Which country first invented kites in the world?

Which country first invented kites in the world? China is the hometown of kites. According to legend, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, such as the public disaster (Luban), "Cut bamboo into magpies and fly for three days after success", it can be seen that kites were the earliest in China, with a history of more than 2,700 years. In the Western Han Dynasty, China invented paper and began to paste kites with paper.

In the Five Dynasties, Ye Li put a bamboo flute on the head of a paper kite, hence the name kite, and has been attached to it. After the Song Dynasty, flying kites has become very common among the people. In Song Dynasty, Su Hanchen's "Hundred Zi Tu" and Fang Ming's "Nine Zi Tu" both depict children flying kites and vividly depict folk kite activities. There are many kinds of kites, such as hard row, soft row, bucket shape and row shape, including animals, people and articles.

China's famous kites are produced in Beijing, Tianjin, Weifang and Nantong. Kites in Beijing pay attention to realism and are characterized by fine workmanship and gorgeous, belonging to traditional palace kites; Kites in Tianjin are beautifully made and have a unique style. Weifang and Nantong kites are characterized by strong artistic painting, bright folk art colors and vigorous and dignified Chinese painting.

Karl friedrich benz (karl friedrich benz,1844165438+1October 25th-1April 4th, 929), one of the founders of the famous German Daimler-Benz automobile company and one of the pioneers of the modern automobile industry, is called "the father of automobiles" and "the father of automobiles".

1886, Carl Benz made the world's first three-wheeled car powered by gasoline, and applied for a patent on June 29+65438 of the same year.

Therefore, 65438+1October 29th is considered as the world automobile birth day, and 1886 is the world automobile birth year. The car is equipped with a horizontal single-cylinder two-stroke gasoline engine, with a volume of 785, a horsepower of 0.89 and a speed of 15 km/h. A car has a small front wheel and a large rear wheel. The starter is placed above the rear axle, and the power drives the rear wheel forward through the chain and gear. This car has some basic characteristics of modern cars, such as electric ignition, water cooling circuit, steel tube frame, leaf spring suspension, rear wheel drive, front wheel steering, brake handle and so on. Its rack-and-pinion steering gear is the originator of modern automobile steering gear.

At that time, because the efficiency of the car was not perfect, the engine was noisy when it was working, and the quality of the chain that transmitted power was not up to standard, and it often broke. Therefore, on the way through the car, people are often seen pushing the car, not riding it. In that carriage era, cars were laughed at and dismissed as useless monsters. Ben Ci's wife, berta benz Ci, led her two sons to drive a Mercedes-Benz repeatedly improved car from Mannheim in August 1888, and went straight to Pforzheim via Vislokh, with the whole journey 144 km. This historic experiment has contributed to the development of automobiles.

Which country in the world first invented metal stamps? Hungary was the first country in the world to invent metal stamps.

Stamps have been printed on all kinds of paper since they came out, but in the 1950s, with the improvement and improvement of printing technology, stamps printed with metal foil began to appear, that is, metal stamps. 1955, Hungary issued aluminum foil airmail stamps, which are the earliest metal stamps in the world, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of its aluminum industry and the international conference on light metal industry. The pattern is a plane flying over the metallurgical industrial zone, with many chimneys, printed on aluminum foil with a thickness of only 0.009 mm, with a layer of tissue paper on the back and adhesive on the back; Use the same as ordinary paper stamps. When 1965 expired, Gabon issued a gold foil stamp to commemorate Dr. Hubercha, with a face value of 100 francs. Of course, few people use it as a stamp, and * * * has issued 50,000 pieces, most of which are collected by stamp collectors. In addition, Bhutan also issued a set of 1969 steel foil stamps, and a full set of 12 stamps were printed on 0.025mm thick steel foil, respectively, introducing the historical development procedures of world steel production.

Which country invented the earliest train in the world, Britain?

George stephenson, the pioneer of the train, was born in an English miner's family. He was illiterate until 18 years old. He ignored the ridicule of others and sat in the classroom with seven or eight-year-old children to study. 18 10 started to manufacture steam locomotives, and since then, the prospects are bright. 18 17 when Stephenson decided to take charge of the construction of the Liverpool-Manchester railway line, all the transportation tasks were undertaken by steam locomotives. However, conservative railway owners are skeptical about the ability of steam locomotives. They suggested that tractors fixed beside the railway should use towing cables to pull trains. In order to make people fully believe in the efficiency of the train, Stephenson made a very efficient "rocket" locomotive. The excellent performance of this locomotive finally changed the attitude of skeptics, and the Liverpool-Manchester railway became the first railway line in the world that was completely transported by steam engines.

