Please introduce the prime ministers of Qing Dynasty, Liu Yong and Ji Xiaolan.

Liu Yong was born in Zhucheng, Shandong, Shi 'an. Born in the fifty-ninth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1720), he died in the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805) at the age of eighty-five. Qing Qianlong was a scholar in the 16th year (175 1) and worked as an editor in the Hanlin Academy. & lt Shi An >> It was handed down from ancient times with << Ai Qing Tang Tie >>.

Throughout his life, he was resourceful and upright. After being transferred back to Beijing, he was not attached to the gentry, but became a funny model and could not confront the powerful gentry.

Together with Ji Yun and Shenyang, it became the three main halls of the Qianlong Dynasty. Liu Yong, Ji Yun and He Shen are very different in age. They are in their thirties, that is to say, their twilight years are the golden age of Little Shenyang. Even if it is reconciled, it is not at the front line, but at most it is a staff officer or something. It is even said that he saved Ji, so the relationship between them is not bad.

Liu Yong is the son of great scholar Liu Tongxun. His early advance and retreat in officialdom was largely related to his father's experience. Liu Tongxun was the trusted minister of Emperor Qianlong, so, on the whole, Qianlong took care of Liu Yong during this period. Liu Yong was released to Anhui and Jiangsu to study politics, and both Gan Long and Gan Long gave each other poems, showing their concern and expectation. Later, Liu Yong was beheaded in the magistrate's office in Yangqu County for a successful deficit case, and Gan Long was lenient and resurrected because of Liu Tongxun. Of course, Liu Yong, as a middleman in officialdom, attaches great importance to his relationship with Qianlong himself. In the autumn of the forty-second year of Qianlong, Liu Yong, then a scholar in Jiangsu Province, invited Emperor Qianlong to personally publish and engrave the imperial system "New Yuefu" and "Quanyun Poetry" for distribution in Jiangsu Province, and suggested that they be published and engraved in various provinces. This suggestion naturally made Emperor Qianlong feel very comfortable, and for a period of time, Liu Yong's official position also improved rapidly. Before Liu Tongxun died, Liu Yong had never been an official in Beijing. After his death, Liu Yong became an official in the DPRK. Although he was repeatedly reprimanded by Emperor Qianlong for being lazy and acting strangely, his official position was still stable. It is said that when the 60-year-old Zen of Qianlong was located in Jiaqing, there was a "great treasure dispute". According to a report to the monarch by a North Korean official who attended the Zen ceremony at that time, Emperor Qianlong refused to hand over his seal when he was congratulated, so Liu Yong prevented ministers from congratulating the new emperor and went after Dabao himself. "After a long hard work, the pawn came out with Dabao and the wedding ceremony began." If this record is true, it proves that Liu Yong still maintains a "strong and straight" style in major events, and is not blindly rigid. At the same time, it is also vaguely seen that Liu Yong, who has been in charge of the study for a long time, seems to have a closer relationship with the new country Wang Jiaqing.

Ji Yun

( 1724- 1805)

Jiyun, whose real name is Xiaolan, whose real name is Chunfan and whose real name is Shi Yun at night, is a Taoist priest with a Taoist name. Born in June of the second year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1724), died in February of the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805), and was born in Yongzheng, Qianlong and Jiaqing Dynasties, at the age of 82. Posthumous title was named "Duke Wen" after his death because he was "sensitive and eager to learn, capable of writing and teaching for politics" (inscription by Emperor Jiaqing).

