What is it about?

What are the contents of the four books and five classics respectively?

For hundreds of years, the "Four Books" have been widely circulated in China, and many of them have become popular aphorisms. The Four Books refer to The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean and The University. Among them, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius are collections of speeches by Confucius, Mencius and their students respectively, while Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean are two books in The Book of Rites. Zhu, a famous scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, first linked the two. However, before Zhu, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi had strongly advocated these books. They believe that "University" is an important book of Confucius' "the door for beginners to enter Germany" and was compiled by Confucius' students. The Doctrine of the Mean is a book "Confucius teaches the mind", and it is a pen, which is written by Confucius' grandson Zisi. Together with The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, these two books express the basic ideology of Confucianism and are the most important documents for studying and treating Confucianism. It is from this perspective that Zhu compiled four books: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, University and The Doctrine of the Mean. Because they came from four representatives of early Confucianism, namely, Confucius, Zeng Shen, Zi Si and Mencius, they were called "Four Books" for short. Zhu annotated these four books respectively, among which the annotations of Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean were called "chapters and sentences", while the annotations of The Analects and Mencius were called "concentrated notes" because they quoted many other people's sayings. It is worth noting that the order of Zhu's four books was originally The University, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and The Doctrine of the Mean, which was arranged in the order of learning from the shallow to the deep. Later generations put The Doctrine of the Mean before The Analects of Confucius because the length of Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean was short. In order to facilitate printing and publishing, it became the order of Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius.

The Five Classics refer to The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Yijing and Chunqiu. The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, and * * * contains 305 poems of the Zhou Dynasty. Originally called "Poetry" or "Poetry 300", Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty began to call "The Book of Songs". The existing Book of Songs was handed down by Mao Heng in the Han Dynasty, so it is also called Mao Shi.

It is said that all the poems in The Book of Songs are lyrics that can be sung at that time. According to the nature of music, it can be divided into wind, elegance and praise. The "Wind" is composed of Nan Zhou, Zhao Nan, Gao Feng, Yong Yufeng, Feng Wei, Feng Wang, Qifeng, Wei Feng, tang style, Qin Feng, Martin, Guifeng, Cao Feng and Zhuifeng, and is called the Fifteen-Country Wind. Most of them are folk songs in the Yellow River valley, and a few are works processed by nobles. "Elegance" includes Xiaoya and Daya, *** 105 articles. Ya is basically a noble work, and only a part of Xiaoya comes from the folk. Ode includes Zhou Song, Truffle and Shang Ode, with a total of 40 articles. Ode is a lyric used in court sacrifice. Generally speaking, folk songs are lively and lively, and the poems of court nobles are dwarfed by them, and there is not much poetry. The Book of Songs is the source of China's poetry and the glorious starting point of China's poetry history. It has many forms: epic, satirical poem, narrative poem, love song, war song, carol, holiday song and labor ballad. Rich in content, it reflects all aspects of social life in the Zhou Dynasty, such as labor and love, war and corvee, oppression and resistance, customs and marriage, ancestor worship and feasting, and even astronomical phenomena, landforms, animals and plants. It can be said that The Book of Songs is a mirror of Zhou society. The language of The Book of Songs is the most important material to study the general situation of Chinese from the 6th century BC to the 6th century BC.

