What is the historical reason of Pan Geng's migration to Yin? How did Pan Geng change the pattern of Shang Dynasty?

The merchants migrated eight times before the Tang Dynasty destroyed the summer, and the Tang Dynasty destroyed Xia Hou five times in succession. It took about 500 years from the establishment to the demise of the Shang Dynasty, so it is very intriguing that the capital moved so frequently. When Pan Geng, the19th King of Shang Dynasty, moved merchants from Oman to Yin (near Xiaotun Village in Anyang, Henan) north of the Yellow River. Since then, the twelve Shang kings have taken Yin as their capital and have never moved their capital.

The Shang Dynasty lasted about 500 years from the founding of the People's Republic to its demise, but it moved its capital five times in the first half. In the last 270 years, its capital was in Yin (now Anyang, Henan), so the Shang Dynasty was also called Yin Dynasty, and sometimes it was also called Yin Shang or Shang Yin. Pan Geng is the capital of Shang Dynasty, and Pan Geng is the ninth grandson of Shang Tang and the nineteenth king of Shang Dynasty. The Shang Dynasty moved its capital many times, and Pan Geng made its capital in Yin, so it no longer moved its capital, reflecting that the importance of agricultural production has surpassed that of animal husbandry at this time, and people demanded to settle down.

Shang Tang moved its ruling center to Bo (now Puyang County, Henan Province) before the summer. Bo is located in southern Xinjiang, where Shang people live, and further south, it is the sphere of influence of Xia people. Xia Hou was destroyed in the Tang Dynasty, and in order to rule the adherents of the Xia Dynasty, the capital was established in Yanshi County, Henan Province, which is located in the center of the Xia Dynasty. This is the first ideal city built after the establishment of Shang Dynasty. Still named after Bo, known as Xibo in history, to distinguish it from the original Bo city. Nine Shang kings, from Tang to Dawu, all took this as their capital. Since Zhong Ding succeeded to the throne as queen, the capital of Shang Dynasty moved frequently. Zhong Ding moved its capital to Xingyang County, Henan Province, Hejia moved its capital to Xiang County, Neihuang County, Henan Province, Zu Ti moved its capital to Pi (Yutai County, Shandong Province) and Nangeng moved its capital to Yan (Qufu, Shandong Province). There were only ten kings from Zhong Ding to Pan Geng, but they moved five times, with an average of two kings moving once. Very high frequency.

After a struggle, Pan Geng decided to move to Yin.

Before Pan Geng ascended the throne, the Shang Dynasty was already at home and abroad. After King Tai Jia of Shang Dynasty, the life of monarchs and slave owners in Shang Dynasty was corrupt. They are superstitious about ghosts and gods and especially like drinking. They are completely parasites. They don't work by themselves, but they drive away slaves to do everything. Between slaves and slave owners, the class contradiction is very sharp, and slaves flee in large numbers. Among the royal aristocrats, the struggle for the throne is becoming more and more fierce. Some people say that brothers should be brothers and sisters, others say that fathers should die and children should succeed. Between uncles and nephews, it is often a life-and-death struggle that makes the country at sixes and sevens.

Various internal contradictions weakened the Shang Dynasty, production was abandoned, some small countries and ethnic minorities were no longer controlled by the Shang Dynasty, and natural disasters such as floods and droughts made it impossible for the Shang Dynasty to survive as a slave country.

At this moment, Yang Jia, the 18th king of Shang Dynasty, died, and Yang Jia's younger brother Pan Geng succeeded to the throne. Pan Geng is a man with calculation. He is good at observing the situation. He thinks this country can't go on as usual. He should find an effective way to alleviate these contradictions and save the decline of Shang Dynasty. His method is to move the capital to Yin, reclaim wasteland and settle down for a long time. The main reason for Pan Geng to consider moving the capital is that Yin land is fertile and natural disasters are few and light. Building the capital here is conducive to the development of agricultural production. Secondly, Pan Geng thinks that after moving the capital, everything should start from scratch, and the slave owners and nobles can't enjoy too much, so that social contradictions can be alleviated. In addition, moving the capital can avoid dangerous rebel forces, and once the capital is safe, the rule can be stable.