Ji Yun's ancestral home should be Shangyuan County, Tianfu, and his home is near Jijia. In the second year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1404), he was ordered to "move his surname to Shi Ji Fu" (xian county Zhi of Qianlong), then moved to xian county, entered Sijia, Li Anmin, and lived in a scenic town nine miles east of xian county. After arriving in Ji Xiaolan, move north to 14. It is well documented that all those who rose from Ji Xiaolan to VII were scholars. Gao Zu Ji Kun (1570- 1642), a student, tried and tested, and wrote a collection of poems "The Remaining Draft of the Examination Hall" with poetry as the topic. Great-grandfather Yu Ji (1632-1716)17 was a doctoral student, and later entered the imperial college, and was praised by the emperor for his talent. Grandfather Ji Tianshen (1665-1732) was an army supervisor and served as a county magistrate. Father Ji (1685- 1764) was the imperial examination officer in the fifty-second year of Kangxi (17 13). He worked as an official of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Punishment, and was released to the magistrate of Yao 'an, Yunnan, which made him a political wise man. His moral articles were famous for a period of time, especially good at textual research, such as Tang Yunkao, Du Lushu and Yu Tai's "New Poems to Test Righteousness". In the end, Ji Ji's family declined and revived, paying more attention to reading, and his second son, who still has the saying that "poverty does not break books", was born in such a generation of scholarly family.

When Ji Xiaolan was a child, he lived in Cui Erzhuang, 30 miles east of Beijing. I began to learn enlightenment at the age of four. When I was eleven years old, my father and I went to Beijing. I studied in a beautiful place. Twenty-one-year-old Jinshi, twenty-four-year-old Jinshi, should be Tianfu. Later, my mother died, mourning at home and studying behind closed doors. He is brilliant, quick-thinking and studious. Today, as he claimed, Bogutong "painted a yellow dialogue, kept thinking all night, and galloped with the article." He is broad-minded, witty and humorous, and he is often amazing and interesting, making him famous all over the world.

At the age of thirty-one, he was the fourth imperial academy, and Jishi Shu was appointed as the editor to handle the affairs of imperial academy. After studying politics in Fujian for a year, Ding Fu was worried. Taking the vacancy, that is, moving to study, teaching and learning, promoted to the right bastard, and taking charge of the prince's government affairs. In the thirty-third year of Qianlong (1768), he was awarded the magistrate of Duyun, Guizhou. Before taking up his post, he stayed on as a bachelor in Grade Four. In the same year, he was promoted to Urumqi to assist in military affairs because of Lu Jianzeng's salt case. He was recalled, awarded editing and returned to the bachelor's office. He was appointed as the editor-in-chief of Sikuquanshu. After 13 years of dismal operation, Sikuquanshu was completed, with a vast number of articles, totaling 34,665,438 kinds and 79,309 volumes, which were divided into four parts: classics, history, books and collections.

Ji personally wrote the "Summary of the General Contents of Sikuquanshu", with 200 volumes. Each book is a masterpiece representing the achievements of bibliography in Qing Dynasty. The Summary of Sikuquanshu is actually an academic history, introducing each book and its origin and value. It has become a breakthrough for later scholars to study these ancient books. Many scholars admit that they learned knowledge from the summary of the general contents of Sikuquanshu. At the same time, on the basis of the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu, the author compiled 20 volumes of the Concise Catalogue of Sikuquanshu, which is an important reference book for studying literature and history. The compilation of Sikuquanshu is undoubtedly a great contribution to the collection and arrangement of ancient books and the preservation and development of historical and cultural heritage. Ji Xiaolan devoted his whole life to this, so there are few other works. Sikuquanshu and Sikuquanshu Catalogue are undoubtedly the crystallization of collective wisdom, but Ji Yun's key role in them cannot be ignored. As far as the general catalogue is concerned, the style and theme of the book are consistent, which shows the important role of Ji Yun's "consistent brushwork". Zhu Gui, the chief reader of our library, wrote in Ji Yun's epitaph: "Guan Gong Bookstore, cut the pen and comment, and delete it as the general catalogue of the book." Zhang Weiping's "Listening to Truffle Paper Money" said: "Or Ji Wenda's Expo is flooded, why not write a book? Yu Yue: The life energy of Wenda can be found in the summary of "Four Ku Quanshu", so why write more books! " "Ruling with one hand", "deleting with one hand", "editing with one hand", "General Catalogue" or Ji Yun's "All his life energy was extracted from Shu Yao" all show that Ji Yun's painstaking efforts in the general catalogue have been recognized by people and future generations. In this sense, the General Catalogue reflects Ji Yun's academic and cultural thoughts to the greatest extent, so it is not a rootless tree. As Huang said: "From a formal point of view, this summary seems to be the crystallization of many people's painstaking efforts. In fact, after the addition, deletion and neat drawing of this book, many people's wills have disappeared. Visible, only the view of discipline. " Since the publication of Ji Yun's Sikuquanshu and Ji Yun's General Catalogue, they have been highly praised by scholars of past dynasties. Ruan Yuan said: "Emperor Gao Zongchun ordered the compilation of The Complete Library of Siku, and Gong (Ji Yun) always succeeded in it. The gains and losses of the Six Classics, the similarities and differences of historical records, and the branches of subsets all trace back to the Committee. There are more than 10 thousand kinds of "general summaries" written, and archaeology is indispensable. " Fan Jiang pointed out: "The Summary of Siku Quanshu and Concise Catalogue are both public works, which are large and historical subsets, and there are also medical divinations, words and songs. Their comments are profound and implicit, their words are clear and reasonable, and their knowledge is above that of Wang Zhongbao and Ruan Xiaoxu. It can be said that they are proficient in Confucianism. " The remarkable academic value also makes the cultural influence of this masterpiece enduring. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Zhidong said to scholars: "Today, all students refer to a good teacher. After reading the summary of Sikuquanshu, you will know a little about learning methods. " Yu Jiaxi, who has studied this book, said: "Abstract is unprecedented, and it can be the gateway to reading. I can't give up. " He also talked about the emergence of a large number of Confucian scholars after Jia Dao in the Qing Dynasty, and took this as a lesson, saying that "there is much to be done and there is much to be done". He criticized the shortcomings of the general catalogue, but he also admitted that he "knows a little about the academic path and is actually given by the general catalogue."

