Anecdotes of intrigue among modern warlords

After the Revolution of 1911, Yuan Shikai held real power, and China entered the period of warlord rule. After Yuan Shikai's death, there appeared several factions within the warlords, such as the Anhui clique headed by Duan, the direct clique headed by Feng and the Feng clique headed by Zhang. From 19 16 to 19 18, Li and Xu Shichang successively served as presidents, but Duan controlled the real power of the Beiyang warlord government. Duan used the method of "unification by force" in an attempt to unify the whole country, but Wu, the direct line, was very dissatisfied with him and did not actively use troops, which eventually made Duan's "unification by force" fail. Since then, Wu has formed an alliance with the warlords of Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan to fight against Anhui. At the same time, Cao Kun and Zhang joined hands to form an anti-Anhui alliance among Zhili, Jiangsu, Hubei, Jiangxi and Northeast provinces. By April 1920, the situation of direct alliance against Anhui was formed.

On July 6th, 5438+0920, and on June 5th, 438+04, Duan's Anhui Army fought with Zhang's, Cao Kun's and Wu's direct troops. At the beginning of the war, the Anhui army attacked with all its strength, and the troops directly under it suffered repeated battles and defeats. After 17, Wu defeated the Anhui army on the west road, and on June 19, the Anhui army on the east road was also defeated. On the 24th, I was defeated. After the war, the two factions reached an agreement on sharing stolen goods, and the Beiyang warlord government in Beijing was under the common control of the directly affiliated bureau. Details of the Battle of Wan Zhi.

After the war of direct service in Anhui Province, the contradiction between direct service and direct service deepened. 1in August, 920, Wu's direct line called for electricity to hold a national convention plan, hoping to use public opinion to attack Fengxi. In June 192 1 17 February 17, the Beiyang government was headed by Liang Shiyi and was in a dominant position. After Liang Shiyi came to power, he agreed to Japan's request to borrow Japanese money to redeem the railway, which suppressed Wu's pay and further intensified the contradiction between direct service and direct service. His traitorous behavior was opposed by the whole country. 1922 1 In June, Wu and his immediate family and warlords in various provinces electrified to denounce Liang Shiyi, which led to Liang Shiyi's stepping down. Zhang waited until Guangdong told Sun Yat-sen to send troops to the Northern Expedition, but because of internal discord, Zhang thought the time was ripe, so he transferred troops to Beijing and Tianjin. When the soldiers were besieged, the discord between the immediate family members was eliminated. Cao Kun expressed his willingness to fight, and Wu mobilized an army. By April 29th, the first direct war broke out.

After the war, the two sides fought fiercely in Changxindian, Racecourse and Gu 'an. On the eastern front, Feng Junjun stormed and the straight army retreated. On the western front, the two sides were jagged and scuffled. On May 4th, the 16th Division, which belongs to Feng's former headquarters, defected and the western front collapsed rapidly. Affected by the western front, the fighting spirit of East Road was completely eliminated. Feng Jun retired to the Commissioner's Office, and then announced the "joint provincial autonomy" of the three northeastern provinces. The direct details of the war

Although Feng was defeated, its strength still exists. As Sun Yat-sen has started the Northern Expedition in the south, his spearhead is directed at his immediate family. Wu could not fight on both sides, so he accepted the British-American armistice proposal and signed an armistice treaty on June 8, 2008, ending the war. The power of the Beijing government is monopolized in a straight line.

After the immediate downfall of Feng, Cao Kun wanted to be president, and Wu wanted to abolish the North and South Houses and form a third house. Wu's strategy is to restore the original parliament and ask Li to reset it in accordance with the provisions of the Provisional Treaty Law when the Republic of China was founded. This is called "emphasizing the rule of law". He thought that this would not only drive away Xu Shichang, but also make the southern government lose the reason of "protecting the law". At Wu's behest, direct generals, former members of the Speaker of the National Assembly and social "celebrities" expressed their support for the restoration of the legal system, denied the Beijing government's order to dissolve the National Assembly in six years of the Republic of China, and declared Xu Shichang the illegal president. 1June, 922, Xu Shichang resigned, Li was reinstated and returned to Beijing, and the real power was still in Wu's hands. Wu's rise

At this time, the clique split, Cao Kun, clique generals, provincial warlords and Feng Yuxiang and others became more and more powerful, and they were dissatisfied with Wu for their own interests and formed anti-Wu forces. Wu, on the other hand, relied on British and American arms and loans, and on the Yellow River valley, fighting on all sides and making too many enemies. In order to protect their own territory and interests, warlords from all over the world launched the movement of "joint provincial autonomy" to compete with Wu's "unification by force".

