On the Translation of High Score System in Yin and Zhou Dynasties

The political and cultural changes in China were the most drastic during the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. Du Yi is a symbol of politics and culture.

Since ancient times, the capitals of emperors have been in the East. Taihao's market (? ) in the east, the library of the big court (? ) In Shandong, the capital of the Yellow Emperor is in Zhuolu Mountain. The markets in Shao Hao and Zhuan Xu (? ) is located between and (Lu Yu), and its capital is Bo (Bozhou). Only historians say that Yao's capital is Pingyang (Linfen, Shanxi), Shun's capital is Puban (Yongji, Shanxi), and Dayu's capital is Anyi (Xiaxian, Shanxi), all of which are in remote places in the northwest, which are different from the capitals of ancient emperors. But Yao's nickname is Tao, and his grave is in Chengyang, Dingtao, Shandong. Posthumous title of Shun was Yu, but his descendants were sealed in Yu County of Liang State (Yucheng County of Henan Province). Mencius said that Shun was born and died in Dongyi. It may be because of the flood that Yanzhou is in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and may move its capital for a period of time instead of always settling in the west (Shanxi). Although it is impossible to search in Yu, place names from Taikang to Jieli in Xia Dynasty can be found in the eastern classics, and people of Shang tribe have lived in the Yellow River and Jihe River basins for about hundreds of years. After the Shang Dynasty won the world, the capital was not fixed, and it was moved five times before and after, but it did not go beyond the scope of Bangji. Therefore, since the Five Emperors, the capitals as political and cultural centers have all been in the East, and only Zhou has risen in the West. After the victory of Zhou, Wu Geng was appointed as the leader of merchants, and appointed Cai Shu and Huo Shu as the three supervisors to supervise them, but failed to completely rule the East. Only when Wu Geng rebelled did he lead troops to pacify the East and defeat the merchant tribes in Wu Geng. That is to say, he helped the rebellious Dongyi to elect a monarch and destroy fifty countries. So Kang Shu is in Wei (Qixian County, Henan Province), Bo Qin is in Lu (Qufu, Shandong Province), Tai Gong Wang is in Qi (Yingqiu, Shandong Province), and his son is in Yan (Beijing). Other countries such as Cai, Yue, Yue, Yong, Cao, Teng, Fan, Jiang, Xing and Mao. , are located in the jurisdiction of Yin Kyoto, as well as Yin Hou and Dian costumes (within a thousand miles of the periphery of ancient Ji Wang). Qi, Lu and Wei are close relatives of the Zhou royal family, and they have exploits in conquering, so they are the first princes in Pugu, Shang and Yan. Zhou also took Luoyang as the eastern capital and controlled the eastern governors; But Zhou still lives in Feng and Gao Er (Chang 'an, Shaanxi Province), and * * * reaches eleven. Since the Five Emperors, the capital moved from east to west, which should have started from the Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, taking the clan as an example, Shun and Xia are descendants of Zhuan Xu, Yin and Zhou are descendants, and it is natural that Yin and Zhou are closely related. Geographically, Shun, Xia and Shang were in the East, and only Zhou rose with the West, so Xia and Shang cultures were basically the same. "Hong Fan" and "Nine Domains" (Wu Wang Yin Ke visited Ji Zi, and Ji Zi presented "Hong Fan Nine Domains" to Wu Wang). Flood, big also; Fan and Fa also said that "Hong Fan's Nine Domains" is the nine methods of governing the country. ) It was given to Dayu by Yao Shun and handed down by Ji Zi. In the late Xia Dynasty, Yin Jia, Kong Jia, Gui Lu and others began to name time, and this habit was inherited by businessmen. Culture is like this, so is politics. Zhou attacked the merchants and destroyed 50 small vassal States. Its adherents either moved to Luoyang or were assigned to countries like Luwei. However, only Wei, Gu and Kunwu were conquered by the Yin people, and after being conquered by the East, Qian Wei was still the Earl of Shang Dynasty. Although Kunwu was conquered, the surname country still existed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. "book? It should be the fact that "Xia Dizhen is in Wang Ting, and she has a position now" (officials in that summer were all selected in Wang Ting and Yin, and they all had positions among officials). Therefore, the political and cultural changes between Xia and Shang dynasties were not as drastic as those during the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. On the surface, the great changes between Yin and Zhou Dynasties were nothing more than the rise and fall of one family and the transfer of the capital. But from a deeper perspective, it is the abandonment of the old system and the rise of the new system, the abandonment of the old culture and the rise of the new culture. On the surface, it seems that the ancient sage can obtain the method of the ancient sage to win and protect the world, just like the emperors of later generations; From a deeper perspective, his system, culture and his original intention of establishing the system are all out of a big plan to make all generations peaceful. His mind and planning far exceed the dreams of future emperors.