Ji Yun studied in Siku Library for ten years, "from beginning to end, without breath", which is self-evident, but it is also a fruitful decade in his life. He is not only gratified by the historical opportunity of "obeying me", but also proud of the realization of his wish of "waiting for the world to make up for it", as he said in the poem "Collating the Four Treasures of Books and Ink by Self-topic": "Check more than 100,000 toothpicks and thirst for thousands of jade toads. The history books are all smiles, and I haven't read any books on earth. " "Never seen a book in the world" is just an appearance. A monument built by Ji Yun and his colleagues for China's academic culture is an invisible eternity! During the editor-in-chief of Sikuquanshu, Ji Xiaolan was promoted from a bachelor of attendants to a bachelor of cabinet, and was once appointed as an assistant minister of the Ministry of War. He didn't change his position, but still held a cabinet position, which was very popular with the emperor. Later, he was promoted to the left capital of Shi Yu. The Sikuquanshu was completed in the same year and was moved to the Book of Rites as a banquet for officials. Emperor Qianlong was very kind and gave him a lift in the Forbidden City. In the eighth year of Jiaqing (1803), Ji Xiaolan celebrated its eightieth birthday. The emperor sent a congratulatory message and gave him treasures. Soon, thanks to co-hosting the University, I added the title of Prince Shaobao and took charge of imperial academy affairs.

Ji Xiaolan did two things most in his life, one was to preside over the imperial examination, and the other was to preside over compilation. He is the examiner of two provincial examinations and six civil and military examinations, so he has a large number of scholars and great influence in Shilin. He has presided over the editing for many times, and successively served as editor-in-chief, chief executive officer, chief executive officer of Wuying Hall, Santong Hall, Gongren Hall, National History Museum, General Staff Museum, Siku Quanshu Museum, Records of the Martyrdom of Guo Sheng Gongren, chief executive officer of the official watch, chief executive officer of the Eight Banners Tongzhi Museum, deputy director of the record museum and deputy director of the ceremony museum. It is not a compliment to say that it is a big event at present. In his later years, Ji Xiaolan once lamented: "The official sea rises and falls like a gull; Life and death books, like squid, are a true portrayal of his life. After the age of 60, he went to Duchayuan five times and served as the minister of rites three times. After Ji Xiaolan's death, he built a grave in the village five miles south of Trier Village. The imperial court sent officials to Beicun cave to offer sacrifices, and Emperor Jiaqing personally wrote an inscription for him, which was a great honor and grief.

