Knowledge about Jupiter

Chinese name: Jupiter English name: Jupiter definition: one of the eight planets in the solar system, the largest planet in the solar system. Applied discipline: astronomy (first-class discipline); The above contents of "Solar System (Two Disciplines)" were examined and published by the National Committee for the Examination and Approval of Scientific and Technical Terminology.

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Jupiter Jupiter, one of the eight planets in the solar system, is the fifth from the sun (from near to far) and the largest and fastest rotating planet in the solar system. Jupiter is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium, and its central temperature is estimated to be as high as 30500℃. In ancient China, it was called Laonian Star, and it takes 12 years to circle the celestial sphere, which is the same as the earthly branch. In western languages, it is generally called Jupiter (.

catalogue

Basic parameter

brief introduction

find

The energy released by Jupiter

Physical properties of gaseous planets

Stone core

There is a high-speed hurricane on the surface of the planet.

The kernel may be as high as 20,000 kHz.

There is a strong magnetic field.

The brightness of Jupiter's rings is second only to that of Venus.

There is a dust layer or ring.

There is a thick atmosphere.

great red spot

Satellite io

Europa

Ganymede

Callisto

Amalthea

The messenger "Pioneer" from the earth rushed ahead.

"Traveler" lives up to expectations

Galileo made outstanding contributions.

Juno carries forward the past and forge ahead.

Jupiter in astrology

Historical Records Historical Records Biography

Mawangdui silk book Wuxing Zhan

Topographic appearance

Surface environment

Astral structure

Planetary ring

Observation information

1994 Jupiter collision event

Jupiter was hit in 2009.

It is found that Jupiter once swallowed the basic parameters of a planet 10 times that of the earth.

brief introduction

find

The energy released by Jupiter

Physical properties of gaseous planets

Stone core

There is a high-speed hurricane on the surface of the planet.

The kernel may be as high as 20,000 kHz.

There is a strong magnetic field.

The brightness of Jupiter's rings is second only to that of Venus.

There is a dust layer or ring.

There is a thick atmosphere.

great red spot

Satellite io

Europa

Ganymede

Callisto

Amalthea

A messenger from the earth

"Pioneer" charged the former "traveler" and lived up to expectations. Galileo made remarkable achievements. Juno is a link between the past and the future. The historical record of Jupiter in astrology

Historical Records, Tianguan Book, Mawangdui Silk Book, Five-Star Occupation Topography, Surface Environment, Star Structure, Observation Information of Planetary Rings 1994 Jupiter Collision Event The study of Jupiter collision event in 2009 found that Jupiter swallowed a planet 10 times the size of the earth. Edit the basic parameters of this paragraph.

Orbit: 778,330,000 kilometers (5.203 astronomical units) from the sun. Period of revolution: The period of Jupiter's revolution around the sun is 4332.589 days, which is about 1 1.86 years. Rotation period: Jupiter's equatorial rotation period is 9 hours, 50 minutes and 30 seconds, which is slightly slower in the polar regions. Diameter: 65438. 984 km (equator) mass: 1.90 * 10 27 kg surface gravity acceleration: 23. 12m/ s. Escape velocity: 60.2 km/s mass (compared with the earth): 3 17 volume (compared with the earth) 65438.

Edit the introduction of this paragraph.

Jupiter has the largest volume and mass among the eight planets in the solar system, more than 2.5 times the sum of the other seven planets, 3 18 times that of the earth, and 32 1 times that of the earth. According to the distance from the sun, Jupiter ranks fifth. At the same time, Jupiter is the fastest rotating planet in the solar system. The equator bulges slightly. Jupiter is the fourth brightest star in the sky, second only to the sun, the moon and Venus (sometimes slightly darker than Mars, but sometimes brighter than Venus). Jupiter is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium, and its central temperature is estimated to be as high as 30500℃. There is a great red spot on the surface of Jupiter, which is 40,000 kilometers from east to west and 65,438+from north to south.

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Jupiter is the fourth brightest object in the sky (second only to the sun, the moon and Venus; Sometimes Mars is brighter), Jupiter has been known to mankind as early as prehistoric times. According to Galileo's observation of four Jupiter satellites, Io, Europa, Ganymede (now often called Galileo satellites), in 16 10, they were the first discoveries that did not orbit the earth. It is also the main basis for agreeing with Copernicus' Heliocentrism about planetary motion. For many years, it has been thought that Ganymede was discovered by Galileo through his homemade telescope in 1609. Gander, an astronomer in China during the Warring States Period, actually discovered Gander with Io, Europa and Callisto. He wrote two books, Chronicles of the Stars and Astronomical Stars. Unfortunately, they are all lost. In the twenty-three volumes of Kaiyuan Zhan Jing compiled by the astronomer Qu Tansida in the Tang Dynasty, it is recorded that "Shi Gan said: Shan Kui is old, according to the age, in the base, and the age of the star is in the child, which is very clear with women, deficiency and danger in the morning. If there is a little red star attached to it, it is called an alliance. " Gander as early as BC.