Zhou Li Ji

Zhou Li, also known as Zhou Guan or Zhou Guan Jing, is one of the Confucian classics. Confucianism regards poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, Yi, Yue and Spring and Autumn as six classics. Confucius chose these classics as teaching materials when he was given lectures by his disciples. However, the rites and music taught by Confucius are quite different from the old rituals full of superstition. He believes that "music" teaching can make people "broad and easy to be good"; The teaching of "rites" can make people "respectful, thrifty and respectful" (see Interpretation of the Book of Rites). Confucius also said, "If you don't learn etiquette, you can't stand." (The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi) According to Confucius, if you don't learn etiquette, you won't have a foothold in society. Therefore, we must "reciprocate with courtesy" (The Analects of Confucius Taber). The four books and five classics contained in the ceremony cover a wide range, from national laws and regulations to personal codes of conduct. Now we can see The Book of Rites, including Zhou Li, Yi Li and Li Ji. The Book of Rites talks about the official system of the Zhou Dynasty, and the Book of Rites talks about various ceremonies (such as coronation, weddings and funerals, sacrifices, etc. ), and The Book of Rites is a record of Confucius' students and future generations learning the Book of Rites, which is related to the nature, significance and function of the ceremony. Zheng Xuan, a scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, annotated The Book of Rites and The Book of Rites before the name "Three Rites" came into being. The "three rites" are all related to Confucius' thought of rites, but only The Book of Rites (17) was edited by Confucius. "Zhou Li" brings together the official system of the Zhou royal family and the systems of various countries in the Warring States period, which increases the political ideal of Confucianism and increases or decreases the parallelism. As China entered the slave society as early as the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and the Zhou Dynasty was the heyday of the slave society, Zhou Li is the earliest and most complete official record in China and the most complete official record in the ancient world. There are six volumes in the book, namely Zhu Zaiyu the Heavenly Official, Situ the Local Official, Zongbo of Chun Guan, Sima the Xia Official, Sheep herder of Qiu Guan, and Empty Court in Winter. Each volume is divided into two volumes, *** 12. Among these six articles, Winter Litigation Empty was lost earlier, and it was supplemented by textual research of Gong Ji in Han Dynasty. Who created Zhou Li and when did it come into being? It has always been controversial. Classical scholars believe that it was written by Zhou Gongdan. Confucian classics scholars believe that it originated from the Warring States period, and some people think that it was forged by Liu Xin at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. According to the official system contained in the bronze inscriptions of Zhou and Qin dynasties, people refer to the political, economic system and academic thoughts in this book, which most people think is a work of the Warring States period. Others think that Zhou Li was written in the early Han Dynasty. In Zhou Li, Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty wrote Notes on Zhou Li, Jia in the Tang Dynasty wrote Justice in Zhou Li, and Sun Yirang in the Qing Dynasty also wrote Justice in Zhou Li. These notes provide references for future generations to study Zhou Li. The supreme ruler of the Zhou Dynasty is the Zhou Emperor, who is the general representative of slave owners and nobles. According to legend, there were three officials who assisted King Zhou: Tai Shi, Tai Fu and Tai Bao. When he became king, Duke Zhou was his teacher and Zhao Gong was his guarantor. "The royal family is Yin Xiatian." Bo Qin, the son of Duke Zhou, is also the teacher of King Zhou. In the inscription of your father and the supernatural, the king of Zhou ordered him to "serve in four directions and three things". "Three things" is the general name of three official positions, namely, administrative officer, administrative officer and local officer. "Sifang" refers to the rulers of Sifang and the tribes of the country. The "Qing Dynasty's History Liao" refers to the big and small bureaucrats in the Zhou government. Under the protection of Zhou Wang and his teacher Bao, the highest official position in the imperial court was Qing Dynasty, namely Taizong, Taishi, Taishu, Taishi and Taishu. Liu Qing is always around Zhou Wang. The third left is the Taishi, Taishu and Taibu; The third from the right are Taizai, Taizong and Taishi. They were separated on both sides of Zhou Wang in the imperial court to assist Zhou Wang in handling government affairs. In the Zhou Dynasty, "the great event of a country lies in worshipping and conquering", so the religious affairs of Dachuan in Liu Qing were closely related to it. Qiu was the biggest sacrificial official, and Bo Qin, the son of Duke Zhou, also served as Qiu. Taibu is in charge of divination and is in the media position between man and god. A surname is also a clergyman. Taishiwei is a book written since Shang Dynasty. At the beginning of the week, he was called "Bi Gong". Taizai may be the administrative director in the imperial court. Taizong is the clan and pedigree in charge of the Zhou Dynasty, and it is also an important position. There are also many families in Liu Qing, and each family has a full-time job, so it is always called the Qing Shi Liao. In addition to the six big noble, there were five gentry in the Zhou Dynasty: Situ, Sima, Sikong, Situ and Sikou. Si Tuleideng wrote "Si Tu" in the bronze inscription in the early Zhou Dynasty, in order to manage land and agricultural production. Sikong wrote "Sigong" in the inscription, in order to manage the affairs of hundreds of workers. Sima is an official in charge of military tax. Situ, Sima and Sikong have the same functions and powers, and are collectively called "three divisions". The land manager is a member of Juelu, and the scouts are responsible for punishment. Its position is second only to the above three secretaries, and it is also a very important official position. Under these five divisions, there are many subordinates, such as Shi, Zou Ma, who are in charge of horses. , thus forming a special bureaucratic system and group. In addition, there are other officials, such as those in charge of mountains and rivers, those in charge of goods and bribes in the market, and those in charge of eating, wearing, using and entertaining nobles, all of whom have "legal defense", that is, specialized officials. Most of these various officials are hereditary and enjoy a special and sacred position from generation to generation. The Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system. Under the direct rule of Zhou Wang, there were many feudal countries in all directions, so it was called "Sifang", especially the princes such as Hou, Dian and Men. These are the local governments of the Zhou Dynasty. Some big-country governors were granted special privileges by the King of Zhou, and they could mobilize small and medium-sized governors nearby to engage in conquest and defend the Emperor of Zhou, and become Fang Bo, the leader of the princes, not the title of princes. Some governors are also royal officials, so they have official titles, such as Duke Zhou and Zhao Gong. The so-called five-level title system of "Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong" did not exist in Shang Dynasty or Western Zhou Dynasty, and it was the result of later generations' processing. Generally speaking, the bureaucracy and system of the Zhou dynasty developed from the two official positions of the Shang dynasty, namely, the "internal affairs office" and the "foreign affairs office", but the organization of the Zhou dynasty was larger and more systematic. The officials in the same dynasty are aristocrats, clans and trinity, and they are patriarchal clan system linked by blood, which constitutes the ruling system of slave owners and nobles headed by Zhou Wang. Until the feudal society, the bureaucratic system and system of the Zhou Dynasty still had its influence. The Rites of Zhou also contains historical materials on ancient religions, economic policies, philosophy and ethics. It is an important cultural classic with Confucianism as the main idea, legalism and Yin-Yang and Five Elements.