literature

Ji Xiaolan is talented and famous for his love of reading when he was young, but his profound knowledge is mainly the result of unremitting efforts. Before he was thirty, he devoted himself to the study of textual research. "Where he sat, the classic was surrounded by Rex's sacrifice. Thirty years later, the article was in line with the world, and the dialogue was drawn and conceived all night. After fifty years, I learned the secret script and then made textual research "(preface to Listening to Gu Jumei). In addition, I study hard and have extensive knowledge, so I carry out Confucianism and bypass a hundred schools. His scholarship, "mainly focused on distinguishing the right and wrong of Confucianism in Han and Song Dynasties and analyzing the true and false of poetry schools" (Ji Weijiu's Ji Xiaolan), presided over by Feng Hui, who was the leader of the literary world at that time. Ji Xiaolan is a writer, whose style advocates simplicity, naturalness and brilliance. In terms of content, I advocate that there should be no personal grievances and I am not good at wind education. It can be seen that he attaches great importance to the artistic effect of literary works. In addition to his class limitations, his views on style and morality still have reference value today. Ji Yun's literary criticism is mainly found in the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu, the prefaces of several books (such as the Preface of Ai Dingtang's Legacy Collection, the Preface of Xiangting Manuscripts, the Preface of Yunlin Poetry, the Preface of Tianhou Poetry, the Preface of YiLuxuan Poetry and the Preface of 432 Peak Poetry) and the comments on Wen Xin Diao Long. Although his literary criticism standard has not deviated from the traditional view of Confucianism, it is not rigid and easier to approach. It is acknowledged that "the style of writing changes with the times" and "poetry changes with the times", and the evolution of literature depends on "fate" and "fashion". It is emphasized that future generations of literature should not only "propose" but also "change" the previous generation of literature. In terms of artistic style, he affirmed "genre" and opposed the habit of "portal" and "no distinction between right and wrong, only fighting for victory and defeat" When Ji Yun presided over the imperial examination in his later years, it was indeed a breakthrough to use the contents of literary history and literary criticism as topic counselors. Ji Xiaolan is brilliant, known as "Hejian gifted scholar". But all my life, I've been paying for SikuQuanShu. There are only ten volumes of Notes on Wen Xin Diao Long, sixty-three volumes of Official Tables of Past Dynasties, four volumes of Shi Tong Fan Jian, thirty-six volumes of A Brief Introduction to Heyuan, ten kinds of mirror smoke halls, a chronicle of Ji Fu, and a textual research on the four tones of Shen Shi. He also participated in the editing and commentary of other books and the compilation of other official books. . There are * * * five kinds of Notes of Yuewei Caotang, with a total of 24 volumes, including six volumes of Records of Xiaxia in Luanyang, four volumes of So I Smell, four volumes of Huaixi Magazine, four volumes of Gu Juming's Listening, and six volumes of Continued Records of Luanyang, which have lasted for fifty-four years (1789) The fifth year of Jiaqing (1800) was published and printed by its owner, Sheng Shiyan. This book is rich in content, including medical astrology, three religions and nine streams. Very learned, simple and elegant language, elegant and harmonious style, very interesting to read. Although there are dross such as preaching karma in the content, in many chapters, it sharply exposed the social contradictions at that time, exposed the hypocrisy of Taoism, sympathized with the people's tragic experience, praised the people's hard work and wisdom, and boldly expressed their views and opinions on many inhuman theories that were used to in society at that time. In art, the text is concise and clear, without redundancy, and the narrative is tortuous and clear. The disadvantage is that there are many discussions and sometimes it is not appropriate. In addition, there are many insights and materials for reference when commenting on poems, discussing textual research, narrating anecdotes and narrating customs. It is a book with high ideological value and academic value. At that time, every manuscript was widely plagiarized in the society, keeping pace with Cao Xueqin's A Dream of Red Mansions and Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, which lasted for a long time and still has a wide audience. Mr. Lu Xun spoke highly of the artistic style of Ji Xiaolan's note novels, saying that "Ji Yun has a long writing style, many secretaries and an open mind. Therefore, people who measure the situation of ghosts and gods, who implicitly express their views, have witty remarks, timely and informative, and have profound insights. The narrative is elegant and elegant, full of natural interest. Therefore, no one can come from behind, nor can it be passed down by high expectations. " (A Brief History of China's Novels). Ji Wenda's Gongyiji is a collection of Ji Xiaolan's poems, including poems 16 volumes, in which people's epitaphs, inscriptions, eulogies, prefaces and postscripts are all made. In addition, it also includes My Methods Collection, a library poem that meets the needs of later imperial examinations. In short, this is an entertainment work. In addition, before the age of 20, he studied textual research in Beijing, read through historical records and summarized them, and wrote many volumes of Shi Tong Fan Jian, which provided convenience for scholars to master and be familiar with China's historical classics.

