Huan of Zhou Dynasty, Guo Gong, the first monarch of the State of Guo in Sanmenxia, was jealous of his father and became an official. From King Huan of Zhou to King Hui of Zhou, there were Guo's father (also known as Guo's second monarch in Sanmenxia after the relocation) and Guo Gongchou (also known as Guo Shu, Guo's last monarch in Sanmenxia after the relocation). At this point, Guo resumed his original status as an aristocratic scholar until his demise.

Second, years of exercise.

Historically, Guo has always been a military power. In addition, because the monarch of the state of Guo was also a hereditary minister, he often commanded the troops of the Zhou Dynasty to fight, which was even more severe. In the foreign war launched by the Zhou Dynasty, most of the troops of the State of Guo took part in the war. Wang Ji, Wang Wen, Wu Wang and Wang Cheng, the elders of the four dynasties, helped their elder brother "cut up, cut down dense beards, cut down Rong, cut up and worship", followed his nephew to crusade against Konoha, and helped his nephew become a white-haired king, capturing Dongyi in one fell swoop; Judging from the insurrection of Mao CCBA who succeeded Mu Wang, he must have been a military leader before his death. According to the literature, when the king of Iraq, "Guo Gongbei attacked the dog Rong". When wangyi was king, "Guo Gong led six divisions to attack the Dijon of Taiyuan"; When Li Wang was (that is, the eldest father of Guo Gong), he cut down and "walked with Wang Nan"; During the period of Li Wang and Xuan Wang, Guo Jizi Bai (some scholars think it is Guo Wengong) conquered; During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Guo was still fighting frequently. In 7 18 BC, King Huan of Zhou ordered Duke Guo to avoid his father's attack on Quwo, the state of Jin, in order to make a funeral for Yu Yi. Before 7 12, "Zheng Bo and Shi Guo cut the Song Dynasty"; Before 707, his father Guo followed the crusade against Zheng. In 706-704, King Huan ordered Guo Fu to attack Quwo's martial arts; And set up the mourning Hou Xiong as the Jin Hou; Before 703, countries such as Switzerland, Liang, Xun and Jia joined forces to attack Quwo. In 673, he attacked and killed his uncle Bi, establishing the status of King Hui of Zhou. In 668, Guo conquered Jin twice; In 664, the King of Qi ordered Guo Gong to attack Frant Gwo; In 660 BC, "Guo Gong defeated the dog in Ling Wei".

This shows that from the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period, the Western Guo State and its southern Guo State (Sanmenxia Guo State after the relocation of Ping and Dong Wang) have always had strong military strength and made great achievements in maintaining the rule of the Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, some princes of the State of Guo are proud of their achievements and are called "arrogance and greed" in the world. This is probably the real reason why my father dared to abandon Shen without fear. He abandoned the prince (that is, Zhou Pingwang) and set up a "clothing department". After Yi died, he made Prince joy chen king and openly opposed Zhou Pingwang. At the same time, this is also the root cause that Guo and Xie Kingdom could not be destroyed immediately, but had to move eastward to Luoyang.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the influence of the vassal states became stronger and stronger in various places, and the situation of the vassal states contending for hegemony and holding the emperor to make the vassal states gradually declined, and the Zhou royal family survived to the point of admiring the vassal states. Different from other vassal States, Guo was loyal to the Zhou Dynasty and still did not occupy the territory of other vassal States or expand its sphere of influence. However, he still fought wholeheartedly for the Zhou royal family, always taking saving the peril of the Zhou dynasty as his own responsibility, trying his best to safeguard the dignity of the Zhou royal family without being afraid of being enemies with other powers, thus forming resentment with Jin and other countries. The State of Jin, which had always held a grudge, took the opportunity to invade the northern city of xia yang in 658 BC, and then conquered Shang Yang, the political, economic and cultural center of the State of Guo again in 655. Before the demise of the Zhou Dynasty, it was destroyed by other vassal states. Guo was loyal to the Zhou Dynasty, but there was nothing he could do, leaving only a historical lesson of "false danger to destroy Guo" and "cold lips and cold teeth".

Third, the wasteland of farming and ignorance and superstition

Before Guo Gong, the last monarch of the State of Guo in Sanmenxia, was ugly, the State of Guo in Sanmenxia was politically stable, militarily powerful and economically prosperous, which made a special contribution to defending the rule of the Zhou Dynasty. Guo Gongchou was the king of Guo's national subjugation in Sanmenxia, and Hou Guo was his father. Guo Gongchou is more loyal to Zhou Tianzi than his father. Under the situation that the princes competed for hegemony and the emperor established the princes, Guo Gongchou was special except that he did not attach importance to economic development, resulting in agricultural wasteland, national strength exhaustion and belligerence.

