Appreciation and Interpretation of the Original Works of The Complete Works of Zuo Zhuan: The Battle of Qin, Jin and Han

(fifteen years)

Notes on the title or background of a book.

This is a large-scale war between Qin Jin. Jin was captured in this battle and escorted to the state of Qin. Later, under the pressure of many public opinions at home and abroad, Jin was finally released.

original text

Three defeats and South Korea. Jin Hou said to him, "You are too deep. What if? " He said, "You are really deep, but what can you do?" Gong said, "No grandchildren [108]." Bu You [109], Qing Ji Zheng, agreement. Step up the imperial army, the servants are on the right, take a small ride, and enter Zheng [1 10]. Zheng Qing said: "The ancients did great things [11], and they must learn from their heart by their products, their soil, their lessons and their teachings [1 13]. Today, people will easily use different properties to join the army and fear changes [1 14]. Qi-flowing turbulence, cunning anger [1 15], yin and blood around [1 16], pulse width, strong external force and dry internal force. You can't advance and retreat [1 17], you can't control [1 18], and you will regret it. " Listen.

To annotate ...

No, Sun: Arrogant and rude.

[109] Right: car pair.

[1 10] Enter: Tribute.

[11] Major events: refer to war.

[1 12] Training: Practice repeatedly and get familiar with it.

[1 13] only: no matter where it is used.

[1 14] Yi: On the contrary.

Cunning: surly. Anger: bad temper.

[1 16] Yin blood: blood in the body.

[1 17] No: Do not listen to the command.

[1 18] rotate around: rotate. Can't: not flexible.

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After three defeats, the Jin army retreated to North Korea. Kim said to him, "The enemy has come in deeply. What should we do? " Zheng Qing replied, "The king told them to go deep. What else can we do? " King said, "That's a rude answer!" The man sitting on the right side of the divination car is Zheng Qing Kidd Gua. But Jin didn't need him, so he gave in. He drove his chariot, and his servants and disciples acted as the right side of the chariot, riding a small Hummer, which was a tribute of Zheng. Zheng Qing said, "When there was a war in ancient times, we had to drive with our own horses. Born in his own soil and water, he knows his master's mind; Satisfied with the master's * * * and familiar with the road here; No matter where it is put, it is not unpleasant. Today's foreign horses are used for driving and fighting. If they lose their normality, they will not listen to their commands. Spray it heavily in the nose, indicating cunning and anger. Blood rushes all over the body, making blood vessels dilate and swell, making the appearance strong and the heart tired. When the time comes, you can't get in, you can't go back, and you can rotate flexibly. The king will regret it. " Jin Gonghui won't listen.

original text

In September, when the marquis of Jin rebelled against the Qin Dynasty [1 19], he was exposed to stone [120]. He replied, "There are fewer teachers than me, and twice as many fighters as me." Gong said, "Why?" Right: "I haven't used my pet [12 1] for a long time. Because of my gift, I starved my millet to death and didn't return it three times. If I strike again today, I will postpone the return on investment. " Qi Huangong said, "One husband cannot marry [122], but the country is in trouble." So the messenger invited him to battle and said, "I am a human being [123], and I can fit in but I can't leave." If you don't pay me back, there will be nothing to run. " Qin Borang Gong said, "I'm afraid you can't get in, but I'm still worried that you can't get in [124]. If you make up your mind, you dare not accept your fate. " Han Jian said after retirement: "I am very lucky to be imprisoned."

To annotate ...

[1 19] against: fight.

[120] Teacher: Investigate the situation in Qin Jun.

[12 1] Enter: Returning to China is king.

[122] Hey, hey, despise.

[123] Bubi: Not smart, not talented.

[124] Pillar: Set the throne.

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In September, he was ready to fight, so he was sent to spy on the enemy. Han Jian came back and said, "Although they have fewer troops than us, there are twice as many people who can fight hard." Kim said to him, "Why?" Han Jian replied, "The king fled the state of Jin because of his support and returned to China because of his kindness. During the famine, he ate their millet and gave us kindness three times, without repayment, because they came here. Now we will see them again. We slack off, Qin works hard, and our fighting spirit doubles! " King said, "No one can despise the country." So he sent Han Jian to fight, saying, "I'm incompetent. I can get my men together and keep them from dispersing." If the king doesn't go back, we have nowhere to run for our lives. The messenger replied, "I'm worried about Jin Jun if he doesn't return home; After returning to China, I am still worried that there is no stable position. The throne has been set, how dare I not accept the order to go to war? Han Jian stepped back and said, "I'll be lucky if I can be arrested and imprisoned." . "

original text

Fighting in Hanyuan, Jin still stopped [125]. Zheng Qing, Gong Hao [126]. Zheng Qing said: "admonition is against divination [127]. This is the pursuit of failure, why should we escape? " Then go. Liang was defeated by Han bamboo slips and shot to the right. Qin Bo [128] will stop [129]. Zheng saved the public and lost Qin Bo by mistake [130]. Qin De went back to the marquis of Jin. Jin Yisheng turned his back on the past first thing [13 1]. Qin Boyan said, "How about the second and third sons?" ? I followed the monarch westward, and Jin's demon dream was to practice [132]. How dare I connect [133]? "Doctor Jin bowed three times and said," Your majesty followed the heaven of the son of heaven, and the emperor said that he followed the land of the son of heaven, and the princes dared to descend [134]. "

To annotate ...

