The Huns in history, what nationality are they now?

Xiongnu is a nomadic people in the north with a long history. Their ancestors lived in Siberia in Eurasia. They have long hair and are a mixture of ancient North Asian races and primitive Indo-European races. The Huns in China ancient books were a powerful nomadic people who ruled the northern part of the Central Plains during the Qin and Han Dynasties. They were expelled from the Hetao area of the Yellow River in February15. After the split of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the southern Xiongnu entered the Central Plains and the northern Xiongnu moved to Europe, which had a far-reaching and tremendous impact on the medieval history of Europe and the Roman Empire, and it lasted for about 300 years. Xiongnu influenced the historical process of China and Eurasia at that time, which was recorded in Historical Records, Hanshu and European medieval history books. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xianbei, Rouran, Dingling Gaoche and Sui and Tang Turks were all their descendants. Let's talk about the final ending and destination of the Huns first.

A powerful nomadic people who ruled the northern part of the Central Plains in Qin and Han Dynasties was expelled from the Yellow River Hetao area in 2 15. After the split of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the southern Xiongnu entered the Central Plains and the northern Xiongnu moved from Mobei to the west, which lasted about 300 years. Huns in ancient China and Hungarians in Europe (Huns) are not related by blood, and they are not the same nation. In recent years, DNA and other testing methods have been used to answer this question.

Huns are adherents of the Xia Dynasty. Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu records: "Xiongnu, a descendant of Xia Houshi, is also called Chunwei." . Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Bei Jing says: Dog Rong and Xia people are of the same ancestry, both from the Yellow Emperor. "Historical Records" quoted Zhang Qian as saying: "In the spring of Yin Dynasty, Wei Bei went." Spring Wei, a descendant of Xia, fled to the north in Shang Dynasty, and his descendants became Xiongnu. Another way of saying it is that the descendants of Xia Bei's migration are descendants. Xia Jie died in exile for three years, and his son Xiongnu took his father's wives and concubines, took refuge in Beiye, and moved with livestock, which is what China called Xiongnu.

Wang Guowei systematically summarized the evolution of Huns' names in A Test of Ghosts' Imagination, and thought that the ghosts of Shang Dynasty, Yi Yi, Rong Di of Zhou Dynasty and Hu of Warring States were all so-called Huns in later generations.

The real large-scale war with the Huns was in the Han Dynasty. 20 1 year before the beginning of Han Dynasty, Hanwang Liu Xin surrendered to Xiongnu. The following year, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang led an army to conquer and was besieged by Xiongnu Mao Dun Khan with more than 300,000 cavalry for seven days and nights in Deng Bai (now northeast of Datong, Shanxi). After escaping by deception, he began to kiss Xiongnu. Later, Emperor Wenjing also used the policy of intimacy and alienation to recuperate. In the first 57 years, the Huns split and Zhi Zhi Khan won. According to Mobei, in the first 5 1 year, Uhaanyehe went south to take refuge in the Han Dynasty. In the first 33 years, I married Wang Zhaojun and made up with Han.

In 48 years, in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Huns split in two. More than 40,000 people, the grandson of Uhaanyehe, were sent to the south and called the Southern Xiongnu, and were placed in Hetao area by the Han Dynasty. Those who stayed in Mobei were called the Northern Xiongnu. From 1989 to 9 1 year, the southern Xiongnu and Han jointly attacked the northern Xiongnu, which was defeated by Mobei and Altai Mountain, forcing it to move westward. Since then, the Northern Xiongnu has disappeared from China's ancient books.

187, the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the conflict between southern Xiongnu and Dong Zhuo's authoritarian period. /kloc-in 0/95, the southern Xiongnu participated in the melee in the Central Plains, and Cai Wenji, the daughter of Cai Yong in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was taken to Xiongnu. In 202, the leader of the Southern Xiongnu was attached to Cao Cao, the prime minister of Han Dynasty, and Cai Wenji was attached to Han Dynasty. Cao Cao divided the southern Xiongnu into five parts.

At the beginning of the 4th century, Liu Yuan, commander-in-chief of the Five Huns, was a general under Sima Ying, the king of Chengdu. In the chaotic period after the Eight Kings Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan rose up and occupied most of northern China, calling himself Hanwang. In 3 1 1 year, Liu and Liu Cong captured Luoyang, and in 3 16 year, they captured Chang 'an and destroyed the Western Jin Dynasty. History is called Zhao Qian or Zhao Han.

The hybrid offspring of Xiongnu and Xianbei are called iron rich people. Liu Huoming, a rich iron man, was defeated by Xianbei Tuoba and defected to the Qiang people in the later Qin Dynasty. Attila, who later thought she was the last generation, changed her surname to Helian, and established Xia Guo in Hetao area, which was called Fox Summer in history. In 425, Helian Bobo died and his son He Lianchang succeeded him. In 428, the Northern Wei Dynasty captured Helian Chang. Lian's younger brother, He, calls himself Emperor Xia of Pingliang. 43 1 year, He was captured by the Northern Wei Dynasty and died in the summer. Wancheng, the capital of Xia State, is the only relic left by Xiongnu as a nomadic people in East Asia.