Edit this energy released by Jupiter.

In recent years, the investigation of Jupiter shows that Jupiter is releasing huge energy into its space. It releases twice as much energy as the solar energy it gets, which means that half of Jupiter's energy comes from its interior. There is a heat source inside Jupiter. As we all know, the reason why the sun constantly emits a lot of light and heat is because the nuclear fusion reaction takes place all the time inside the sun, and a lot of energy is released during the nuclear fusion process. Jupiter is a giant liquid hydrogen planet. It already has unparalleled natural nuclear fuel, and the central temperature of Jupiter has reached 280 thousand K, so it has the high temperature conditions needed for thermonuclear reaction. As for the high-pressure conditions required for thermonuclear reaction, the central pressure of Jupiter can reach the pressure level required for initial nuclear reaction after billions of years of evolution in terms of Jupiter's contraction speed, energy released to the sun and accretion characteristics of high-energy particles. Once a large-scale thermonuclear reaction breaks out on Jupiter, Jupiter's atmosphere, which moves in the form of a strange vortex, will act as a "launcher" for releasing nuclear heat energy. Therefore, some scientists speculate that Jupiter will change from a planet to a veritable star in a few billion years. Jupiter and the sun are very similar in composition, but because of their small size, they don't burn like the sun. To become a star like the sun, Jupiter needs to increase its mass to 65438.

Edit the physical properties of this paragraph.

Gaseous planet

Jupiter and Jupiter symbols

The gaseous planet has no solid surface, and the density of gaseous matter only increases with the increase of depth (we calculate its radius and diameter from the point where its surface is equivalent to 1 atmosphere). What we usually see is the cloud top in the atmosphere, and the air pressure is slightly higher than 1 atmospheric pressure. Jupiter is composed of 90% hydrogen and 10% helium (atomic ratio, 75/25 mass%) and a small amount of methane, water, ammonia and "rocks". This is very similar to the composition of the original solar system nebula that forms the whole solar system. Saturn has a similar composition, but among Uranus and Neptune, hydrogen and helium are less. The information we get about Jupiter's internal structure (and other gaseous planets) is very indirect and has been stagnant for a long time.

Stone core

Jupiter may have a rocky core, which is equivalent to the mass of 10- 15 earths. In the inner core, most planetary materials are concentrated in the form of liquid hydrogen. The most common formal foundation on Jupiter may only exist under the pressure of 4 billion Pa, which is the internal environment of Jupiter (as is Saturn). Liquid metal hydrogen is composed of ionized protons and electrons (similar to the interior of the sun) but the temperature is much lower. Under the temperature and pressure inside Jupiter, hydrogen is liquid, not gaseous, which makes it the electron director and source of Jupiter's magnetic field. This layer may also contain some helium and trace ice. The outermost layer is mainly composed of ordinary hydrogen and helium molecules, with liquid inside and vaporized outside. What we can see is the higher part of this deep layer. Water, carbon dioxide, methane and other simple gas molecules are also rare here. It is believed that there is a mixture of ammonia ice, ammonium hydrosulfide and ice water in three distinct layers of the cloud. However, the preliminary results from Galileo's certificate show that these substances are extremely rare in the cloud (one instrument seems to have detected the outermost layer, and the other may have detected the second outer layer at the same time). However, the location of the surface proved this time is very unusual-Earth-based telescope observation and closer observation by Galileo spacecraft show that the selected area may be the warmest and partly cloudy area on Jupiter's surface at that time. The atmospheric data from Galileo also proved that there was much less water there than expected. At first, it was estimated that the oxygen content in Jupiter's atmosphere was twice that of the current sun (including enough hydrogen to generate water), but it is actually concentrated at present.

There is a high-speed hurricane on the surface of the planet.