However, the decision to move the capital attracted many people's opposition, mainly slave owners and nobles. They are afraid that they can't have fun when they go to a new place. Pan Geng is a very determined person and won't change his mind just because someone objects. He summoned slave owners and nobles and issued two instructions to them. The first exhortation is persuasion, telling everyone the benefits of moving yin. He said: in the past, when there was a great disaster from heaven, the former king moved for the benefit of his subjects. Now, like the former king, I hope you can all live a happy life instead of punishing you for your sins. I will care about you, bless you and take you to find a happy place, just as the former king cared about his subjects. If you don't agree with me, the soul of the late king in heaven will punish you and bring bad luck. The second exhortation is a threat, warning everyone in a tough tone that they must honestly obey the order to move the capital, or they will be severely punished.

Pan Geng finally used both carrot and stick, and moved the capital to Yin. But the struggle is not over yet. The people are not used to living in a new place and clamoring to go back to their hometown. The slave owners and nobles took the opportunity to boo and incite everyone to move back to their hometown. Pan Geng once again lectured and stopped the opposition of the slave owners and nobles in a tough tone. He said: My late king was ordered by God to move the capital five times since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Now, if you don't listen to God's command to move the capital, what can you talk about inheriting the former king's career? Knowing that the complaints of his subjects were instigated by the authorities, he sternly warned: I saw clearly that you were making inflammatory remarks, but I didn't express them, so you became presumptuous. You are hurting yourself. I don't care about personal relationships. Whoever does good will be rewarded and whoever commits crimes will be punished. This country can be governed well, thanks to you. If the country is not well governed, I will bear the responsibility alone. Don't talk nonsense in the future, or it will be too late to regret when it comes to punishment.

It was several years before the situation stabilized. Slaves were forced to work here day and night, building Yin into a very prosperous city. Since then, Yin Cheng, the capital of Shang Dynasty, has enjoyed political stability and great social, economic and cultural development. At that time, the smelting technology of copper was greatly improved, and the production scope of bronzes was further expanded. There is a large bronze workshop near Yin Cheng, where thousands of slaves work. Slaves used copper, tin and lead as raw materials to smelt and cast thousands of weapons such as axes, cymbals, spears, knives and arrows. Dining utensils such as ding, Jue, palm, pot, plate and jar, and production tools such as axe, shovel, chisel, drill and shovel. Many bronzes have beautiful shapes and exquisite patterns, reaching a high artistic level and forming a world-famous bronze culture. There is a famous Simuwu Dafang Ding, which is 133 cm high, 1 10 cm long, 78 cm wide and weighs 875 kg. Archaeologists excavated from the ruins of Yin Ruins and kept them intact in the Museum of Chinese History. This is the largest bronze unearthed in the world so far. It can also be seen from the bronzes of Shang Dynasty that the splendid ancient culture of our country was created by working people with slaves as the main body.

In the ruins of Yin Ruins, a large number of turtle navel and shoulder blades of cattle were unearthed, which were engraved with many words. This writing is different from now. This is the oldest writing found in China. It is called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Yi * * * has more than 4,000 words, most of which have been recognized by archaeologists. At that time, the royal nobles of the Yin Dynasty were superstitious and used tortoise shells and ox bones for divination. The inscriptions on Oracle bones and ox bones are mostly the cause and result of divination, and whether they are fulfilled later. These Oracle Bone Inscriptions records many important events in the Yin Dynasty, providing reliable data for studying the history of Shang Dynasty.

Pan Geng's move to the capital once revived Shang Dynasty, which made Yin Shang, a slave country, shine brilliantly in the history of China's cultural development and became a civilized country in the world at that time.

Historians usually divide the history of Shang Dynasty into two periods with Pan Geng moving to Yin as the boundary. After Pan Geng moved to Yin, he carried forward the political tradition of Shang Tang, which made the Shang Dynasty flourish again, made the people peaceful, and converted the vassals. Those tribes that threatened the northern and western borders of the Shang Dynasty for a long time also retreated and converged under the attack of the Shang Dynasty, and some even surrendered to the Shang Dynasty.

The ZTE situation initiated by Pan Geng has been further developed in Wuding. Wuding launched a series of conquest wars against ethnic tribes in the west and north, which eliminated the threats from the north and west and greatly expanded the sphere of influence of merchants. After Wuding, Shang Dynasty entered a period of sustainable development.

In the more than 200 years after Pan Geng, the Shang Dynasty not only did not move its capital, but also created a splendid civilization of Yin ruins, leaving a valuable cultural heritage for future generations.