[125] Huan (xuán) Ning: Wandering in the mud. Stop: I can't get out.

[126]: Call loudly.

[127]: stubborn.

Yao: Meet.

[129] Stop: Get him.

[130] Lost: it means not caught.

[13 1] reverse head: long hair. Give up: break the camp.

[132] Practice: fulfilled.

[133] Too many.

[134] Tailwind: This means that we are carrying out the order.

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14, the two armies of Qin Jin fought in Hanyuan. The golden Jamlom got stuck in the mud and couldn't get out. Jin Xiang shouted for help. Zheng Qing said, "If you don't listen to advice and obey divination, you will fail. Why did you run away? " So he left. Liang You rode Han Jian's chariot and shot at the right side of the chariot. When he met Qin Mugong's chariot, he intended to catch him. Because they were told to save Kim, they stayed behind. Qin captured Jin. The long-haired doctor of Jin pulled up his tent and followed Jin. A special envoy from Qin Mugong politely declined his invitation and said, "Why are you so sad? I followed the monarch of the state of Jin to the west, just to realize the demon dream of the state of Jin. Can I do anything too much? " The doctor of the state of Jin kowtowed three times and said, "The king is standing on the ground, not opposite the emperor. The emperor and the earth have heard your words, and the ministers are waiting for orders below. "

original text

When Muji heard that the Duke of Jin was coming, he took his eldest son Hong and his daughter Jane Bi to the stage, paid a salary [135], refused to let him surrender [136], and told him, "There is a great disaster from heaven, let us meet the two lords and robbers, and we can prosper." If the Jin Dynasty entered, the servant died late; If you enter at night, you will die. Only you can cut it. "It's the Sherlingtai [137].

To annotate ...

[135] You get something for your pains: standing on firewood means setting yourself on fire.

[136] Exemption clothing: mourning clothing. Decline (Cuι): It is also mourning. I am a ribbon made of linen.

She: Settle down.

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When Qin Mugong heard that Kim was coming, he led Prince Yi, Gongzi Hong and his daughter to the high platform to step on firewood. She sent an emissary in mourning to meet Qin Mugong, saying, "There is a disaster from the sky. Let the kings of our two countries meet not with gifts, but with the mobilization of armor. If the monarch of the state of Jin goes to Beijing in the morning, I will set myself on fire at night; Go in at night, and then I will set myself on fire in the morning. Ask the king to rule. " So he detained Kim in the gv 10.

original text

Please come in, doctor. Qi Huangong said, "When you get promoted, you will come back with good intentions. [138] What's the use of losing it? What happened to the doctor? Besides, Jin people care about me [139] and heaven and earth want me [140]. Don't worry about Kim [14 1], but pay attention to his anger; I broke my word and recited heaven and earth. It is difficult to get angry [142], and if it is ominous, the Jin army will be returned. "Confucius said," It is better to kill it, and there will be no gathering [143]. " Sang Zi said: "If you go back to it and mortgage your eldest son, you will achieve great success [144]. It is evil to kill the king of Jin without being destroyed [145]. Besides, Shi Yi said,' There is no initial disaster [146], no rebellion [147] and no heavy anger.' It's hard to get angry, but it's bad luck to bully people [148]. "It's xu.

To annotate ...

[138] lost immediately: if there is a funeral next.

[139] key point: make it important and impressive.

[140] Want: blackmail.

[14 1] Figure: Consider.

[142] Ren: Xiong.

[143] gathers evils.

Cheng: Make peace.

[145] Become evil: make the relationship worse.

[146] Initial disaster: advocating disaster and chaos.

[147] Chaos: Take advantage of chaos to make profits.

[148] Ling: Bullying the weak and fearing the hard.