There are high-speed hurricanes on the surface of Jupiter and other gaseous planets. These hurricanes are confined to a narrow latitude range, where the wind blows in the opposite direction. Slight chemical composition and temperature changes in these zones create colorful ground zones, which dominate the appearance of the planet. Bright surface bands are called bands, and dark ones are called bands. These rings on Jupiter have long been known. But the vortex with boundary was first discovered by Voyager. The data sent back by Galileo spacecraft showed that the surface wind speed was much faster than expected (more than 400 miles per hour), and it extended to the deepest place where the roots could be observed, extending several Qian Qian meters inward. Jupiter's atmosphere has also been found to be quite chaotic, which shows that hurricanes move rapidly in most areas because of their internal heat. Different from the fact that the earth only gets heat from the sun, the colored clouds on Jupiter's surface may be caused by subtle differences in chemical composition and its role in the atmosphere, and may be mixed with a mixture of sulfur, resulting in colored visual effects, but the details are still unknown. The color change is related to the height of the cloud: the lowest point is blue, followed by brown and white. The highest point is red. We can only see the clouds below through the holes in the clouds above. The Great Red Spot on Jupiter's surface was known by Earth observation as early as 300 years ago (this discovery is usually attributed to Cassini or robert hooke in17th century). The Great Red Spot is an ellipse with a length of 25,000 kilometers and a span of12,000 kilometers. Enough to accommodate two earths. Other smaller spots have been around for decades. Infrared observation and inference of its rotation trend show that the Great Red Spot is a high pressure area, where the cloud top is particularly high and colder than its surroundings. A similar situation exists on Saturn and Neptune. It is not clear why this structure can last so long.

The kernel may be as high as 20,000 kHz.

Jupiter radiates more energy than it receives from the sun. Jupiter's interior is very hot: the core temperature may be as high as 20,000 Kelvin. This heat output is produced by the Kelvin-Helmholtz principle (slow gravitational compression of planets). Jupiter doesn't rely on nuclear reactions to generate energy like the sun, so its internal temperature is too small to create conditions for nuclear reactions. These internally generated heat may greatly trigger convection in Jupiter's liquid layer. It also caused the complex moving process of the cloud top that we saw. Saturn and Neptune are similar to Jupiter in this respect, but strangely, Uranus is not. If you increase the composition of Jupiter, it will be compressed by gravity and will only slightly increase the global radius. A star can only get bigger because of its internal heat source (nuclear energy), but if Jupiter wants to become a star, its mass must increase by at least 80%.

There is a strong magnetic field.

The survey results sent back by the spacecraft show that Jupiter has a strong magnetic field, and its surface magnetic field intensity is 3 ~ 14 gauss, which is much stronger than the earth's surface magnetic field (the earth's surface magnetic field intensity is only 0.3 ~ 0.8 gauss). Like the Earth, Jupiter's magnetic field is dipole, and the inclination between its magnetic axis and its rotation axis is 10 8'. Jupiter's positive magnetic pole refers not to the North Pole, but to the North Pole. This is just the opposite of the situation on earth. Due to the interaction between Jupiter's magnetic field and the solar wind, Jupiter's magnetosphere is formed. Jupiter's magnetosphere has a wide range and complex structure. The huge space between 0.4 million and 7 million kilometers from Jupiter/KLOC-0 is Jupiter's magnetosphere. The magnetosphere of the earth is only within the range of 50 thousand to 70 thousand kilometers from the center of the earth. Jupiter's four large satellites are shielded by Jupiter's magnetosphere to protect them from the solar wind. There is a radiation belt around the earth, called the Van Allen Belt, and there is such a radiation belt around Jupiter. Voyager 1 also found that Jupiter's side facing away from the sun has 30,000 kilometers of Northern Lights 50865438. When Voyager 2 left Jupiter's magnetosphere and flew to Saturn, it was once again affected by Jupiter's magnetic field. From this perspective, Jupiter's magnetic tail extends to at least 60 million kilometers and reaches Saturn's orbit. There are auroras at Jupiter's poles, which seems to be formed by the material erupted by the volcano on Io entering Jupiter's atmosphere along Jupiter's gravitational line. Jupiter has a halo. The halo system is a * * * identical feature of the giant planets in the solar system. It is mainly composed of pebbles and snow balls. Jupiter's rings are hard to observe. It is not as spectacular as Saturn, but it can also be divided into four rings. Jupiter's ring is about 6500 km wide, but its thickness is less than 10 km.

Edit this ring of Jupiter

Halo distance

Width (km)

Mass (km)

(kg)

Halo 100000 22800?

Main 122800 6400 le 13

Hairspring 129200 850000?

(Distance refers to the distance from the center of Jupiter to the inner edge of the ring) [1] Jupiter is darker than Saturn (albedo is 0.05). They are made up of many granular rock materials.

