Details of Shangdu (Xia Shang State, the capital of Shang Dynasty)

Shangdu refers to the Shang kingdom in Xia Dynasty and the capital of Shang Dynasty. Businessmen frequently moved the capital, mostly because of river disasters and wars. Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty said in "Xijing Fu": "Yin people moved repeatedly, and the first eight were followed by five". The so-called "pre-Shang" refers to the period when the ancestor of the Shang Dynasty moved the capital to Bo to prepare for the summer, also known as the "pre-Shang" period. * * * For more than 400 years, the Shang State moved its capital eight times during this period. The so-called "post" refers to the period from the establishment of Shang Dynasty to the extinction of Shang Dynasty by Zhou people. * * * There are more than 600 years, during which the Shang Dynasty moved its capital five times.

Chinese Name: Shangdu Administrative District Category: Capital Region: Shang State, Shang Dynasty * * * Resident: Bo, Tao, Xiang, Geng, Bi, Xuan, Yin Geographical location: Central Plains historical evolution, Shang State capital, Shang, Jishi, Shangqiu, Yin, Shangqiu, the seventh capital of Shang Dynasty, Bo, Tao, Xiang, Geng. "Shangshu Pan Xiageng" says: "Swing away from home, there is no fixed pole." "Preface to Shangshu": "Since the appointment, Tang moved eight times, and Tang began to live in Bo, from the first king." Scholars before the Tang Dynasty have always been "unclear" about the position of the Eighth National Games. Confucius' Preface to Shangshu only lists the "four moves": "When the contract was completed, the capital was moved in the 14th century:" Ode to Shang "said that" the emperor set up a son to give birth to a business "means living together in a business;" Shiben "cloud' Zhao Ming is a rock'; Zuo Zhuan said, "Living in Shangqiu, living in Bo now". I haven't heard of it in detail. "Lu Deming's" Shang Qiu Tang Dynasty Classic Interpretation Shang Du "also said the same thing:" The book moves eight times, and the history is only four. " In the Qing Dynasty, Liang Yu Suo clearly put forward the specific position of the Eighth National Games in his Historical Records. On the basis of Liang Sheng, Wang Guowei made another textual research. In From Eight Movements, he pointed out that the order of eight moves in Shang Dynasty was: Qi Ju Shang (Shangqiu, Henan Province), Zhao Ming Ju Di, Zhao Ming moved to Shangqiu (Shangqiu, Henan Province), moved to Shangqiu, moved to Shangqiu, slightly moved merchants to Yin (Anyang, Henan Province), slightly returned merchants to Shangqiu and Tang Jubo. The above commercial land is now Shangqiu, Henan. There is no record of moving the capital from the return of merchants to the relocation of merchants to Yin. However, it is mentioned in The Classic of Mountains and Seas and Annals of Bamboo Books that Wang Hai once "changed things" or "changed things", indicating that merchants still lived in Shangqiu during the period of Changruo, Ming and Wang Hai (Wang Heng). Through the investigation of the "Eight Major Movements", we can know that the scope of business activities is mainly at the junction of Henan and Shandong provinces today; Moreover, although the former merchants experienced eight migrations, four of them were related to Shangqiu, and they all returned to Shangqiu after each migration. It can be seen that from the Qi Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty (14), the Shang nationality took Shangqiu as its base or main business place, and then gradually developed through outward expansion, and Shangqiu was the birthplace of the Shang nationality. After the establishment of Shang Dynasty, there were several migrations, namely, Zhong Ding moved from Bo (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) to Jiao (now Zhengzhou, Henan Province), He moved from Tao (now Anyang, Henan Province), Zu Ti moved from Geng (now Hejin, Shanxi Province), Zu Ti moved from Geng to Xing (now wen county, Henan Province) and Zu Ti moved from Xing to Pizhou, Henan Province. Visible, only when Zu Ti was in office, he moved the capital three times. After the establishment of Shang dynasty, there were several migrations in Henan, Shandong and other places, and once in Shanxi, but they were all in the north and south of the Yellow River, and they were not too far away. Du Jin, the capital of Shang Dynasty, said in the book "Releasing the Land in the Spring and Autumn Period": "Song, Shang and Shangqiu are also located in Suiyang County of Liang State." Zhang Tang's Shi Ji Zheng Yi, Tao Shi, History of Country Names and Parentheses all inherited this theory. Cihai: "Shang, ancient place