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The doctor asked to take Jin back to Beijing. Qin Mugong said, "The capture of the Duke of Jin was supposed to be a bumper harvest, but when I came back, it was a funeral. What's the use? " What can a doctor get? Moreover, Jin people moved me with grief and bound me with heaven and earth. If we don't consider the sorrow of the Jin people, it will deepen their anger towards Qin. If I don't keep my promise, I will violate heaven and earth. Deepening my anger will make me unbearable. It is unlucky to violate heaven and earth. I have to get Jin Jun back to China. "The son said," It is better to kill him than to accumulate evil. Sang Zi said: "If you let him go back to China and take his prince as hostage, you will certainly get very favorable peace conditions and the State of Jin will not perish. Killing his monarch will only bring very bad consequences. Moreover, Wei Shi has a saying: "Don't provoke disasters, don't rely on turmoil, and don't increase anger." Getting more and more angry will be unbearable, and bullying others will be unlucky. "So the state of Jin was allowed to make peace.

original text

Jin Hou told his nephew to tell him about it and called him. Zi Jinjiao said: "I will repay my country with your life [149], and I will tell you:' Although I am lonely, I will humiliate my country. Qi bu Xi er [150]. ""Everyone is crying. Gold turned into farmland [15 1]. Lu's nephew said, "I am very sorry for your death, and I am very grateful for your concern. What would you do? " The crowd said, "What can I do? "Yes, I said," Ask for repairs to help Shunza [152]. Hearing this, the ministers made up their minds that there was no monarch, and there were more armour. Good advice, I hate being afraid of me, ordinary and beneficial! " People say. Jin became a state soldier [153].

To annotate ...

[149] Chao: summoning.

[150] Buhill: BuHitachi is the king. Second, it refers to the prince.

[15 1] Yutian: The tax on the commons should be paid to the public to reward the minister.

[152] levy: levy financial and military taxes.

[153] Dangguobing: Reform the military system and expand the army.

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Kim sent a beggar to tell his nephew and asked him to come over at the same time. My nephew taught him to speak, saying, "Call all the people in the capital to the palace gate, and then give them a reward in the name of the monarch, telling them,' Although I have returned to China, it has brought shame to the country, so I'd better divine an auspicious day and let my heir be the monarch.' "Xi begged to go back and do it, so everyone cried together. At this time, the state of Jin began to change the farmland system and open up new fields. Nephew Lu Yi said, "The monarch is not worried about being excluded, but about his ministers. This is the greatest favor. What are we going to do with the monarch? "Everyone said," What can we do? " My nephew Lu Yi replied, "collect taxes and repair equipment and weapons to help the heirs. Governors heard that our country has lost its monarch, and with a new monarch, ministers live in harmony and are equipped with more weapons than before. People who like us will encourage us, people who hate us will be afraid, and maybe it will be better! "Everyone is very happy, because of this, the state of Jin began to reform the military system and make the army grow.

original text

At the beginning, Jin Xiangong married Ji Bo in Qin, and met Guimei III and Gongjing III. Shi Suzhan said, "It's unlucky. As the saying goes,' Yang Shijie [154] has no shortage [155]. There is no woman's basket [156]. It is impossible for the western neighbors to blame them. Back to Sister [157] still has no phase. "Li" in "Li" is also "Li" in "Li", because thunder is fire. In order to defeat Ji, Che asked her about it, and the flag was burned, which was not conducive to division and was defeated by Zongqiu. Guimei and Gong Jing are lonely, and Kouzhang arcs [158]. Six years later, my nephew fled to other countries and left home [159], and died of sorghum deficiency the following year. When Gong Hui was in Qin State, he said, "If your predecessor succeeded Shi Su, I would be inferior to this husband." Han Jian waited on him and said, "Tortoise, elephant; Oh, count. After things are born, there are images, then images [160], and then numbers. What failed predecessors [16 1]? Shi Su is Zhan, why not follow him [162]? The poem says:' The evil of the people, bandits falling from the sky, people's hatred [163], people's struggle for jobs [164].' "

To annotate ...

[154] chop: stab, kill.

[155] terbium (huāng): blood.

[156] You: Here, and.

[157] Wuxiang: Helpless.

[158] The arc of Kouzhang means that the enemy will bow and shoot me.

[159] Abandon home: abandon wife.

[160] son: multiply.

[16 1] The opposite of countability: "countability".

[162] No: words are meaningless.

[163] Dostak: There are many discussions. Hate each other behind their backs.

[164] position: section chief, major. Competition: competition.

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At the beginning, Jin Xiangong divined for marrying Ji Bo to the State of Qin, and turned "Guimei" into "Miyai". Shi Su predicted: "This is unlucky. The hexagram says:' people kill sheep, but they don't see pulp; The woman with the basket worked in vain. The accusations of western neighbors are irreparable. The "homecoming" became "in full view" and no one helped. "Zhen" became "Li", that is to say, "Li" became "Zhen". Thunder and fire, the winner is called victory, and the loser is called Ji. When the car got off the axle, the flag was burned, which was not conducive to the start of the army and was defeated by Zongqiu. Guimei marries a girl, Miyai is lonely, and the enemy wooden bow will be lovely. My nephew followed his aunt and fled back to his hometown six years later, leaving home. He died in the ruins of sorghum the next year. When Gong Hui returned to Qin, he said, "If you had listened to Shi Su's divination, I wouldn't have fallen into this situation!" Taigong Han Jian said: "Tortoise shell is an image; Cutting grass is a number. Things grow with images, grow with images, and grow with numbers. Can you count all the corrupt morals of your predecessor? What's the use of Shi Su's divination, even if someone follows it? " "Poetry" said: "The disaster of the people does not fall from the sky. Echoing face to face and slandering behind are mainly due to people's ignorance. " "

original text

It is also a crime to shock the Yibo Temple, so the Zhan family has something to hide [165].

