Da: the three officials and nine ministers in the Qin official system

Since Shang Yang's political reform in Qin Xiaogong period, the official system of Qin State has been constantly innovating, and its biggest feature is the continuous concentration of monarchical power and the weakening of the privileges of the old nobles. This "monarchical supremacy" official system ensures the faithful implementation of the king's decrees, which is also a very important reason why Qin can destroy the six countries and unify the Central Plains.

The central government of Qin is mainly composed of three officials and nine ministers, assisting the king of Qin to manage the country's military and political affairs. The highest level is Sangong, namely Guo Xiang, Dr. Shi Yu and Guo Wei. Followed by Jiuqing, namely Fengchang, Zong Zheng, Langzhongling, Weiwei, Taifu, Tingwei, Dianke, Su Zhi Civil History and Shaofu.

Counties have a chief, a captain and a history supervisor, and the chief manages subordinate counties. The county has county magistrate, county commandant and county magistrate, and county magistrate is in charge of subordinate towns and villages. In the countryside, there are three old people (managing subordinate pavilions), miser, swimmer (patrolling thieves) and rank (managing small towns). There is a cabinet in the cabinet, and the cabinet is in charge of subordinates, and there is a long inside.

"Han Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao" records: "Prime Minister, officials of the Qin Dynasty, gold ribbon, assistant to the Emperor Rizo. The Prime Minister is the chief executive of the State of Qin. He "inherited the imperial edict, led all officials at lower levels and was in charge of government affairs", which is equivalent to the current national prime minister and prime minister. Everyone who becomes the prime minister of Qin will be made a marquis, which is customized by the imperial court, such as Fan Sui and Lv Buwei.

In 309 BC, Qin Wuwang Contang established the left Prime Minister Gan Mao and the right Prime Minister Gui Liji. In 275 BC, Ying Ji, king of Qin, changed the prime minister to Guo Xiang, and Wei Ran, Fan Sui and Cai Ze successively served as prime ministers.

In 247 BC, Ying Zheng 13, King of Qin, succeeded to the throne. Before being crowned head of government, Lv Buwei served as Prime Minister (Regent) and established Prime Minister Chang Pingjun. During this period, the left and right coexisted or there was only one prime minister. In 22 1 year BC, Ying Zheng, the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, unified Kyushu, appointed the Prime Minister as the country's custom, and made Li Si as the Prime Minister.

In 208 BC, Qin Ershi Hu Hai killed Reese, and Zhao Gao became prime minister. Because he was a eunuch, he was called "Prime Minister of China".

"Han Shu Guan Bai Gong Qing Table" records: "An ancient official, a A Qin official, a big official, a silver silver Qing, a deputy prime minister." The Qin Dynasty established hundreds of officials to supervise the imperial history, which was the beginning of the special supervision system in ancient China. The royal adviser is the deputy prime minister, whose position is equivalent to that of the current national deputy prime minister. There are two subordinate officials, Zhong Cheng and Yu Shicheng. Among them, Zhong Cheng led the history and the county supervisor, and ordered the court officials to impeach the court officials according to the daily behavior norms of officials. Power is extremely important.

"Han Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao" records: "Guo Wei, Qin Guan, Jin Yinzi Wan, in charge of military affairs." Guo Wei, Qiu, Fu, etc. He was the highest official in charge of military affairs in the ancient imperial court, responsible for the appointment, removal and assessment of officers at all levels. Guo Wei, above the general of the State of Qin, assisted the King of Qin in managing and handling the national military, equivalent to the current vice chairman of the State Military Commission. During the Warring States Period, the four famous generals Bai Qi and Wu Chenghou Wang Jian both served as monarchs of Qin.

Jiuqing obeyed the Prime Minister's decree and handled state affairs, and was the second only official of the State of Qin.

Feng Chang, in charge of the national ancestral temple sacrifice, silver ribbon, salary of two thousand stone (nine qing). There are subordinate officials under Fengchang: Le Tai (in charge of court music), Taizhu (in charge of ancestral temple sacrifices), Taizai (in charge of the emperor's diet and food sacrifices), Taiyi (in charge of witch doctors), Taishi (in charge of observing astronomical phenomena and making suggestions) and Taibu (in charge of divining good and bad luck according to the imperial edict).

Zong Zheng is in charge of the royal family and the registered genealogy. Qin set up an official in charge of imperial clan affairs (in Dafuqin, Gongzi Wen _ held this position) and formulated special laws to deal with criminals in imperial clan. In 338 BC, Qin Xiaogong Quliang was critically ill. He was afraid that after his death, his eldest brother Ben Qian would rebel and kill Shang Jun. He ordered Zong Zheng to execute Ben Qian, but Ben Qian escaped by playing dead.

Lang is in charge of the discussion, praise, performance, palace guards and temple guards, which is equivalent to the secretariat and security of the king of Qin, and has a high status.

Lang Zhongling has subordinate officials: doctors (who are responsible for consultation, such as giving advice to doctors), worshippers (who are responsible for welcoming guests and accepting the performance of officials, and Wang Wan holds this position), and Lang (mostly officials to be elected, including assistant minister and negotiator Zhong Lang). There is no fixed number of people in this position, and the salary ranges from 300 to 600. Most of them were produced by Beixuan, Yin Ren and Juntebai. Every lang has a deep background. When Li Sichu entered the officialdom of Qin State, he served as an official in the palace, such as Qimen and Yulin.

Wei Yan, who stationed troops at the palace gate, was generally a military commander trusted by the emperor. Wei Wei has subordinate officers: the commander of chariots and horses (in charge of chariots and horses in the state capital and arranging cars for the court) and the commander of guards (in charge of guards at the palace gate and arranging guards at the palace gate). In 247 BC, Wang Xiang of Qinzhuang was seriously ill, and the Queen Mother Huayang imprisoned the King of Qin. At this point, Wei Wei is a Mi Zhu ethnic group, preventing people from entering the palace.

A teacher, an official of the Zhou Dynasty, was used by the State of Qin and was in charge of the royal chariots and horses. Zhao Gao once held this position.

The country's highest judicial officer, Ting Wei, is in charge of the prison, and there is a subordinate official, Ting Weicheng.

Dianke, the official in charge of the Hajj of the tribal leaders of ethnic minorities, receives the officials of various counties and counties in Beijing, and has subordinate officials and pedestrians (temporarily traveling to various places).

Manage the internal history of millet, in charge of all kinds of grain, gold, silver and jade storage in the country, equivalent to the national treasurer. In the folk history of treating millet, there were subordinate officials Tai Cangling, Tai Cangcheng (in charge of the grain storage of the national treasury), Ping Ling and Ping Cheng (in charge of the price of the capital and counties).

Shaofu, in charge of the king's private property, is responsible for the daily life of the king of Qin, and there are officials who perform their duties.