names. In Shangqiu, Henan today. Ancestral home of Shang Dynasty. " Chen's summary of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins: "Shangqiu merchants in Oracle Bone Inscriptions are near Shangqiu today." The stone "Shiben" said: "Zhaoming is a stone." Chronicle of Shangqiu Bamboo Book: "In the fifteenth year, the merchants rode horses and moved to Shangqiu." Chronology of Yin Zhushu: "In the thirty-third year of Emperor Mang, the merchants moved to Yin." Shangqiu Bamboo Chronology: "In the ninth year of Kong Jia, Shang Dynasty returned to Shangqiu." Bobo, the seventh capital of Shang Dynasty, was the capital of Shang Dynasty from the 15th year of Xia Jie to the first year of Zhong Ding, where ten monarchs ascended the throne and made their capital. Bo moved his capital to Jiuding, Shangyi in Shang Tang, Shangqiu in 12. Foreign country c died in this capital for 2 years; Zhongren died when he established his capital here in 4 years, Taijia 12 years, Woding 19 years, Taigeng in 5 years, Xiaojia 17 years, Yongji 12 years and Taiwu in 75 years. In the first year of Zhong Ding, due to the flood of Bocheng River, Bohai moved its capital to Yaodu, which was the first time since the establishment of Shang Dynasty. Chronology of Bamboo Books: "In the fifteenth year of Jiedi, the Shang Dynasty moved to Bo (the first year of Tang Dynasty)." "Zuo Zhuan's fourteen years of mourning for the public": "There is a city in Song Dynasty." Song Gong Jing also said: "Bo Zhe, also." "Kuodizhi" says: "The ancient city of Bo is thirty-five miles southwest of Gushu County in Songzhou, that is, Bo is the capital and Tang is the capital." "Da Tong Zhi": "Bo City, 45 miles southeast of Guidefu City, is the capital of Qi, and Tang moved to Shangqiu. Tang lived in Bo, adjacent to it, that is, Gexiang, Ningling County, and Bo was now Gushu County. Mongolia is the place where Beibo, namely Jingbo and Tang were ordered. The valley is ripe for the south and the soup is the capital. " (Ming) Gu Zuyu's Reading History and Yu Fang Returning to Defu: "Gong Yu" is in Yuzhou. In ancient times, Shangqiu Zuo Zhuan: Gao Xin's son Kun Bo lived in Shangqiu. Shang Tang is a city. One hundred and fifty-four volumes of "The Unification of the Qing Dynasty" were published in Defu: "The territory of was Bodu, Zhou was Song, the Warring States belonged to Wei, Qin was a county, and Liang was changed in five years. Textual research on Bozhou annals and Tangdu in the 21st year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty: "According to the old annals, the capital of Gaoxin is in Bozhou today, which is untrue. Di Ku's blog is in Henan, which has nothing to do with it. The old ambition is based on the ancient theory, which is inevitable. Tang Xian lived in Nanbo, but the land of Tang Dynasty was only 70 miles, Anyi was the summer capital, and Yanshi in Henan was the territory of the summer capital, which was 900 miles away from where Tang lived? After Shaq, the inland sea was solved and the land of Yanshi entered the territory. "Broad Geography" Gushu County in Songzhou is thirty-five miles southwest of the ancient city Bo, and the soup restaurant is also there. Song and Zhou Dynasties have now been returned to the German government. Gushi county is located in the southeast of Shangqiu. Tang and Ge are neighbors, and Ge is Gexiang in Ningling County. Huangfu Mi said it started with Ge. It is unreasonable to plan Ningling to Yanshi for 800 miles, so that many Bozhou people feed on boys. There are two Bo in this beam, North Bo in Mongolia and South Bo in Shugu. However, the valley is full of cooked soup. Confucius also understood the truth of thinking and explaining Mencius. Tang jubo must take Yanshi as the capital of Yin, and if he wants to follow Zheng, he has to. The husband took Tang as a special teacher, and his mistake began in Preface to Confucius in Shangshu. Since the conclusion of the contract, Tang has been living in the official residence of the late king in Borus. Kong Fuyun, the father of the deed, was all in Bo, and Tang moved to Shangqiu, so it was said to come from the late king's mansion. According to Di Ku, the capital, Confucius stopped talking about it and actually didn't mention it. Because it used to be the capital of Bo, later generations took Bo mentioned by Confucius as the special reference of Yan. I didn't know that Di Ku was sealed in Nanbo before he became the Emperor. There are clear proofs in books such as Yuanhe County Records. In fact, Confucius' calligraphy originated in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Confucianism has doubts about its authenticity. As a canon, it means that Chengdu Tang lived in