There is an introduction about Shang bronzes.

In Shang Dynasty, 65438 BC+0562 BC-65438 BC+0066 BC, it is said that merchants are descendants of their son Qi. Because Qi assisted Yu in water control, he was sealed by Shun and began to rise. After 500 years of development, it has become a powerful square country with milli as its capital by the time of Tang. With the help of Yi Yin, Cheng Tang first won the support of many countries and conquered the countries that did not submit. At last, he set out to cut the summer and sounded the golden bell to retreat. Xia Jie fled to the South Nest and died, and established the Shang Dynasty. Shang Tang destroyed the decadent and tyrannical Xia Dynasty by force and established a new rule, which is a historical progress. Although the newly established Shang Dynasty is no different from the Xia Dynasty in social form, its birth injected new vitality into ancient society and perfected the mechanism of ancient class society. Therefore, ancient books fully affirmed Shang Tang's attack on Jie and suppression of Xia, and thought that "the Tang-Wu Revolution was based on heaven and man" (Book of Changes).

Shang dynasty * * * thirty masters, seventeen. BC 1562 to BC 1066. There is no exact theory about the lineage of Shang dynasty, which is a saying of one family. The inheritance law of Shang dynasty was to adopt the system of brothers and sisters, and then pass on the children without brothers. When Shang Tang's grandson "Tai Jia" was in power, there was no way, so Yi Yin exiled him and became a regent himself. In the past three years, Tai Jia repented, welcomed back to the motherland, worked diligently and loved the people, attached to the princes, and maintained social stability, so he was called Taizong, the Lord of perseverance. From then on, until the ninth son of heaven, Emperor Taizu, it was a period of consolidation and development of the dynasty. During the eighth generation of Yongji in Shang Zhouwang, there was a situation in which governors refused to go to court. With the help of Yi and Wu Xian, Wu Tai succeeded to the throne, the Yin and Daoism were revived, and the princes were united, so Wu Tai was called.

From the 10th Emperor Zhong Ding, the Shang royal family was in chaos. Since then, the five dynasties and nine kings have repeatedly abandoned their children to set up brothers or illegitimate children, as well as the power struggle between brothers and sons for the throne, and moved the capital many times. First, the capital was moved, and then Zuyi moved to Xing. The "Nine Revolts" caused serious social problems such as the decline of national strength, the failure of the rulers, various contradictions and crises. In order to save the crisis of the dynasty, "Pan Geng" moved its capital from Xingyi to Yin, carried out reforms, carried out soup politics, got rid of extravagant habits, cared for the people, stabilized the situation, and began to develop rapidly in politics, economy and culture.

History says "Pan Geng moved to Yin". Wu Ding, the 22nd generation king of Shang Dynasty, grew up in the countryside, knowing well the sufferings of the people and farming. He wisely promoted "Fu Shuo" from slaves, appointed people on their merits, vigorously reformed politics, and made nobles and civilians have no complaints. He repeatedly sent troops to quell the intrusion of nomadic peoples such as Turks and ghosts, and fought against Jing and Chu on a large scale. The influence of Shang Dynasty reached its peak in all directions. Since the twenty-fourth generation of Wang Zujia, social contradictions have intensified, and the Yin Dynasty has gradually seen a scene of decline and chaos. The twenty-seventh generation of Wang Wuyi can't help it. He used a leather bag filled with blood and patted it on his back, which was called patting the sky. Later, when he was hunting in the river, he was electrocuted. By the thirtieth king, the struggle between kingship and aristocratic power reached a climax.

Zhou Wang smart, headstrong, whitewash, * * * matchless, arrogant and extravagant, let life slip past him, take wine as a pool, hang meat as a forest, and stay awake all night. Zhou Wang set the brand of punishment, wantonly killing princes and nobles. Abuse of prisoners aggravated the accumulation of wealth and made princes and nobles and kings rebel. When the crisis deepened day by day, Zhou Wang used large-scale troops against neighboring tribes to pacify Dongyi, which consumed a lot of manpower and material resources and accelerated the demise of Shang Dynasty. The Western Zhou people took the opportunity to develop and finally destroyed the Shang Dynasty.

Shang dynasty royal lineage table (BC 1766- BC 1 122) became Tang->; Taiyi-> Taiding->; Foreign exchange-> Heavy->; Taijia-> woding-& gt； Tai Geng-> Jony J->; Yongji->; -> taiwu; Zhong Ding->; Foreigners->; He Jia Dan-> Yi-> Xinxin-> Wo Jia->; Kenting-> Nangeng->; Yang Jia->; Pan Geng->; Xiao Xin->; Little b-> Princess of Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The political system of da ji's famous Yi Yin: The officials of Shang Dynasty are different from those of China and North Korea and the foreign affairs officials sealed outside Ji Wang. Among the internal officials, there are external court administrators and internal court administrators. The chief executive is the "prime minister" who assists the Shang king in making decisions, also known as "A, Bao and Yin". The senior officials of the dynasty were collectively called Qing people. The "three publics" are honorifics set by people, and they are not permanent.

In addition, there are books (also known as Tibetan history and civil history) responsible for divination, sacrifice and recording, divination and praying for ghosts and gods, recording and keeping ancient books, teachers of military attaché s, musicians and Shao Shi. The court official is an official who serves the royal family, mainly the general manager and the trusted minister. I manage all the specific affairs of the royal family, including the secretary in charge of all kinds of work, the clothes in charge of grain collection, animal husbandry, hunting, wine, king cars, king cars (also known as servants and kings), the military officer Ya, the guardian Ya, the rural elders who educate the children of nobles, and the "sound" of a foreign land. Officials abroad mainly include the leaders of Fang, Hou Bo, people who serve the imperial court and people who guard the border.