Excuse me, which country first invented tanks in the world? Britain, invented during World War I.

During the First World War, in order to break through the defensive positions composed of trenches, barbed wire and machine gun bunkers and break the deadlock in positional warfare, the warring parties urgently needed to develop a new type of weapon that organically combined firepower, mobility and protection. 19 15, the British * * * adopted the suggestion of E.D. swinton, and trial-produced a tank prototype by using automobile, tractor, gun manufacturing and metallurgical technology.

19 16 "mark" I tank, diamond outline, rigid suspension. There are protruding gun seats on the track frames on both sides of the car body, two tracks bypass the car body from above, and a pair of steering wheels protrude from the back of the car. The tank has eight crew members, including "male" and "female". "Gong" is equipped with two 57mm guns and four machine guns, while "Mu" is only equipped with five machine guns. 1965438+September 2006 15, 60 mark I tanks were put into the battle of the somme for the first time. At that time, for the sake of secrecy, Britain described this new weapon as a "tank" that sent water to the front. Therefore, the name has been used to this day, and "tank" is the transliteration of the word.

This kind of tank is called "Mark" I. Walking on the track, it can gallop across the battlefield, cross obstacles and trenches, and quickly break through the German defense line, thus opening up a new era of army mechanization. Since then, hundreds of thousands of tanks have been made in the world, which have become the main combat weapons of the army, marine corps and airborne troops in various countries.

Tank is a tracked armored fighting vehicle with strong direct firepower, high off-road maneuverability and strong protection. It is the main assault weapon in ground combat and the basic equipment of armored forces. It is mainly used to fight against enemy tanks and other armored vehicles, and can also suppress and destroy anti-tank weapons, destroy field fortifications and annihilate effective forces.

Which country first invented clocks and watches in the world? China, Zhang Heng of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

By the way, the history of clock development:

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng made a leak-turning armillary sphere, and connected the elephant with a timed leak kettle by a gear system. The leaky kettle drips water to push the elephant to rotate evenly, once a day. This is the earliest mechanical clock. Su Ge and Han Honglian, etc. In the third year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1088), the water transport instrument platform was created and the escapement mechanism was used.

/kloc-in 0/350, the first mechanical clock with simple structure was made in Danti, Italy. Day difference 15 ~ 30 minutes, indicating mechanism only has an hour hand. 1500 ~ 15 10, Henleith of Germany first replaced the heavy hammer with a steel spring and created a small mechanical clock with a crown wheel escapement mechanism. 1582 or so, Galileo of Italy invented the gravity pendulum; 1657, huygens of the Netherlands introduced the gravity pendulum into the mechanical clock and founded the pendulum clock.

1660, Hook of England invented the hairspring, and replaced the crown wheel escapement with the backward escapement. 1673, Huygens applied the governor composed of hairspring to portable clocks and watches; 1675, Clemente of England made the simplest anchor escapement with fork shoe device, which has been used for single pendulum wall clock.

1695, Tom ping of Britain invented the I-wheel escapement; 17 15, Graham of England invented the static escapement, which made up for the deficiency of the backward escapement and laid the foundation for the development of precision mechanical clocks and watches. 1765, March of England invented the free anchor escapement, which is the predecessor of modern fork-hoofed escapement. From 1728 to 1759, Harrison in Britain made high-precision standard navigation clocks; From 1775 to 1780, Arnold of England created the escapement mechanism of precision watches.

From 18 to 19 century, the watch manufacturing industry gradually realized industrial production and reached a fairly high level. In the 20th century, with the rapid development of electronic industry, battery-driven clocks, AC clocks, electromechanical watches, exponential electronic clocks and digital electronic clocks came out one after another. The daily difference of clocks and watches has been less than 0.5 seconds, and clocks and watches have entered a new era of the integration of timely microelectronics technology and precision machinery.