Bo, Yanshi, which is not credible. What's more, as we all know, the so-called Bo is not Nanbo? That is to say, Tang Shi's words really came from Kong Anguo's mouth, and it is impossible for them to obey. Is it a fake hole? "The location of Bo City, the first capital of Shang Dynasty, in Shangqiu shows the site of Zhengzhou Mall built by Zhong Ding, the tenth king of Shang Dynasty. Located in the urban area of Zhengzhou, it starts from Phoenix Terrace in the east, reaches Xishakou in the west, Huayuan Road in the north and Erligang in the south, covering an area of 2,500 hectares. Found in 1950, 1955 A wall with a circumference of nearly 7 kilometers was found in the middle of the site. After many archaeological excavations, a large number of relics such as palace base, small houses, pits, wells, trenches, tombs, sacrificial pits, copper casting workshops, pottery workshops, bone making workshops and jade workshops have been discovered. Stone tools, mussels, bronzes and other relics have been unearthed, including precious jade articles, original blue glazed porcelain statues, rare gold foil with dragon patterns, exquisite ivory combs, ancient musical instruments, stone tablets and so on. According to carbon 14 dating, the age of the site is 3235 90 years ago. Unearthed relics and relics show that Zhengzhou Shangcheng site was the capital of the middle Shang Dynasty earlier than Anyang Yin Ruins. Its discovery filled a big historical gap in Shang Dynasty before the Yin Ruins in Anyang, and enriched the physical materials for studying the ancient civilization in China. When Guo Moruo visited Zhengzhou on 1959, he wrote an inscription for Zhengzhou Mall: "Zhengzhou is also a Yin ruins, and it is suspected to be the capital. The ancient underground city is deep and thick, and the relics in the tomb are rich and different. It fills the gap in the history of the middle and early Shang Dynasty and enriches the physical materials for studying the ancient civilization of China. Regarding the ruins of Zhengzhou Mall, Zhengzhou's status as the capital of Shang Dynasty is generally considered by the public as Zhong Ding's move to the capital. Reasons: ① According to the literature, Du Yao is located in Zhengzhou; (2) from the point of Zhong Ding's capital relocation, Du Yao is in Zhengzhou; According to archaeological findings, the Erligang period culture in Zhengzhou is between the late Erlitou period in Yanshi, the early Shang culture in Yin ruins and the late Shang culture. Therefore, Zhengzhou Mall can only belong to the capital city in the middle of Shang Dynasty. Zhong Ding moved from Bo to Xiao and established its capital for 9 years. The foreign minister, Zhong Ding's brother, established his capital here in 10. Zhong Ding and foreign ministers were buried in the noise. Bamboo Chronology: "Zhong Ding, a famous village. In the first year of Xin Chou, Wang ascended the throne and moved from Bo to the river. " Chronology of Bamboo Slips: "Zhong Ding has been recruiting Lan Man for six years. Nine years, hey. " Chronology of Bamboo Slips: "A foreigner's name. In the first year, Wang ascended the throne and held a high position. Pi people, Yi people rebel. Ten years, hey. " Chronology of Bamboo Slips at Zhengzhou Mall Site: "He, full name. In the first year, Wang ascended the throne and moved. " In recent years, with the rise of cultural economy, many places have carried out the restoration and maintenance of ancient buildings, such as Jinci in Taiyuan. Through reconstruction, these "old buildings" with historical value and cultural symbolic significance can be passed down from generation to generation. For buildings that have only legends, can't be verified, or lack historical records, the so-called "restoration construction" has put the cart before the horse. Taking two ancient city walls in Zhengzhou as an example, the cultural relics department of the city regards them as "restoration exhibitions" in order to reproduce the basic features of the city walls of the Shang Dynasty 3,000 years ago. However, what is the "primitive" of such "toughness", and can it be the same as the original model of the Shang Dynasty capital wall 3000 years ago? In fact, what the capital wall of Shang Dynasty looked like, except for a few words recorded in historical books, was the result of modern people's excavation and textual research. Such a result itself is inference and speculation, and it should be "restored" with such a "result". Isn't it wrong to pass it on Besides, the times are developing and society is progressing. Is it necessary to erect the earth wall that fell thousands of years ago in such a big city? Because modern society has