When the tribute system was implemented in Shang Dynasty, there was also labor rent to "help farming", that is, farmers were required to help plow public land (native land), and all the harvest was obtained by the rulers, accounting for about one tenth of the farmers' harvest. Yin collected taxes to enrich Lutai and the giant bridge. The political idea of Shang Dynasty is the political thought under the shadow of theocracy, and the rulers of Shang Dynasty "respect ghosts" and "respect gods". The highest political principle pursued is to govern the country according to the will of the gods and ghosts. Economy and culture: Businessmen have been a nation dominated by agriculture from the very beginning, and Shang Tang once sent thousands of people to help the people of Ge cultivate land. Oracle bone inscriptions have appeared many times "its age" (can it be harvested? ) reflects the importance attached by the Shang rulers to agriculture. In terms of animal husbandry, in the Shang Dynasty, besides the remains of six animals, there were elephant bones, indicating that there were tamed elephants in the north at that time. And mastered the pig's * * * technology and began to raise freshwater fish artificially.

Handicrafts are all managed by the government, with fine division of labor, huge scale, large output, many kinds and high technological level, especially the casting technology of bronzes has reached its peak. Become a symbol of commercial civilization. Moreover, the Shang people have invented primitive porcelain, and the white and delicate white pottery is quite level, realistic in shape and finely carved jade stone tools, which shows the superb skills of jade workers in Shang Dynasty. Silk products include leno with plain weave and twisted yarn structure, crepe with thousands of patterns, etc., and jacquard technology has been mastered. The progress of agriculture and handicraft industry in Shang dynasty promoted the development of commodity exchange, and many businessmen engaged in long-distance traffic in vehicles and boats appeared.

In the late Shang Dynasty, vendors specializing in various transactions appeared in Du Yi. Lu merchants used to kill cattle in Chao Ge and sell rice in Jin Meng. Since the Shang Dynasty, China's music has entered an era of trust in history. Folk music and court music have made great progress.

Due to the development of agriculture, animal husbandry and handicraft industry, the smelting and casting of bronze reached a high level, which made the production level of musical instruments leap forward and a large number of exquisite and luxurious musical instruments appeared. Music and dance are the main forms of court music. Textual research can be found in Sanglin and Dabao, which is said to be written by Shang Tang's music and dance minister Yi Yin. There are three main types of people who are engaged in music professional work: "witches", "musicians" and "people". There is little information about the folk music of Shang Dynasty, and The Book of Changes and One Tun Liu Er are the folk songs of Shang Dynasty. In Shang Dynasty, there were many word-formation methods in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, such as pictographic characters, knowing characters, pictophonetic characters, metonymic characters, reference characters and so on. And it is already a mature writing. Among the unearthed Oracle Bone Inscriptions, 4,672 words have been found, among which 1072 words are known to scholars. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's writing materials are hard, so the font is square.

At the same time, bronze inscriptions, because they are cast, have a round font. Scientific development: astronomy: the calendar of Shang Dynasty has been divided into big and small months with a period of 366 days, and the length of the new moon and the year of return is adjusted by the boudoir at the end of the year. There were many eclipses and new stars in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty. Mathematics: There are as many as 30,000 numbers in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, with clear decimal system, odd number, even number and multiple concepts, and preliminary calculation ability. Optical knowledge has been applied for a long time, and the micro-convex mirror unearthed in Shang Dynasty can reflect the whole face on a smaller mirror.

In Shang Dynasty, there were many word-formation methods in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, such as pictographic characters, knowing characters, pictophonetic characters, metonymic characters, reference characters and so on. And it is already a mature writing. Among the unearthed Oracle Bone Inscriptions, 4,672 words have been found, among which 1072 words are known to scholars. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's writing materials are hard, so the font is square. At the same time, bronze inscriptions, because they are cast, have a round font. Scientific development: astronomy: the calendar of Shang Dynasty has been divided into big and small months with a period of 366 days, and the length of the new moon and the year of return is adjusted by the boudoir at the end of the year. There were many eclipses and new stars in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty.

Mathematics: There are as many as 30,000 numbers in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, with clear decimal system, odd number, even number and multiple concepts, and preliminary calculation ability. Optical knowledge has been applied for a long time, and the micro-convex mirror unearthed in Shang Dynasty can reflect the whole face on a smaller mirror. In Shang Dynasty, there were many word-formation methods in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, such as pictographic characters, knowing characters, pictophonetic characters, metonymic characters, reference characters and so on. And it is already a mature writing. Among the unearthed Oracle Bone Inscriptions, 4,672 words have been found, among which 1072 words are known to scholars.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions's writing materials are hard, so the font is square. At the same time, bronze inscriptions, because they are cast, have a round font. Scientific development: astronomy: the calendar of Shang Dynasty has been divided into big and small months with a period of 366 days, and the length of the new moon and the year of return is adjusted by the boudoir at the end of the year. There were many eclipses and new stars in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty. Mathematics: There are as many as 30,000 numbers in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, with clear decimal system, odd number, even number and multiple concepts, and preliminary calculation ability. Optical knowledge has been applied for a long time, and the micro-convex mirror unearthed in Shang Dynasty can reflect the whole face on a smaller mirror.