Jupiter has a ring similar to Saturn, but it is small and weak. (Right) Their discovery was purely accidental. Just because two scientists of Voyager 1 insisted on sailing 1 100 million kilometers, we should see if there is a halo. Others think that the possibility of finding a halo is zero. But in fact, they exist. What a clever plan these two scientists have come up with. Later they were photographed by telescopes on the ground. Particles in Jupiter's ring may not exist stably (due to the action of atmosphere and magnetic field). In this way, if the annual rings want to keep their shape, they need to be constantly supplemented. Two small satellites operating in the halo: Io 16 and Io 17, are obviously the best candidates for halo resources. Galileo spacecraft's exploration of Jupiter's atmosphere found that there is a strong radiation belt between Jupiter's aura and the outermost atmosphere, which is about ten times stronger than the ionospheric radiation belt. Surprisingly, the newly discovered belt contains high-energy helium ions from unknown places. 1in July, 994, comet shoemaker-levy 9 collided with Jupiter, which was amazing. Even with amateur telescopes, you can see clearly.

Brightness is second only to Venus.

Jupiter is the brightest star in the night sky (second only to Venus, but Venus is often invisible in the night sky). Four Galileo satellites can be easily observed with binoculars; The band of light and the great red spot on Jupiter's surface can be observed with a small astronomical telescope. Mike Harvey's planet search map shows the positions of Mars and other planets in the sky. More and more details and better charts will be discovered and completed by astronomical programs such as Bright Galaxy.

There is a dust layer or ring.

Some people speculated that there was a dust layer or dust ring near Jupiter in the past, but it was never confirmed. In March 2009, Voyager 1 photographed Jupiter's halo. Soon, "Voyager 2" got more information about Jupiter's halo, and finally confirmed that Jupiter also has a halo. Jupiter's halo is shaped like a thin disk, with a thickness of about 30 kilometers. Distance to Jupiter 1.28 million kilometers. The halo is divided into an inner ring and an outer ring. The outer ring is bright and the inner ring is dark, which is almost connected with Jupiter's atmosphere. The spectral type of the halo is G-shaped, and the halo also rotates around Jupiter every 7 hours. Jupiter's halo is composed of many black gravel blocks, ranging in diameter from tens to hundreds of meters. Because black stones don't reflect sunlight, they haven't been discovered by us for a long time.

There is a thick atmosphere.

Jupiter has a thick atmosphere. The main component of the atmosphere is hydrogen, accounting for more than 80%, followed by helium, accounting for about 18%, and the rest are methane, ammonia, carbon, oxygen and water vapor, with a total content of less than 1%. Because of Jupiter's strong internal energy, the temperature difference between the equator and the poles is not large, not exceeding 3℃, so the north-south wind on Jupiter is very strong. Maximum wind speed130 ~150m/s, Jupiter's atmosphere is full of dense and active cloud systems. Clouds of all colors churn like waves. Lightning and thunderstorms can also be observed in Jupiter's atmosphere. Due to Jupiter's rapid rotation, stripes parallel to the equator and alternating light and dark can be observed in its atmosphere, in which the bright band is an upward moving area. Dark stripes are lower and darker clouds. Jupiter's Great Red Spot is located at 23 south latitude, with a length of 40,000 km from east to west and a width of1.3,000 km from north to south. The detector found that the Great Red Spot was a violent rising air stream with a dark brown color. This colorful whirlwind rotates counterclockwise. There is a small particle in the center of the Great Erythema, which is the core of the Great Erythema. Its size is about several hundred kilometers. The nucleus remains motionless in the counterclockwise vortex motion around it. The great red spot has a long life span, which can last for hundreds of years or even longer. Because Jupiter is 778 million kilometers away from the sun, its surface temperature is much lower than that of the earth. Calculated by Jupiter's solar radiation, its surface effective temperature is-168℃, while the earth observation value is-138. The detected value of Pioneer 1 1 spacecraft is-148℃, which is still higher than the calculated value, which also shows that Jupiter has an internal heat source. The investigation of Jupiter by Pioneer shows that Jupiter has no solid surface and is a fluid planet, mainly hydrogen and helium. Jupiter is divided into two layers: Jupiter's inner core and Jupiter's mantle. The temperature is as high as 30,000, and Jupiter's mantle is located outside Jupiter's core. It is a thick layer with hydrogen as the main element and the thickness is about 70,000 kilometers. Outside the wooden curtain is Jupiter's atmosphere, which extends outward 1000 km and reaches Genting.