politics

Politically, Ji Xiaolan was also insightful, but he was not concealed by his literary name. He believes that "the way to teach the people is easy because of its environment, but difficult because of its environment." Advocate "depending on the situation" and seek advantages and avoid disadvantages. In other words, it is necessary to guide the situation according to the actual situation. Its purpose is to avoid a cross-flow caused by the intensification of contradictions, such as the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty. The Ji Xiaolan family suffered serious setbacks and blows in the turmoil in the late Ming Dynasty. Ji Xiaolan's thought of attaching importance to people's feelings and making use of the situation is an empirical thought. At the same time, it also shows that he was more keenly aware of all kinds of social contradictions under the cover of "prosperous times" at that time. It is precisely because of this that he pays more attention to the sufferings of the people. In the summer of the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong (1792), there was a serious flood near Beijing, thieves rose, and a large number of hungry people flocked to Beijing to eat. The order was very chaotic, and a fire broke out, which was explosive. Seeing this situation, Ji Xiaolan quickly expressed his feelings to the emperor, analyzed his interests, and invited him to intercept official grain mangoku in Cao Nan and set up porridge relief in the disaster area. The hungry people in the capital did not drive themselves away, and the social order settled down. Although subjectively, it is to maintain the rule of the imperial court, but objectively, it can not be said that it is good governance to help the victims through the famine.

Politically, advocating "depending on the situation" and guiding according to the situation, we have to criticize Rusong's criticism theoretically. Since Confucianism in Song Dynasty put forward the slogan of "Preserving Heaven's Justice and Eliminating Human Desire", feudal ethics such as the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members of Ming and Qing Dynasties, which were pernicious, were promoted to a frightening height, and Neo-Confucianism became a soft knife to kill people without seeing blood. Some Taoists only give lectures and are at a loss when they encounter practical problems. And so on, including some hypocrites who are full of virtue and morality. Ji Xiaolan hates the pedantry and hypocrisy of Taoism. He loves to be sarcastic, but whenever he gets the chance, he gets out of hand and his words are quite sharp. In a story in Yuewei Caotang Notes, he even shouted to the society through the mouth of Pluto: "Since the Song Dynasty, he is the only one who is stubborn and ignores the current situation!" At the age of 80, he also stood up and challenged Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism on the category of heroic women. It is stipulated by the department that women who died in the resistance festival are martyrs and should be commended; As for those who are "unyielding", they are not treated as fierce women, let alone make an example of them. Ji didn't agree with this, and thought it was purely a Taoist theory of inhumanity. He said publicly and solemnly on the table: "Defending the blade and giving your life is no different from resisting murder. If a loyal minister is martyred, he will never follow a thief. Although he must bow to his knees, can he be called a thief? " After the emperor made a generous speech, he "ordered a department, which was slightly different and set an example." There is no doubt that Ji Xiaolan won. Although this was a debate within the feudal ruling class, it was still of positive significance in how to treat women as a social problem at that time.

In A Brief History of Chinese Novels, Mr. Lu Xun called Ji Xiaolan "be lenient with others, be lenient with others", which was very pertinent. He is a completely different figure from those respectable Taoist priests. Ji Xiaolan and his works are worth studying.