In winter, Song people attacked Cao and sought feuds.

Chu defeated Xu in Loulin, and Xu saved him [166].

To annotate ...

[165] Concealment: the evil that people don't know.

[166] By rescue: by rescue.

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Lightning struck Yibo's temple, which was a crime against him, because he saw that Zhan had sins that others didn't know.

In winter, the Song people attacked Cao for revenge.

Chu defeated Xu in Loulin, and Xu failed because he relied on other countries to help him.

original text

15 10 15, Jin's nephew Yin Kan met Qin Bo, and the two countries formed an alliance in the imperial city. Qin Mugong asked him, "Do you have any internal opinions and consultations?" ? "yes:" disharmony. I am ashamed of losing my husband, mourning for his loved ones, and I am not afraid to ask for repair to show my statement. I said,' I will take revenge. I would rather deal with Rong Di [167].' A gentleman loves you and knows his sin, and he is not afraid to prove it for Qin's life. He said,' I will repay your kindness, even if I die.' To disagree. "Qin Bo said," what does the country call you [168]? "Yes, I said," It is inevitable that I am a villain. The gentleman forgave his life [169], thinking that he would pay it back. The villain said,' I poisoned Qin. Is Qin yours? The gentleman said,' I know the crime, and Qin will be yours. Second, insist, accept and give up. Don't be rude and don't be rude. Those who serve are virtuous, and those who serve fear punishment. In this battle, Qin can have an advantage. It's unnatural to accept but not decide, waste but not stand, and take virtue as a complaint. "Qin Bo said," it's my heart. "Change the museum to the marquis of Jin and eat seven prisons [170].

To annotate ...

Ning: Of course.

[168] country: refers to the people of the country.

[169] Forgive: put yourself in others' shoes.

Prison: A Niu Yi sheep and a pig are a prison.

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In October, Yi Yin's nephews met Qin Mugong and made a contract in the city. Qin Mugong said, "Is the state of Jin harmonious?" Yi Yin's nephew replied, "It's not harmonious. The villain is ashamed of losing the monarch and mourns the loss of his loved ones. He was not afraid of raising money, reorganized the army, and became a king on his own, saying,' I must take revenge, and I would rather serve Emperor Rong for this.' A gentleman loves a gentleman and knows his sin. Not afraid of raising money, he reorganized his army and waited for the order of the state of Qin, saying,' Be sure to repay your kindness and make up your mind to die without regret.' Because it is not harmonious. Qin Mugong said, "What does the whole country think of the future of the monarch?" Yi Yin's nephew replied, "I'm very sad. I don't think he will be forgiven by the pardoner. I think he will definitely come back. The villain said,' We have offended the State of Qin. How can Qin bring back the monarch?' The gentleman said,' We have confessed, and Qin will definitely let the monarch come back. Half-hearted, you will catch up; When he accepts his sin, let him go. Nothing is more generous than virtue, and nothing is more majestic than punishment. Qin was able to dominate the princes in this battle because it was immoral, half-hearted and afraid of punishment. Let him return to China without making it stable, or even abolish him without making him a monarch, and turn gratitude into resentment. Qin won't do this! ""Qin Mugong said, "that's what I thought. So he changed Jin's treatment, let him live in a hotel, and fed seven pairs of edible items such as cattle, sheep and pigs.

Comment and analysis

In the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, there were frequent contacts between Qin Jin, and there were several generations of in-laws between the two countries, so even now, people still use the idiom "Qin and Jin are good" to congratulate the newlyweds. But in-laws are often enemies, so it is common for Qin Jin to attack each other. Only with your help can King return to China and ascend the throne. However, after he ascended the throne, he immediately kicked down the ladder and betrayed his beliefs. He also wanted to fish in troubled waters while Qin was in famine, so the "Korean War" broke out.

For Jin, it was a battle in bring disgrace to oneself, which ended in a crushing defeat and led to the loss of a large area of land on the west bank of the Yellow River. Qin extended its territory to the east for hundreds of miles, but finally put the gold back because of its strength and human feelings. By reading the article, we can see that the contradictions and differences between the monarch and the minister before the war in the state of Jin are in sharp contrast with the reunification after the war, which shows that the rich country is not empty talk.