Xiongnu merged into Yuwen tribe in Xianbei near Korea and entered the Korean peninsula. Later, Yu usurped the Northern Zhou regime established by the Western Wei Dynasty, and was later usurped by Emperor Wen of Sui, a consort of the Han nationality. Emperor Wendi established the Sui Dynasty and unified the Central Plains.

The above is the last performance of Xiongnu on the historical stage of China during the Five Lakes, Sixteen Countries and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Later, as an independent nation, the Huns disappeared from the history of China and merged with other ethnic groups to form the Huaxia nationality. After the Xiongnu descendants were sinicized, the Han surnames were Liu, He, Cong, Huyan, etc. Many of them lived in Shaanxi, Shaanxi and Shandong today.

Regarding the relationship between Xiongnu and Hungary, it is necessary to mention the following points. It's not my opinion to quote Gao Qun and others. This is just a family view. As far as evidence and possibility are concerned, I personally think it should be irrelevant.

As for the migration of Xiongnu, China's history books have detailed records on its internal migration and grassland detention, but they are vague about Xiongnu's westward migration, saying that it was "going to the west", and European scholars have dabbled in it. Gan Lin, an expert in the history of Xiongnu and a professor at Inner Mongolia University, said: "In the first century BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty caused heavy losses to Xiongnu, and some Xiongnu either took orally or moved westward, eventually splitting Xiongnu into South Xiongnu and North Xiongnu. In 89-9 1 year, the northern Xiongnu was defeated by the southern Xiongnu and Han army, and the tribes controlled and enslaved by the northern Xiongnu also took the opportunity to rise. The main force of the northern Xiongnu left the Ili River basin, Central Asia, the Don River and the east of the Volga River. Later, the Xianbei people in northern China became stronger and gradually occupied the homeland of Xiongnu. About five or six hundred thousand Huns became Xianbei people. The process of a nation's integration into other nations is very fast. "

Many Hungarian folk songs are the same as those in northern Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia.

Gan Lin, who has written more than 10 books on Xiongnu studies, thinks that the earliest historian in Europe who recorded Xiongnu activities was Amianas Masirinas, a historian in the late Roman Empire, and then things about Xiongnu suddenly increased in European history. He said: "After the Xiongnu who moved westward defeated Alan, located east of the Don River in 374 AD, it began to play a major role in promoting the great migration of European nationalities and had a major impact on European history." Wang Shiping, a well-known expert in Sui and Tang Dynasties history and a researcher at Shaanxi History Museum, said: "Although the Xiongnu disappeared in Europe like a epiphyllum, many Xiongnu probably stayed. Many scholars believe that Hungarians are their descendants. " ?

Professor Qi Sihe of Peking University and former Hungarian Ambassador to China Yousando also agree with this view. Wang Shiping thinks that Huns are obviously different from other ethnic groups in Europe, and many Hungarian folk songs are the same as those in northern Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia. Folk songs in northern Shaanxi, such as Pilgrim's Progress, have been produced long before Bi Meng's ancients, and are probably related to the Huns.

Many people surnamed Liu in northern Shaanxi may be descendants of Xiongnu. "

It is pointed out that Helian Bobo, the founder of Daxia Kingdom, had his father's surname Liu, and his successor's surname Liu. Only Helian Bobo claimed to be "Helian". Now there are many people named Liu in northern Shaanxi, who may be descendants of Xiongnu. There are many Xiongnu tribes, and most of them take tribes or clans as their surnames after entering the Central Plains. Such as Huyan and Dugu, but it cannot be said that these surnames must be descendants of Xiongnu.

Gao Jianqun, a self-proclaimed "Xiongnu of Chang 'an" and famous for his novel The Last Xiongnu, said: "Attila, a northern Xiongnu, established the Xiongnu Empire in Europe in the 5th century, while Attila, a southern Xiongnu, established an empire in China almost at the same time. They all launched a final attack on the civilizations settled in the East and the West. After the defeat, the Huns merged into other ethnic groups. It can be said that this great nation has not disappeared so far, and its blood is still surging in other ethnic groups of its time. "

Gao Jianqun said: "Hungarians play suona and cut paper in the same way as people in northern Shaanxi, China, and their endings are similar to those in northern Shaanxi. The Hungarian poet petofi once wrote in a poem: Our distant ancestors, how did you walk from Asia to the Danube and build a country? Many Hungarian scholars believe that this country is closely related to the descendants of Xiongnu. "