"On Guoyu Zhou Yu" records: In the fifteenth year of the week, God sent down Xin, and Wang asked him in the civil history, saying, "Why? Inherent? " Yes: "yes. The country will be prosperous, and the monarch is as famous, honest, honest and harmonious. His virtue is enough to show his fragrance, and his profit is enough to be with his people. God likes to listen to the voice of the people, and the people have no complaints. Therefore, it is wise for God to abide by his political virtues and distribute blessings equally. The country will die, and its monarch is greedy, evil, immoral, lazy, rough and tyrannical; Its politics stinks, and its fragrance is not in the board; The punishment is false and the people are guilty. The people have a long-term vision, and the people have no choice but to complain. Therefore, god also went to see the disaster caused by his demanding. Either see God prosper or die. Last summer's prosperity also melted into Chongshan; After his death, he returned to the tunnel. The prosperity of business is second only to Pishan; When it died, the sheep were eating grass. Zhou Zhixing also sang in Qishan; Its failure also, Du Bai shot the king in Gao Yan. It's all about knowing God's will. " The king said, "What kind of god is this?" Yes, he said, "He got married in the palace yesterday, but after the palace, he did have great virtue, interacting with Dan Zhu, and Dan Zhu gave birth to Mu Wang by virtue of his physical appearance. It is a blessing or a curse to shine on the descendants of Zhou. The husband is not far away, but look, what is the god of Dani? " The king said, "Who will suffer?" Right: "In the soil." The king said, "But what is this?" Right: "I think: God who gets the word is blessed; Getting God by prostitution is greed. If you are short today, you will die? " The king said, "What shall I do?" Yes, he said, "Let the great slayer give him his best wishes and Shi Shuai's surname, offering sacrifice, prosperity and jade, without prayer." The king said, "Is it geometric?" Yes, he said, "Yao used to be five years old, but now his stomach sees it, and his God sees it, but it's nothing." Look, it's only five years. " The king ordered Taizai to avoid the sacrifices of his father, Shuai Fu, Zhu and Shi, and the offerings of jade. From the beginning to the end, the public also made a wish, and the history invited the soil. Literature and history are back. In order to sue the king, he said, "I will die. God will curse me if I don't pray for happiness. " : If you are not close to the people, Dont Ask For Help, the people will violate it. Enjoy wholeheartedly and enjoy it; Be kind to civilians and get close to them. It is not difficult to enter the public and provoke the people to disobey and anger the people for profit! "

Although people in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty still believed in destiny, sacrificed ancestors and gods, and even predicted good or bad luck through divination, they had a very wise view of destiny and ghosts and gods. They believe that the people are gods, and that heaven is in accordance with people's wishes, and religious sacrifices should be made to gods and ghosts, but they never dare to pin all the future and destiny of the country on them. The key lies in personnel. In the thirty-first year of Zuozhuan, Shangshu Hao Tao Hume was quoted as saying: "The spirit of heaven is the spirit of the people, and the dawn is scary, and the people are bright." Mencius, Sun Chou, quoted Shang Shu Tai Jia, saying, "Heaven commits iniquity, but it can still be violated; You can't live if you do it yourself. "The History of Zhou People" also said: "If you don't ask God for blessings, God will be in trouble; "If you don't want to be close to the people, the people will violate it." In the face of the cold reality, Guo Gongchou did not try his best to govern, but was insatiable and superstitious. Therefore, "it is not difficult to mobilize the people to show their power and profit from anger!"

As for Ru Shou's night dream, "Mandarin Yu Jin Er" records: Guo Gong dreamed in the temple that there was a white-haired Tiger Claw with a face of gods and many hands; Standing in the west, the public is afraid to go. God said, "Impossible! The emperor ordered, "Let Jin attack the Second Gate. Qi Huangong bowed down and touched it, so he asked Xu Shi to take it. "。 He said to him, "If you say so, Ru Shou will be punished by heaven, and heaven will be an official. "The palace has made prisoners and made China people's dreams come true. The overseas Chinese on board told their people, "People say that Guo Ziyu was not long ago, but now I know. What's wrong with you if you don't go out of your way and congratulate a big country on its attack? I heard this sentence:' The road of a big country, how can the attack of a small country serve? Small countries are proud, how can big countries attack? "People's illness is also a waste of money, so they are not obedient. Congratulations on his dream today, and it will be exhibited. This is a lesson from heaven and is good for his illness. People are not living, and things in the world are ruined; Great powers punish, but give orders; The country is humble and the princes are far away. There are no relatives inside and outside, who can save them? I can't bear it! "

Dreams are subconscious activities. If we use scientific methods to analyze night dreams, we may see some problems from one side. But celebrating an absurd night dream as a good omen like Guo Gongchou is not only absurd, but also exposes his greed, cruelty and ignorance.