I Ching

The Book of Changes is a classic of China's traditional culture, and it is known as the "first classic" and one of the "San Xuan". The Book of Changes, also known as the Book of Changes, is the Book of Changes of the Zhou Dynasty, and Confucius designated it as one of the Five Classics, with a total of 24,070 words. It is divided into two parts: classic and big biography. This classic includes gossip, divination and divination, which is easy to have themes, so it is called classic; The Great Biography includes the upper branch, the lower branch 2, the upper image 3, the lower image 4, the upper part 5, the lower part 6, the classical Chinese 7, the hexagrams 8, the preface hexagrams 9 and the miscellaneous hexagrams 10, which are collectively called the Ten Wings. Ten wings are written to clarify the Book of Changes, so they are called biographies. Based on the structural framework of sixty-four hexagrams superimposed on eight diagrams, it summarizes the ancient Chinese nation. The Book of Changes is the oldest and most profound classic in China, and it is the crystallization of China's wisdom and culture for 5,000 years. Known as "the head of the group classics and the source of the avenue". In ancient times, it was the study of emperors and a required skill for politicians, strategists and businessmen. She is also the threshold for by going up one flight of stairs, the son of TCM.

The Book of Changes is essentially a book about divination. "Divination" is to predict the development of future events, and The Book of Changes is a book that summarizes the laws and theories of these predictions.

The Book of Changes is divided into three parts, one of which was compiled by Yan Di tribe as Lianshan Yi, the other was compiled by Huangdi tribe as Gui Zang Yi, and the other was written by Zhou Wenwang as Zhouyi. Even Yi Shan was popular in Xia Dynasty, and Kun Gua was popular in Shang Dynasty. Now even the mountains and the Tibet are lost, which is a great loss of China's ancient literature. Lianshan and Guizang are divination books, and Zhouyi is based on Fuxi Eight Diagrams, and hexagrams are combined with epigrams to form sixty-four hexagrams that explain the laws of the movement and extinction of all things in the universe. It was rewritten by Zhou Wenwang, and Confucius also wrote ten wings for the Book of Changes.