Corrupt Politics and the Unification of Force China 1923 At the beginning of this year, Cao Kun ousted Lebanon by various means to usurp its position. On June 13, Li was forced to leave. After the success of the "forced palace", Cao Kun bribed the Speaker of the National Assembly with 400,000 yuan, and bought off more than 500 members at a high price of 5000- 1 10,000 yuan per vote. Then "elected" as the president through the National Assembly, which is called "bribing to elect the president". Members who participate in bribery elections are called "pig members"

During the two and a half years when the Beijing regime was directly in charge, it ruled most parts of China, and Wu practiced "unification by force", and wars continued all over the country. Cao Kun forced the palace, bribed the election, and even was condemned by the whole country. After Cao Kun came to power, in exchange for the support of imperialism, he resorted to all kinds of tricks to harm the people and flatter the foreign countries, and prostrated himself and humiliated the country. During this period, China's economy stagnated and declined, people's life went from bad to worse, a large number of workers lost their jobs, farmers went bankrupt one after another, and people from other social classes became more and more difficult. Once the people in trouble get the correct organization and strong leadership of the advanced proletarian party, it will inevitably form the climax of the surging workers' movement and farmers' movement.

Northern Warlords (19 12- 1927)

1894, the Qing court wanted to reform the military system. Because the original Eight Banners soldiers and Green Camp soldiers were useless, it sent Lu Chang to make Hu Fen train a new army in Nong Xin Town, Jinnan, and ordered him to "establish an army". In 1895, Yuan Shikai, who was sent from Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province to supervise the training, changed his name to "New Army", followed the German military system and code, and hired Germans as instructors, making it 10 camp with 7,300 people. Under the control of Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang, it is also called Beiyang Army. 190 1 year, Li Hongzhang died of illness, and Shi Kai succeeded to the throne, expanding the Beiyang Army into six towns (equivalent to divisions) and becoming the leader of the Beiyang Army from then on. On this basis, he wooed his cronies, expanded his power, and quickly formed a powerful military group that controlled the national situation. In 19 12, Yuan Shikai stole the fruits of Ge Ming's victory in191year, became the president of the Republic of China, and set up the military dictatorship of Beiyang warlords. 19 16 After Yuan Shikai's death, the northern warlords split into three branches: Zhi, Anhui and Feng, competing to expand their strength and split into one side. In order to compete for the central government, they did not hesitate to rely on foreign forces, and the country was torn apart. From 19 13, Sun Yat-sen began his struggle with the northern warlords. 19 17 established a military government in Guangdong, launched a war to protect the country and protect the law, and organized the northern expedition. 1926, the national ge ordered the army to set out from Guangdong for the northern expedition. By June of 1928, Zhang, the last ruler of Beiyang Warlords and the head of Fengshi clan, was expelled from Beijing, overthrowing the rule of Beiyang Warlords over China for 16 years, and the Beiyang Warlords Group was eliminated.

After the death of Yuan Shikai, the leader of Beiyang Warlords, the Beiyang Warlords Group split into three factions: Zhi, Wan and Feng, and the faction headed by Zhili Feng was called the direct faction. Feng graduated from Beiyang Military Equipment School in his early years. When Yuan Shikai was training in a small station, he appointed Feng as the general manager of the training camp. Later, he followed Yuan Shikai for a long time, and together with Duan and Wang Shizhen, he was also called "the three outstanding men of Beiyang". 19 1 1 After Ge Ming's death, he led the L army of the Qing army to Wuhan to suppress and defeat the civilian army commanded by Huang Xing. After Yuan Shikai stole the post of President of the Republic of China, he appointed Feng as the governor of Zhili and the president of the Imperial Guard. L9 13 suppressed the Kuomintang's second life, occupied Nanjing and served as the governor of Jiangsu. 19 16 was the vice president of the Republic of China, 19 17 was the acting president, and 19 19 died of illness. After that, Cao Kun and Wu took over the direct leadership, 1920 defeated Wan, 1922 defeated Feng, and monopolized the regime of both capital city. 1923, Cao Kun bribed members of Congress at a high price of 5,000 yuan per vote and was elected president. His power has reached its peak. There are 26 divisions and more than 30 brigades directly under the basic forces, and more than 20 armies (divisions) and more than 20 brigades directly under the local warlords, which control most parts of the country except the Northeast. 1924, defeated by Feng Zhi in the second direct Feng Zhi War, but still controlled Sichuan, Shaanxi and most provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. 1926 Before the Northern Expedition, Wu claimed to be the commander-in-chief of the allied forces in 14 province, and there were still more than 200,000 wandering troops in 2 brigades of 16 division. Another direct general, Sun, was appointed commander-in-chief of the allied forces in Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. He also has more than 200,000 people in the 10 division and the 16 brigade, and has long opposed the Guangzhou government controlled by the Kuomintang. From 1926 to 1927, it was defeated by the national Ge Ming army in the Northern Expedition and perished. Some troops were incorporated by the national Ge Mingjun.