If we want to observe how Zhou sets the world, we must start with his system. The system of the Zhou Dynasty was different from that of the Shang Dynasty. First, the system of "establishing a son to establish a government", from which the patriarchal clan system and the funeral system were derived, and it was precisely from this that the aristocratic children sealed the country, the son of heaven was king, and the princes were ministers; The second is the temple number system, and the third is the unmarried surname system. These are all weeks, so we can unify the discipline of the world. Its main purpose is to bring all people up and down into the scope of morality, and to combine emperors, princes, ministers, doctors, scholars and ordinary people into a moral group. This is actually the original intention of the Duke of Zhou to formulate the system. This is not a statement after the meeting. What this article says is based on facts. Now let me briefly explain.

Before the Yin Dynasty, there was no system in which molecules ruled first. After the death of the Yellow Emperor, his two sons, Changyi and the descendants of Xiao Xuan, took power. Zhuan Xu, son of Changyi, Di Ku, son of Xiao Xuan; Later, Yu and Xia were descendants of Zhuan Xu, and Yin and Zhou were descendants. Only the descendants of the Yellow Emperor won the world, not necessarily the direct descendants of the Yellow Emperor. Later generations often say that Yao and Shun won the world when they abdicated, and Shang Tang and Wuzhou conquered the world as if they abdicated.

There is a big difference between the two. However, judging from the genealogy of emperors in past dynasties, Yao Shun's abdication was due to the contribution of Shun and Yu.

Shun and Yu are descendants of Zhuan Xu, and they are also qualified to win the world; Tang Wu's replacement of Xia and Shang naturally depends on their force and virtue, but Tang Wu is a descendant of Di Ku, and he is already qualified to dominate the world. Judging from the succession order of dynasties since Zhuan Xu, there is obviously no difference between them. Even in the past, from the perspective of succession to the throne. Especially in Shang dynasty, the law of inheritance and rule was based on brothers and sisters, supplemented by father's death and son's succession, and there was no practice of passing the throne to brother's son after his death. Of the 30 emperors from Tang Cheng to Di Xin, 14 took their younger brothers with them to follow their older brothers.

(Waibing, Renzhong, Dageng, Yongji, Dawei, Wairen, and Jiajia, Wo Jia, Nangeng, Pan Geng, Daxin, Xiaoyi, Zujia, Gengding); Among them, the stepfather is not the brother's son, but mostly the younger brother's son (such as Xiao Jia, Zhong Ding, Zuxin, Wu Ding, Zu Geng, Yan Xin and Wuyi). It was only after the death of Wo Jia that Zu Ding, the son of Zuxin, became king. After the death of Zu Ding, Nan Geng, the son of Wojia, acceded to the throne; After Nangeng's death, Yang Jia, the son of Zu Ding, succeeded to the throne: only these three things are inconsistent with the unification of businessmen's succession. This is probably a historical record, right? There should have been disputes about the Nine Dynasties Rebellion after Zhong Ding in Yin Benji, but now it is impossible to verify it. Therefore, merchants sacrificed to their former king, and the etiquette between brothers was the same; Even if the brother of the late king didn't get the throne, his understanding was the same, and there was no difference between the two. This is not only the system of the dynasty, but also the system of the following governors. Three weapons recently unearthed in Nanxiang, Baoding, all have inscriptions. One of them reads "Dazu Riji, Zuri Ding, Zuri B, Zuri Geng, Zuri Ding, Zuri Ji, Zuri Ji"; The second is "Zuriyi, Dafu Rigui, Dafu Rigui, Zhongfu Rigui, Dafu Rigui, Dafu Rixin, Dafu Riji"; The third is "Big Brother Day, Brother Day, Brother Day."