The Book of Songs

The Book of Songs was called "Poetry" or "Poetry 300" in the pre-Qin period, and it was China's first poetry collection. The Book of Songs is a collection of 305 poems (original poem 3 1 1) from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. "There are more than 3,000 poems written by the ancients, which are related to Confucius, but none of them are important ..." (Historical Records Confucius Family) is said to be compiled by Confucius. "Poetry" is divided into three parts: wind, elegance and ode, with "Wind" as a folk song, "Elegance" as the official elegant music of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and "Ode" as a dance music for the upper class to sacrifice to the ancestral temple. This book widely reflects all aspects of social life at that time, and is known as the encyclopedia of life in ancient society, which has a far-reaching impact on future generations. Friends who like poetry believe that they have all read it.

China's earliest poems. It collected 305 poems in about 500 years from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. The pre-Qin dynasty was called "Poetry", or the integer was called "Poetry 300". In the Western Han Dynasty, it was honored as a Confucian classic, formerly known as The Book of Songs, which has been in use ever since.

There are two opinions about the compilation of The Book of Songs in Han Dynasty: ① The theory that pedestrians pick poems. "History of Art and Literature Granted by Han Dynasty" contains: "In ancient times, officials collected poems, respected customs, knew gains and losses, and taught themselves to be correct." The rhyme system, rhythm and poetic style of 305 articles in The Book of Songs are basically the same, but they cover a long time and a wide area. In the case of inconvenient transportation and different languages in ancient times, it is unthinkable to produce such a collection of poems without purposeful collection and arrangement. So the poetry anthology is credible. ② Confucius' theory of deleting poems. "Historical Records Confucius Family" contains: "There are more than 3,000 ancient poems, and Confucius has neglected them, and what he has taken can be applied to etiquette and righteousness ... 350 poems are all sung by Confucius. "Confucius in the Tang Dynasty, Zhu in the Song Dynasty, Zhu Yizun in the Ming Dynasty and Wei Yuan in the Qing Dynasty were all skeptical. The Book of Songs was written in the 6th century BC, before Confucius was born. In 544 BC, Ji Zha, the son of Wu, went to the State of Lu to watch music. The preface of the wind music poems played by Lu was basically the same as that of the Book of Songs today, indicating that there were poems at that time, while Confucius was only 8 years old. Therefore, modern scholars generally believe that the theory of deleting poems is not credible. But according to what Confucius said in The Analects of Confucius: "I will go back to Shandong and be happy, elegant and eulogizing where I belong. "It can be seen that Confucius really likes this poem. It was only at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period that new voices rose and ancient music was lost. Only songs and poems in "Poems 300" were handed down and became the collection of poems seen today.

Style classification The Book of Songs records all the lyrics that once entered music. The styles of The Book of Songs are classified according to the nature of music, which can be divided into three categories: wind, elegance and ode. ① wind. It is local music in different regions, mostly folk songs. The poem "Feng" is a folk ballad collected from 15 regions, including China, Yi, Yan, Wei, Wang, Zheng, Qi, Wei, Tang, Qin, Chen, Qi, Cao and Yi. *** 160 articles. Mostly folk songs. 2 elegance. That is to say, the music of the imperial court is the music of the area directly under the jurisdiction of the Zhou Dynasty, and most of it is the works of nobles, which is called elegant music. The poem "Ya" is a musical song at a court banquet or meeting. According to different music, it can be divided into "Elegance" 3 1 song, "Xiaoya" 74, * * * 105. In addition to several folk songs by Xiaoya,

minister

Shangshu was called Shu in ancient times and Shangshu in Chinese. Shang, which means "Shang" and "Gu", is the earliest compilation of historical documents in ancient times. Records can be traced back to the legendary Yao and Shun period to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (mid-Spring and Autumn Period), about 1500 years. The basic content is the records of ancient imperial edicts and conversations between monarch and minister, so the author should be a historian. Historical Records Confucius Family said that Confucius' "Biography of Preface Book was compiled from Tang Yu to Qin Miao", which is said to be compiled by Confucius. There are two versions of Shangshu, one is Jinwen Shangshu, and the other is Guwen Shangshu. At present, the popular version of Notes to Thirteen Classics is a co-editor of Jinwen Shangshu and Pseudo-Guwen Shangshu. Ancient people praised "reading poetry books", referring to the Book of Songs and the Book of History respectively.