lost the social foundation of the existence of the earth wall. If the skin does not exist, what will the hair attach to it? If the earth wall of the capital of Shang Dynasty is culture, then, as an ancient historical and cultural city, I wonder how many buildings have stood up in the development history of more than 3,000 years. Is it necessary to restore the ancient buildings of past dynasties now? From the perspective of modern people, it is neither "harmonious", nor beautiful, nor environmentally friendly to erect a 3300-year-old earth wall in a modern metropolis. Even the local citizens are worried about whether the ancient city walls piled up with loess will pollute the environment. Zhengzhou itself is a city with more sandstorms. In fact, whether it is a "restorative exhibition" or a "so-and-so scene", most of them are impulse of political achievements supported by commercial behavior, and they are a means of urban marketing, not to protect anything. "Protection" is just a flag. No matter how realistic the temple is, it is also a fake antique. No matter how well it is done, it is also a "cottage version". If we really want to inherit and carry forward the traditional culture of China, protecting the existing buildings is the right way. On October 20th11May13rd, two sections of "antique city walls" appeared on the East Street in the ruins of Zhengzhou Mall. According to the introduction of the cultural relics department, the construction of two "antique city walls" is a "restoration exhibition" project for the ruins of Zhengzhou Mall. The "antique city wall" is divided into more than ten layers, and it is rammed by the traditional technology of tamping the city wall in Shang Dynasty to reproduce the basic features of the city wall in Shang Dynasty. However, many citizens have considerable objections to this. Citizens believe that it is a valuable thing to make this "cottage version" of the ancient city wall in the bustling area. At present, it is urgent to repair the ancient city wall of Shang Dynasty with a circumference of about 5 kilometers. Due to years of wind and rain erosion, these ancient city walls or wall foundations collapsed or the walls fell off, and some units and residents built illegal buildings near the city walls, causing serious damage to the original appearance of the city walls. 20 12 On February 22nd, at the west side of the intersection of Chengnan Road and Zijingshan Road in Zhengzhou City, the wall of Zhengzhou Shopping Mall, which is more than 800 meters long, was raised by loess, which was angular, but perhaps it was a quality problem. On the west side of the intersection of Chengnan Road and Nanda Street, the wall built with loess collapsed and landslide in a large area, and workers are carrying out maintenance. At the west 100 meters of the intersection of East Street and Chengdong Road in Zhengzhou City, the original fence with trees and grass was also raised by loess, and there were man-made landslides on both sides of the fence on the north side of East Street. The workers admitted that there was a problem with the soil quality and said that the soil should be rammed again here. 20 13 exposure, Zhengzhou Shang dynasty city wall site was dug a lot of pits, which became a place for climbers to practice their hands. What the hell is going on here? The intersection of Zijingshan Road and Shangcheng Road in Zhengzhou City is about 500 meters to the east. This Shang Dynasty ancient city wall site usually gathers the most people. On the terrace of the wall soil layer of the city wall site, there is a pit the size of a foot, and several young people are climbing the wall soil layer. A young man climbed three or four meters after his run-up, but he jumped down because of his unstable figure. Two minutes later, he tried again and finally succeeded in "reaching the top". Mr. Zhao, who lives nearby, said that many people usually practice rock climbing here. Ms. Liu, who is exercising beside the ruins of the city wall, said that since the wall was repaired last July, it has become a place for children to play. These pits were dug by children, and later more and more people climbed them, becoming places for rock climbing. Director Ma of Zhengzhou Shangcheng Site Protection and Management Office said that the soil of the city wall was pulled from other places, and digging holes on the city wall was not considered as destroying cultural relics. He, the third brother of Xiang, ascended the throne in the first year and moved the capital to Xiang (now Anyang, Henan) for 9 years. Buried in the same phase. Chronology of Bamboo Slips: "He Qijia, full name. In the first year, Wang ascended the throne and