Types of clocks and watches

Clocks and watches have a wide range of applications and many varieties, which can be classified according to vibration principle, structure and application characteristics. According to the principle of vibration, it can be divided into clocks and watches that use low-frequency mechanical vibration, such as pendulum clocks and balance clocks. Clocks and watches that use high-frequency electromagnetic oscillation and synchronous oscillation, such as synchronous clocks and synchronous clocks; According to the structural characteristics, it can be divided into mechanical watches, such as mechanical alarm clock, automatic, calendar, double calendar, clockwork, etc. Electromechanical, such as electric pendulum clock, electric balance wheel clock, etc. ; Electronic clock, such as balance wheel electronic clock, tuning fork electronic clock, indicator and digital display time electronic clock.

There are many structural forms of mechanical clocks and watches, but their working principles are basically the same. They are all composed of prime mover system, transmission system, escapement governor, indicator system and winding needle system.

Mechanical clocks and watches take clockwork as the power system, and drive the escape governor through a transmission system composed of a group of gears; Then the speed of the transmission system is controlled by the escape governor in turn; The transmission system drives the pointer mechanism while pushing the escapement mechanism, and the rotation speed of the transmission system is controlled by the escapement mechanism, so the pointer can indicate the time on the dial according to certain rules; The needle winding system is a mechanical device for winding the spring or shifting the pointer.

In addition, there are some additional mechanisms that can increase the functions of clocks and watches, such as automatic winding mechanism, calendar (double calendar) mechanism, alarm device, moon phase indication and timing mechanism.

The prime mover is a mechanism for storing and transmitting working energy, which usually consists of a box wheel, a box cover, a lever shaft, a spring and a spring hook. When the spring is in a free state, it is a spiral or S-shaped spring with a small hole at its inner end, which is sleeved on the hook of the rod shaft. Its outer end is hooked on the inner wall of the box wheel through the clockwork outer hook. When winding, the winding needle system rotates the winding shaft and tightly winds the spring on the winding shaft. The elastic action of the spring makes the box wheel rotate, thus driving the transmission system.

The transmission system is a set of transmission gears, which transfer the energy of the prime mover to the escapement governor. It consists of two wheels (central wheel), three wheels (passing wheel), four wheels (second wheel) and the pinion shaft of the escape wheel, wherein the blade is the driving gear and the pinion shaft is the driven gear. The tooth profile of clock transmission system is mostly modified cycloidal tooth profile based on theoretical cycloidal principle.

The escapement governor consists of escapement mechanism and vibration system. It relies on the periodic vibration of the vibration system to keep the escapement mechanism in accurate and regular intermittent motion, thus realizing speed regulation. Fork-shoe escapement is the most widely used escapement. It consists of an escape wheel, an escape fork, a double disc and a limit nail. Its function is to transfer the energy of the power system to the vibration system, so as to maintain the constant amplitude vibration of the vibration system and transfer the vibration times of the vibration system to the indicating mechanism, thus achieving the purpose of timing.

The vibration system is mainly composed of balance wheel, swing shaft, hairspring, movable outer pile ring, fast and slow needle, etc. The inner and outer ends of the hairspring are respectively fixed on the swinging shaft and the swinging splint; When the balance wheel deviates from the balance position by external force and begins to swing, the hairspring is twisted to produce potential energy, which is called recovery moment. The escapement mechanism completes the above two movements, and the vibration system swings in the opposite direction under the action of the hairspring potential energy, completing the other half of the vibration cycle. This is the principle that the escape governor works repeatedly when the mechanical clock is running.

The needle winding and shifting system is used for needle winding and shifting. It consists of a handle head, a handle shaft, a vertical wheel, a clutch wheel, a clutch lever, a clutch lever spring, a pull rod, a pressure spring, a needle shifting wheel, a straddle wheel, an hour wheel, a minute wheel, a large steel wheel, a small steel wheel, a pawl, a pawl spring and the like.

Both winding and needle setting are realized by the handle part. When winding, the vertical wheel and the clutch wheel are engaged. When the handle head is rotated, the clutch wheel drives the vertical wheel, and the vertical wheel passes through the small steel wheel and the large steel wheel to wind the winding shaft tightly. The pawl prevents the big steel wheel from reversing. When the needle is pulled out, the handle head is pulled out, and the tooth pulling shaft rotates to push the clutch lever, so that the clutch wheel is separated from the vertical wheel and engaged with the needle pulling wheel. At this time, the rotating handle will drive the hour wheel and the minute wheel through the straddle wheel to achieve the purpose of correcting the hour hand and the minute hand.