Shangshu, which means "The Book of Ancient Times", is a compilation of China's ancient historical documents and some works describing ancient deeds. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was called Shu, and in the Han Dynasty it was renamed Shangshu. Confucianism respects it as a classic, so it is also called a classic book. It is said that Shangshu has 100 books. After the burning of books in the Qin Dynasty, only 29 books were collected in the early Han Dynasty, which were written in the official script prevailing at that time, and were called Jinwen Shangshu. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were 16 pieces of Shangshu written in ancient Chinese, which was called Shangshu in ancient Chinese. This 16 piece was quickly lost. Jin people forged twenty-five pieces of the ancient prose Shangshu, and separated several pieces from this novel Shangshu. Plus the original modern prose "Shangshu", a total of 58 articles, also known as the ancient prose "Shangshu". Shangshu in the annotation of Thirteen Classics is an ancient China book, Shangshu, which was operated by Jin people. Shangshu includes Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou books. Yu Shu and Xia Shu were not written in summer, but later Confucianism wrote them under the guise of ancient ballads. Shangshu is an oath, life, instruction and letter written by historians in the Yin Dynasty, among which Tang Shi should be the earliest work according to the times, but this article is fluent in language and may be polished by later generations. Pan Geng's three ancient poems are difficult to read, and most of them retain their original appearance. This is a record of a speech made by Pan Geng, King of Yin, to his subjects when he moved to the capital. Although the language is old-fashioned, the abundant feelings and sharp talk when Pan Geng speaks can still be felt. For example, he said: You should be virtuous unless you give it to yourself. Look at the fire, you will look for it, and you will run away. If the network is in the outline, it is orderly; If farmers serve Tian Li, there will be autumn. A short passage (in Pan Geng) uses three metaphors, which are apt, vivid and vivid. Among them, "methodical" is still used as an idiom. For another example, Pan Geng warned his lieutenants not to incite people to oppose moving the capital, saying that it would be "if the fire burns in the same place, it will not be extinguished", which was out of control, and the metaphor was very vivid. Zhou Shu contains documents from the early Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period. Among them, the oath of grazing is the oath of the King of Wu when he attacked Zhou, and tofu is what the Duke of Zhou said to the adherents of Yin on the orders of the King. "Nowhere to run" is a sentence that Duke Zhou warned Wang Cheng not to covet enjoyment. These works are clear in narrative and can express the emotional tone of the characters. Qin Shi, written in the early Spring and Autumn Period, is a word of remorse and self-blame after the failure of attacking Jin. The article wrote: The ancients said: "People are complacent." It's not hard to complain, but it's hard to be blamed for it! The worry of my heart, the sun and the moon exceed the sky, if the clouds come! He quoted the ancients as saying that self-righteousness will do many twists and turns, which shows that it is easy to blame others, but it is difficult to listen to advice, which is quite vivid. Compared with the words in Shangshu and the early Zhou Dynasty, it is much smoother, indicating that prose was further developed at that time. Shangshu is the oldest collection of articles in China. Among them, the languages used in Shang Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty are quite different from the ancient Chinese in Qin and Han Dynasties. It is difficult to read because it is old and inaccurate. Han Yu called it "Zhou Pan, Rolling" ("Jin Xuejie"). But putting aside the obstacles of words, in the expression of emotions, it is actually simple and brief. Because the people who say those words have high status, they have condescending confidence in their words. For future generations, the ancient Olympic Games is a special aesthetic feeling, simple and confident, showing the power of conquest. Therefore, the articles in Shangshu are highly respected. Yu Xia was introduced in The Great Biography of Shangshu in the Han Dynasty, and it was also a feeling that "Zhao Zhao is like the sun and the moon replacing the Ming Dynasty, and it is wrong to go there". However, there is also a psychology of worshipping foreign things and obsessing foreign things.