Among the three factions of Beiyang warlords, the one headed by Hefei people's section in Anhui Province is called Anhui Department. Duan went to Germany to study artillery in his early years. After returning to China, he participated in Yuan Shikai's small station training. He served as the general manager of the artillery school and the artillery academy, and later served as the general manager (principal) of Baoding Beiyang Accelerated School and the Army Military Academy, controlling the fourth and sixth towns of Beiyang Army. He, Feng and Wang Shizhen are also called "Three Heroes of Beiyang". 19 1 1 year after Ge Ming's death, he led the Second Army of Beiyang Army to suppress it. After Yuan Shikai stole the post of President of the Republic of China, he served as the chief of the army, chief of staff and acting prime minister. After Yuan Shikai's death, he served as Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Army, and was an iron hand of Beiyang Warlord Group. Before 1920, the central government actually controlled, and l 1 division directly controlled nearly 20 brigades. The main generals are Xu Shuzheng, Duan, Jin, and their troops are mainly distributed in Anhui, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Fujian, Hubei, Songhu and Zhejiang. 19 17 advocated participating in the first world war and declaring war on Germany. With the support of Japan, the participating troops were organized to strengthen their military strength. 1920 in the direct Anhui war, it was defeated by direct Anhui, and part of the Anhui army was destroyed and part of it was incorporated by direct Anhui. Since then, Duan, with his personal influence in the political and military circles, once served as a temporary ruler in the Beijing government, but the power of Anhui has since declined.

The third faction of Beiyang warlords is warlord Feng faction, which is one of the three major factions of Beiyang warlords. Named after its leader Zhang from Fengtian. Zhang was originally a bandit in the late Qing dynasty, and was later incorporated by the Qing court and gradually promoted. 19 12 Yuan Shikai secretly lived in the President of the Republic of China and appointed Zhang as the commander of the 27th Army Division. 19 16 after Yuan Shikai's death, he was appointed as the overseer and governor of Fengtian by the Beijing government, and the army expanded to more than three divisions.

1920 was promoted to inspector of three northeastern provinces, and its strength expanded even more. He is called "the king of Northeast China". In the same year, the troops were expanded into five divisions and 26 brigades because they helped the direct line to defeat the Anhui Department in the Anhui-Direct War and expanded their sphere of influence to Jehol, Chahar, Suiyuan, Beijing and Tianjin. 1922, the first direct battle was defeated, and the strength was slightly reduced. However, in the second direct war in 1924, he was defeated by direct war and took control of the Beijing regime, becoming the last ruler of Beiyang warlords. His influence extended to Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui and Shanghai, and his troops expanded to more than 20 divisions, and the Northeast Navy and Air Force was established.

1927, Lu Haijun was appointed as the marshal of the Republic of China, organized the military government, exercised the ruling power, and unified other factions into a Guo Jun as the commander-in-chief to counter the Northern Expedition ordered by the National Ge. 1928 was expelled from Beijing by the Northern Expeditionary Army in June, and was killed by the Japanese Kwantung Army when he returned to Huanggutun Station near Shenyang. His son Zhang Xueliang succeeded him as the leader of Feng Jun's army. On February 29th, 65438+ in the same year, Zhang Xueliang announced that he would accept the leadership of Nanjing National Government and be reorganized into the Northeast Border Guard. 193 1 year into the national revolutionary army sequence.