"Historical Records Jin Shijia" records that Xun took a false road to avoid danger. I was afraid of going astray, so I cut the fruit and took it down to see Yang. Xia yang, adjacent to Yuzhou, is an important town of the State of Guo in Sanmenxia on the north bank of the Yellow River. Jin easily occupied xia yang, which not only controlled the ancient crossing of the Yellow River, but also laid a strategic foundation for crossing the river to eliminate Guo and Yu in Sanmenxia, and also saw the fragility of Guo and Yu in Sanmenxia and the incompetence of the monarch, thus strengthening the determination to completely eliminate Guo and Yu. Faced with the threat of the powerful enemy Jin State and worrying domestic politics, Guo Gongchou did not immediately reform his internal affairs and adjust his diplomatic strategy, but as always, he was ignorant and superstitious and insisted on graft. In the autumn of the same year, Yang was taken, and the dog Rong stepped up his attack on Sanmenxia, dispatching troops and sending troops. Ugly Guo fought back, and "Guo Gong defeated Rong in Sangtian" (Zuo Zhuan was published in the second year). According to this matter, Yan, the official diviner of the State of Jin, inferred from the internal affairs of Guo in Sanmenxia: "Guo will die, and Yang is not afraid of death. It's easy for Jin to be restless, not one person and five people. " As expected, in 655 BC, that is, in 22 years, Jin crossed the Yellow River again and destroyed the Guo State in Sanmenxia. The Guo State was ugly and fled to Luoyang, the capital.

Fourth, internal mistakes and exhaustion of national strength.

The reason why the State of Guo in Sanmenxia declined from prosperity was not only because of the special fief of the country; Years of exercise; In addition to these interrelated root causes, the barren farming and ignorant superstition led to the inevitable cause of the demise of the State of Guo in Sanmenxia, which was the failure of internal affairs and the exhaustion of national strength.

Guo was a military power in history, and the martial spirit of the first emperor became a glorious tradition handed down from generation to generation. The last monarch of Sanmenxia Guo was humiliated because of his defeat. His traitor Fan Pi and his fierce dog Rong were defeated twice and conquered the State of Jin several times, which can be described as brilliant in military exploits, able to recruit good fighters and a generation of owl generals. It is precisely because Guo Liannian's campaign not only exhausted national strength, but also intensified internal and external contradictions. In addition, Guo Gongchou was arrogant and extravagant, superstitious and autocratic, especially after he succeeded to the throne, he still did not pay attention to developing the economy, strengthening army building and enhancing national strength, which consumed a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources, making national strength even more scarce and exhausted. Just as the predecessors have the following comments on Guo Gong's ugliness: civil history says that he is dissolute and extravagant, which is easy to harm the people and accelerate their selfish desires, and is tyrannical and superstitious; Wei Shi said he would lose a lot; Bu Yan said that he had mobilized troops many times, causing many casualties among the people, but he did not know how to comfort them. The boatman said that he was extravagant, which caused his subjects to hate and defected in succession. In this case, the demise of Sanmenxia Guo is inevitable.

The Zhou Dynasty gradually declined during the ugly period of Guo Gong. At that time, the surrounding environment of the Guo family in Sanmenxia was the chaos of princes: Qi Heng in the east tried to establish hegemony, Qin in the west tried to go east, Chu in the south was also actively expanding its strength, and Jin in the north was also expanding southward ambitiously. Faced with these complicated situations, Guo Gongchou failed to seize the opportunity. Instead, with the help of the remnants of the Zhou Dynasty, he intervened in the internal affairs of the Jin State for a long time, led troops to invade Jin for many times (according to the Records of the Jin State and Zuo Zhuan), and pinned the future and destiny of the State of Guo in Sanmenxia on the declining Zhou royal family, which relied on raising princes and big countries to survive, thus resulting in Sanmenxia.