The Book of Rites

The Book of Rites is an anthology of Confucian scholars' articles from the Warring States to the Qin and Han Dynasties. The Book of Rites only explains the Book of Rites (Zhu Zi Yu Volume 87), which is a compilation of Confucianism. Although the Book of Rites is only a book to explain the Book of Rites, its influence is beyond the Book of Rites and the Book of Rites because of its wide coverage. There are two versions of The Book of Rites, one is compiled by Dade, with 85 articles, and 40 articles have been preserved so far, which is called The Book of Great Gifts; The other book, the Book of Rites that we are seeing now, is 49 articles selected by Dai Deqi's nephew Dai Shengxuan, and it is called The Book of Rites for Little Dai.

The Spring and Autumn Annals

Spring and Autumn Annals is a book written by Confucius, named Lin Jing. It is said that when Confucius compiled this book, a hunter asked Confucius what he was hunting with a strange thing on his back. When Confucius saw it, he was shocked and said, Kirin is a peaceful beast. Why was it born out of place? After that, the Spring and Autumn Period stopped, and Confucius died three years later. Later generations used this allusion to call The Spring and Autumn Annals written by Confucius "Lin Jing" and regarded it as one of the Four Books and Five Classics.

The reason why history books are named after the word "Spring and Autumn" instead of "Winter and Summer" is that in the Five Elements Theory, the position of "Spring and Autumn" corresponds to "East and West", and the east is wood, the west is gold, and Jin Mu is seal, so history can be marked. Jin Mu is the truth, so we can learn from history. It was named Spring and Autumn Annals. "Winter and summer" correspond to "fire and water", and the yin and yang change extremely, so we don't talk about this, and we don't call things "north and south".

Spring and Autumn Annals was once a general term for the history books of various countries in the pre-Qin period, but only Lu Chunqiu was handed down from generation to generation, so it became a special name. Spring and Autumn Annals was originally compiled by Lu historians. It is said that it has been sorted out and revised by Confucius and given special significance, thus becoming an important Confucian classic. Chunqiu is the originator of China's chronicle. It started in the year of Lu Yin (722 BC) and ended in the 14th year of Lu Aigong (the first 48 years recorded a history of 242 years). It is a comprehensive record, with extremely short sentences and almost no descriptive elements. However, its language expression is precise and concise, which reflects the progress of writing skills. The most prominent feature of Chunqiu is the "Chunqiu brushwork", which combines praise and criticism with comments. According to legend, Confucius judged some historical events and figures according to his own point of view, and chose the words he thought appropriate to imply praise or blame. Therefore, Chunqiu is regarded as a classic of "subtle words and great righteousness" by later generations and a model of naming and making laws. But also in the writing of historical books and literary works, it has a great influence on future generations. Historians realize that there should be a strict and clear tendency to modify history, and writers often realize that words should be concise and meaningful. Of course, the deliberate pursuit of depth will inevitably have the disadvantages of obscure meaning.

Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang are exquisite brushwork to illustrate the Spring and Autumn Period and Lin Jing, but Lin Jing has no subsequent chronology. Zuo Zhuan, also known as Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, Chunqiu Guwen and Chunqiu Zuoshi Biography, is an ancient chronological historical work. It is a sequel to Lin Jing written by Confucius and a chronicle of Lu, so it is tied with Lin Jing. Historical Records called the author Zuo Qiuming in the Spring and Autumn Period. Scholars in the Qing Dynasty think that it was adapted by Liu Xin, and some people think that it was compiled by people in the early Warring States period according to historical materials of various countries (and it is said that it was written by historical officials in Lu dynasties). Its sources include royal archives, Japanese books and the history of vassal states. The chronicle basically follows the order of the twelve princes in the Spring and Autumn Annals, including wars, alliances, conquests, weddings, funerals, usurpations, etc. , had an important influence on later history and literature. Although Zuo Zhuan is not a Confucian classic, it was written by self-learners and attached to Chunqiu, which was gradually regarded as a classic by Confucianism.

Jing Yue

Lost in the Warring States Period. Legend has it that Qin Shihuang was burned to death when he burned books and buried Confucianism.