moved to Hunan. Three years, Pemberg pier. Four years, levy Lanyi. In five years, I entered the class. Pumbaa, Weber, Ban Fang and other guests. Nine years, hey. " In the first year of Geng Zuyi, he moved to Geng; In the second year after Zu Ti moved to Geng, Gengcheng was destroyed by a flood and moved to Pi. Geng was only the capital of Shang Dynasty in 1 year. Chronology of Bamboo Slips: "Different ancestors are famous. In the first year, Wang ascended the throne and moved to Geng. Life Pumbaa, Weber (see above). In two years, Zi Geng moved to a bomb shelter. Because Cheng Geng was destroyed, Pizui moved to Pizui. /kloc-Zu Ti established its capital here in 0/8; /kloc-In 0/4, Zu Xin established its capital here, and the Shang Dynasty began to revive. After his death, the temple was named "Zhongzong". Later, Jia Kai established its capital here for five years; Zuding built its capital here for 9 years; In the third year of building its capital here, Nangeng moved to the capital. " Chronology of Bamboo Slips: "Different ancestors, famous Teng. Two years, admitted to Geng, from Geng to Pi. For three years, he was ordered to be a wise man. Eight years, urban shelter. Fifteen years, I was born in high school. Nineteen years. Zuyi tianxia, business revival, temple zhongzong. "Bamboo Chronology": "Zuxin, a famous Dan. In the year of Wu Ziyuan, Wang ascended the throne and lived in seclusion. Fourteen years, hey. " "Bamboo Chronology": "Jia Kai is famous. In the first year of Renyin, Wang ascended the throne and lived in seclusion. Five years, hey. "Bamboo Chronology": "Zuding, new name. At the end of the first year, the king ascended the throne and lived in seclusion. Nine years, hey. Chronology of Bamboo Books: "Nan Geng is more famous. In the first year, Wang ascended the throne and lived in seclusion. Three years, relocation. Six years, hey. "Iraq is the capital of Nangeng, Yang's family and Pan Geng. Nan Geng moved the capital for three years and died for six years. The Yang family died four years after the capital was established. Pan Geng chose to move to the capital. " Chronology of bamboo slips: "Yang family, name and. In the first year, the king ascended the throne and lived in the election. In three years, Danshan was honored to travel to the west. Four years, hey. Chronology of Bamboo Books: "Pan Geng, whose name is Ten Days. In the first year of Bing Yin, Wang ascended the throne and was elected. Geng moved from Yan (now Qufu, Shandong Province) to Bo (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) and established political power. After that, the people lived in peace and the Shang Dynasty began to revive. " "Historical Records" Volume III "Yin Benji": Pan Geng said to the princes and ministers: "The previous dynasty was high, and it became soup. Your ancestors set the world and the law can be amended. Giving up, how can it be a virtue! "Therefore, Henan, Bohai and Tang were involved, and then the people revived in Ningyin. In the 14th year of Yin Pan Geng, he moved the capital from Bohai (now Shangqiu, Henan) to Beimeng, and changed Beimeng to Yin. In the fifteenth year of Pan Geng, the capital of Yin was built. After that, it lasted for nearly 300 years among the eight kings of 12, and the Shang Dynasty did not move its capital again. Yin Ruins in Anyang, known as "Northern Mongolia" in ancient times, is the capital site of China in the late Shang Dynasty, located in Anyang City, Henan Province, and also known as "Shang Yi" and "Great Shang Yi" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Yin Ruins is the first capital ruins recorded and confirmed by archaeology and Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the history of China. It consists of Yin Ruins Tomb Site, Yin Ruins Palace Temple Site and Huanbei Mall Site. 1961March, the State Council listed Yin Ruins as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. In July, 2006, Yin Ruins was listed on the World Cultural Heritage List by UNESCO. Bamboo Chronology: "Pan Geng, whose name is Ten Days. Fourteen years, from Bo moved to North Mongolia, called Yin. Fifteen years, Yi Yin camp. In nineteen years, he was appointed as Hou Yaqi. Twenty-eight years, alas. Historical Records of Wei Kangshu's Family in Anyang Yin Ruins: ... Wu Geng Yin Yumin, whose real name is Wei Jun in Kang Shu, lives in the old Shang ruins in He Qi. Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics: "Huanshui flows out of eastern Shandong, and the mute site is in the north ..." Tongjian Geographical Interpretation: "Benyin site is in Anyang County, which is called North Mongolia, 50 miles and 40 steps northwest of Qijiacheng, and south bank of Lianshui. "