Edit this passage of the Great Red Spot.

Most features of Jupiter's surface change suddenly, but some traces are persistent and semi-persistent, among which the most prominent and persistent feature is the Great Red Spot. The Great Red Spot is a red oval area located on the south side of the equator, with a length of more than 20,000 kilometers and a width of about 1. 1.000 kilometers. From the middle of 65,438+07 century, people began to observe it intermittently. After 1879, continuous recording began, at 1879 ~ 1882, 1893 ~ 1894, 1903 ~ 1907, 60. 19 19 ~ 1920, 1926 ~ 1927, especially 1936 ~ 1937. Why is it red? How can it last so long? To understand these problems, it is really powerless to rely solely on ground observation. According to Raymond Hayde, a scientist, the Great Red Spot is an atmospheric disturbance caused by some permanent features, such as a mountain below it. However, Pioneer discovered that Jupiter's surface is fluid, which completely ruled out the possibility of Jupiter's outer surface with solid structure, and the above theory was naturally abandoned. The photos sent back by Voyager 1 clearly show that the Great Red Spot is like a huge vortex rotating counterclockwise, which is wide enough to accommodate several earths. Some ring structures can also be distinguished from the photos. After careful study, scientists believe that Jupiter's surface is covered with thick clouds, and the Great Red Spot is formed by a powerful cyclone towering high in the sky and embedded in the clouds, or by a violent rising airflow. On Jupiter, there are some features similar to the Great Red Spot. For example, in the south of Great Red Spot, there are three white oval structures, which first appeared in 1938. In addition, in 1972, a little red dot appeared in Jupiter's northern hemisphere through ground observation. When Xianfeng 10 arrived at Jupiter after 18 months, it was found that its shape and size were almost similar to the Great Red Spot. Another year passed, and there was no trace of this red spot on Pioneer. This erythema seems to have only existed for about two years. The mottled structure on Jupiter usually lasts for months or years. Their common feature is that the northern hemisphere rotates clockwise and the southern hemisphere rotates counterclockwise. The airflow slowly emerges from the center and then precipitates at the edge, forming an ellipse. They are equivalent to storms on earth, but they are much larger and last much longer. The colorful Wood Nebula proves that there are very active chemical reactions in Jupiter's atmosphere. In the photos taken by the probe, we can see the pattern of alternating light and dark clouds in Jupiter's atmosphere. From the South Pole to the North Pole, 17 cloud or cloud can be vaguely distinguished. They are different in color and brightness, and may be composed of ammonia crystals. The clouds in brown clouds are deeper and the temperature is slightly higher, so the atmosphere flows downward; The blue part is obviously a wide hole in the top cloud, through which you can see the clear sky. The temperature in Yun Lan is the highest, and the temperature in the red clouds is the lowest. Judging the great red spot is a very cold structure. It is puzzling that all clouds should be white according to the equilibrium state, and different colors will appear only if the chemical balance is broken. So, what upset the chemical balance? Scientists speculate that it may be charged particles, high-energy photons, lightning, or rapid material movement through different temperature regions in the vertical direction. The orange-red color of the Great Red Spot has always puzzled people. Some people think that it is a cloud discharge phenomenon formed by the updraft of the Great Red Spot. To this end, a doctor named Bonan Bellomai from the University of Maryland in the United States made an interesting experiment. He put some gases in Jupiter's atmosphere in a flask. Such as methane, ammonia, hydrogen, etc. By applying electric spark to these gases, it was found that the colorless gas turned into a cloud and a reddish substance was deposited on the bottle wall. This experiment seems to provide some useful enlightenment for people to solve the mystery of the color of the Great Red Spot. Quite a few astronomers believe that phosphide can explain the color of the Great Red Spot. More than 300 years have passed since Cassini discovered the Great Red Spot. Why did it last so long? Some people think that Jupiter's thick atmosphere is the main reason for the longevity of the Great Red Spot, but this is only speculation. The life of the Great Red Spot and other elliptical structures on Jupiter mainly includes two problems: one is that these spotted structures must be stable, otherwise they can only exist for a few days; The other is energy. If there is no energy to maintain a stable vortex, it will soon sink. The speed of Jupiter's Great Red Spot can reach 400 kilometers per hour, while the maximum speed of tornadoes on the earth is even less than 3/4, and the duration and size of Jupiter's Great Red Spot are longer than those on the earth. As to why this is still a mystery.

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Jupiter has 62 known moons.