Clocks and watches require accuracy, stability and reliability. However, some internal factors and external environmental conditions will affect the time accuracy of clocks and watches. Internal factors include structural design, working efficiency, material selection, processing technology and assembly quality of each component system. For example, the stability of clockwork torque, the stability of transmission system and the accuracy of escape governor all affect the travel time accuracy.

External environmental conditions include temperature, magnetic field, humidity, air pressure, vibration, collision, use position, etc. For example, temperature changes will cause changes in the efficiency of lubricating oil and hairspring in clocks and watches, thus causing changes in travel efficiency; When the environmental magnetic field intensity is greater than 60 Oster, some parts will be magnetized and slow down; Humidity can cause oxidation and corrosion of some parts, etc.

The origin of clocks and watches

The ancient people lived a simple life and had nothing to do except eat, fish, hunt and make tools, so they worked at sunrise and rested at sunset, so there was no need to fight for time. Then when human beings live in groups and have transactions, it is just' Japan and China are the market, and transactions retreat'. Later, personnel became more and more complicated, especially after the rise of agriculture, and human beings gradually realized the importance of time. The concept of time varies with the degree of human civilization, from the early "instant effect" to measuring time with a standard watch or sundial, to demanding accurate time measurement, and the invention of "missing engraving", and then to the invention of the water clock, which drives the shaft or gear by increasing the weight of dripping water. It was not until the 11th century that the mechanical clock officially appeared. The mechanical clock used a heavy hammer instead of water as the power to drive the gears.

The legend of the invention of the watch is that the locksmith in Nuremberg (the industrial capital of northern Germany) made it as big as an egg in the16th century, so it was called "Nuremberg egg". Watch parts themselves contain power, and they are completely handmade, with the improvement of the system, so the styles of things made are different.

Swiss clocks and watches

Switzerland is called "the kingdom of clocks and watches". Its watch industry has ruled the world for two and a half centuries, and it still maintains the first position in the world.

Switzerland's watch industry originated in a small village between the valley and basin of the Gnome mountain range on the Franco-Swiss border with Geneva as the center. As early as the15th century, jewelers and goldsmiths in Geneva began to make watches. 160165438+1October 20th, the Geneva authorities formally approved the establishment of the world's first watch trade association. At that time, there were only about 300 watch technicians in Geneva, with an annual output of about 5,000. By the middle of the18th century, a large number of watchmakers had gathered in Geneva. They often opened shops on the ground floor facing the street to attract customers and made and repaired watches in a quiet place on the top floor.

Geneva's experience of relying on the prosperity of clocks and watches inspired farmers and herdsmen deep in the dwarf mountains, and they also began to make gears, springs and clockwork. Some local youths have studied in cities such as Geneva for more than ten years or even decades, and then returned to their hometowns to start their own handicraft workshops. Together with Qi Xin, they are determined to build the best parts in the world and assemble the most complicated and precise clocks and watches.

The real severe challenge faced by Swiss watch industry occurred at the turn of the 20th century, from 19. With the deepening of the industrial revolution, standardized mass production invented by Americans swept the world. It seems that only American-style factories can make enough profits to survive, but the small Swiss watch workshop has finally found a way to adapt to the modern industrial society. It is through the unified design and mass production of professional parts companies such as movement, strap and case that the expensive value of watches and clocks is reduced to the level that ordinary consumers can bear. Coupled with those skilled craftsmen and small watch factories with unique styles, the purchased parts are modified and customized into special parts, so that the Swiss watch industry can be integrated with those famous watches, while American watches, which have been in mass production, appear menacing because of the lack of product support of various grades and prices.

Which country in the world first invented the compass? China was the first country in the world to invent the compass.

Compass is the result of China ancient working people's understanding of magnet magnetism in long-term practice.

As one of four great inventions of ancient china, its invention has played an inestimable role in the development of human science, technology and civilization.

In ancient China, the compass was first used for rituals, etiquette, military affairs and divination, and to determine the orientation when looking at geomantic omen.

Which country first issued metal stamps in the world? Hungary is the first country in the world to issue metal stamps.

Hungary Post issued a set of aluminum foil airmail stamps 1955 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the establishment of its aluminum industry, with the pattern of airplanes flying over the metallurgical industrial zone.

There are two kinds of stamps: toothed version and toothless version.