Ren, Japanese expensive brother, Japanese expensive brother, Japanese C brother ". This should be the names of the grandfathers and brothers who were carved on weapons by the Northern Hou State in the Yin Dynasty to record their merits. The names of the three generations (Xia, Shang and before) are juxtaposed in turn, with no distinction between upper and lower. Therefore, King Wen of Wu, instead of the eldest son Taibo, and Duke Zhou succeeded King Wu as the regent, are all justified in terms of Yin system (after Yin Yi, the fourth generation passed down the son, Mencius said: there is such a wicked nephew, but as the king, there are sages such as Prince Wei and Prince Bigan). The current affairs article says: "Three brothers have the same mother, the eldest son is Wei, the second son is Zhong You, and the youngest is De. Virtue is the smallest. Zhou's mother was a concubine and gave birth to Wei and Zhong You. Then he got married and had children. Both Zhou's father and mother want to make Wei a prince. According to the law, the Taishi argued that a son born to a wife cannot be a son born to a concubine. He thus succeeded to the throne. Historical records? Yin Benji said: "Di Yi's eldest son is Wei, and Qi's mother is in a humble position, so Qi can't reign;" The youngest son, Xin Xin, whose mother is Wang's wife, made Xin Xin the heir. Although these three statements are different, it seems that there was a government system at the end of Shang Dynasty. But the three statements are different from each other. I'm afraid it was fabricated by later generations according to the weekly system. We are not sure that this is true. ) The system of establishing a son instead of a younger brother actually began in the Zhou Dynasty. After the death of King Wu, the world was not stable. The country needs Zhou Wang and King Wu, the elders of the royal family, to help King Wu defeat Yin Zhou Wang and make the greatest contribution. Regardless of virtue or age, according to the system of past dynasties, it is possible to stand on one's own feet after the position of King Wu. However, the Duke of Zhou stood on his own as king and was regent himself. Later, he returned the political power to his nephew and became king. Regency is to cope with the changes of the current situation; To be king is to maintain orthodoxy. Since then, the system of father's death and son's succession has become an unchangeable system of emperors in past dynasties.

There are other systems derived from the system of carrying on the family line. In order to settle disputes, status is passed from brother to son. The affection between brothers is not as good as that of father and son, and the dignity of brothers is not as good as that of father, so there are often disputes between brothers. Especially after all the younger brothers have passed on, who should be designated as the successor in the future? Is it brother Li's son? Or Li Di's son? Theoretically speaking, it is natural to have a brother's son; But in fact, it is often the younger brother's son who is framed. This is why there was rebellion in the Shang Dynasty after the mid-Ding period, and the system of transmitting children in the Zhou Dynasty was established to correct this shortcoming. But if you can choose one of your sons at will, and that person can pass on his status to the person he wants at will, then there will be more disputes, but it is not as orderly as the way brothers in Shang Dynasty passed on their brothers and ascended the throne according to their age. Therefore, there are other systems in the office.

Specific methods such as "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" said: When the prince dies, those who have the same mother and brother are the same mother and brother, and those who have no mother and brother are the eldest brother. Those of the same age who are virtuous and capable will be divined with the same mind. According to the ram scientist, according to Zhou Li, if the first lady has no children, she will be the son of the right concubine (the tallest concubine); If the right concubine has no children, she is the son of the left concubine. If the left concubine has no children, she will be the nephew and son of her first wife. The nephew of the first wife and the childless son of the right nephew; The right nephew has no children. He is the son of the left nephew. The Shang dynasty advocated quality and emphasized kissing, so Li Jue was established first. The Zhou dynasty respected it and established nephews first. Di Zi died after having a grandson. Shang dynasty kissed him, Zhou dynasty respected him, and grandson came first. If there are twins, according to the actual situation of Shang dynasty, Mr. Li's, according to the original intention of the Zhou dynasty enthronement, descendants can be established. (Tao Publishing House: In ancient times, a nobleman married nine people, and his wife had left and right concubines. Wives and concubines have nephews and concubines, and the daughter of nephew and brother is the daughter of brother, so there are nine people. This literary theory is too complicated to be translated. Of the two statements, the latter is more detailed and thorough, which should be an extended interpretation of later Confucian scholars. At the beginning of legislation, it may not be possible to consider the changes in the situation in such detail. However, the essence of the system is that children (motherhood) and heirs are not valued by age. Although there may not have been such a statement at that time, it was definitely such an intention. Because for society, the biggest benefit is stability, and the biggest disaster is dispute. Following God's will (inherent law) can lead to stability, and there will be disputes according to people's will. If everything is based on the law, there will be no dispute. Therefore, when the emperor passed the throne to the princes, he inherited the dominant position. Li Zicheng and Li Di, as well as future generations, chose people according to their personal qualifications, and all of them took natural standards rather than personal meanings, in order to achieve stability and prevent disputes. The ancients didn't know that the reputation of making the rule of the world public was better than the reputation of treating the affairs of the world as private affairs. It is more beneficial to pass it on to the son with good character than to the younger son. People should be qualified according to their own abilities rather than their personal status, but the reason why the latter method is never used instead of the former method is that disputes based on subjective standards are easy to occur, so the disadvantages cannot be eliminated and people have no chance to recuperate. Therefore, we weigh the interests, give up the great harm and take the light harm, and establish a system to make contributions to ourselves and benefit future generations; In fact, the system was established by the Duke of Zhou, which was the greatest achievement of Zhou people's restructuring. We can compare the system of Shang Dynasty with the etiquette system of Zhou Dynasty, which generally evolved from this system.