Junior high school question 3: Which is a work of art, a lighter or a pebble? Or both yes or no?

Before being able to skillfully use fire, the ancestors could only live a primitive and animal-like life. The so-called "eating the food of vegetation, the meat of birds and beasts, drinking their blood, like their hair." For example, Han Feizi said: "People eat fruits and clams, and the stench hurts the stomach and leads to many diseases." However, after human beings can skillfully use fire, the diet of human beings has undergone earth-shaking changes, which is the so-called "cannon cooking, which makes people have no abdominal diseases and is different from animals." According to the legend of China, Suiren was the earliest ancient ancestor of China who could use fire.

The Dead Body says, "A man looks up at the stars and down at five trees, thinking it is a fire." There is a similar record in the History of Taoism, which says, "An embarrassed person is watching a dry elephant, and when he looks at it, he gets angry and makes an embarrassment." The "Chen Xin" in the second sentence is what the ancients called "Xinsu", that is, "Big Mars". The so-called "five wood" refers to five kinds of wood that are considered suitable for fire at the right time. That is, "Yu; Liu Qing, so bring it in spring; Jujube: apricot red, so eat it in summer; Sang: Huang Zhe, so I took it at the end of summer; Tussah: (Mukui) white, so take autumn; Sophora japonica; Suntanned, so bring it in winter. " After the Sui trainer made drills to make fire, his wooden drilling tools were called Sui, and later generations invented using metal to make fire to get the sun, so there were two kinds of "Mu Sui" and "Yang Sui". "Huainanzi" notes: "Yang Sui sees the sun and burns into a fire. Yang Xiang, Jin Ye. The sun is three or four feet high, and if you cling to the sun, you will be angry for a moment. " "Notes on Ancient and Modern Times": "The pith of yang is copper, which is shaped like a mirror. When you look at things, the scenery falls and you light a fire at the sun. "

Before the Han Dynasty, it was called "open fire" to make a fire with incense, and "national fire" to make a fire with wood. According to the "Great Wish" and "Great Reconnaissance" in Zhou Li, the yang marrow is taken from the sun and close to the sky, so it is used for divination and sacrifice. Wood is taken from five trees and is close to people, so it is used for cooking. After the Han Dynasty, people found that metal can be rubbed into fire when it hits a stone, so a simple piece of iron can be turned into a yang sui. When people go out, they usually wear Yang Xiang and Mu Xiang on the left side of their waist to make a fire at any time. In addition, there are tinder made of wormwood and salt water. When the spark falls on the tinder and burns due to friction, the fire is ignited by "lighting a candle". The so-called "hair candle" is a small piece made of peeled hemp stalks, which is five or six inches long. It is soaked in sulfur and burns when it meets fire.

After people can use fire, they have stoves. The stove maker said it was Emperor Yan: Huainanzi: "Emperor Yan died with fire as the stove." Note: "Yan Di Shennong ruled the world with fire and died in the kitchen god." One is the Yellow Emperor: "Continued Beginning": "The Yellow Emperor sets the stove." Therefore, "Everything must be the original" said: "The Yellow Emperor cooked and died as a kitchen god." And Vulcan, according to China's general view, is Zhu Rong. "Huainanzi Shize" Note: "Ng Wui, Zhu Rong, is the fire of Gao Xin, and he died as Vulcan, entrusted to the stove." Historical Records of Chu Family: "Li Dong was born in the fire for Di Ku Gaoxin, and made outstanding contributions. He can blend in with the world, and Di Ku was named' Zhu Rong'. " "The Book of Rites and the Moon Order": "The moon exists, its emperor, its god Zhu Rong and its sacrificial furnace are sacrificed to the teacher." The original shape of the stove was to dig holes in the ground. Today, the furnace excavated from Xi 'an Banpo site is a kind of double furnace, that is, two fire pits are dug on the surface. These two pits are separated on the ground, but they are connected underground. A pit is where firewood enters, a pit is where people leave, and the hole connected with the two pits is the stove door. Banpo in Xi 'an has a history of six or seven thousand years, and its inventor should be Emperor Yan rather than Yellow Emperor. It is estimated that the Yellow Emperor was in power about 4600 years ago. Emperor Yan passed down seventy generations before the Yellow Emperor, about six or seven thousand years ago. By the Warring States period, the production of stoves had been perfect. "Zeng Lianzi" notes: "There are five protrusions (protrusions: chimneys) in one furnace, and there are many people who distribute cigarettes, and it is cooked for ten times."

When the fire became controllable, the ancients immediately noticed the importance of heat for cooking. In ancient Chinese, the importance of heat to cooking was first mentioned in Lu Chunqiu's Standard Film. Among them, Yi Yin told Shang Tang: "Water is the beginning of all tastes. Five flavors and three ingredients, nine boiling and nine changes, fire is the discipline. If you are sick, you will be slow. If you use it, you will win. Reconciliation must be bittersweet. How many times, its gas is extremely small, and there are changes, subtle and micro-fiber, plausible, plausible. If you shoot the slightest, Yin and Yang will transform, and the number of four seasons will be counted. Put it for a long time without harm, cooked without rot, sweet without taste, sour without cold, successful without reduction, spicy without strong, light without thin, fat without [month]. " This passage is translated into modern Chinese to the effect that the root of taste is water. Cooking is based on sweet, sour, bitter, spicy and salty flavors and Shui Mu fire. There will be nine changes when the pot is boiled for nine times, and it is up to the fire to explore and adjust. Sometimes with strong fire, sometimes with slow fire, the key to removing fishy smell and shame is to master the heat. Only by mastering the law of using fire can we turn smelly into fragrant. Seasoning must use five flavors of sweet, sour, spicy and salty, but the order of seasoning and the amount of materials used are very subtle. The change of Ding is subtle, subtle and indescribable, even if it is known, it is hard to say clearly. Just like putting an arrow on a horse, you should practice your cooking skillfully. Such as the natural combination of yin and yang, such as the natural changes of the four seasons, cooking skills can be cooked for a long time, cooked but not rotten, sweet but not strong, sour but not astringent, spicy but not irritating, light but not tasteless, fat but not greasy. Yuan Mei later wrote a section on temperature in Suiyuan Food List. He thinks that the key to cooking food is to master the heat. Stir-frying must use strong fire, and if the firepower is insufficient, the fried things will be weak; You must stew it with warm fire. When the fire is big, the stew will dry. If you want to collect soup, use strong fire first, then warm fire. If you are impatient, keep using fierce fire, and the food will be tender outside. He thinks that kidneys and eggs are more tender when cooked; Fresh fish and clams will not be tender if they are cooked for a while. When the pork is cooked, it should be cooked, so that the color is rosy, and it will turn black when it is cooked. If the fish is cooked late, the live meat will die. When cooking, the more times you open the lid, the more fragrant the dish will be. If the fire is put out and burned again, the food will lose its oil and taste. Yuan Mei said that it is rumored that Taoist priests have to undergo nine cycles of metamorphosis before they can be refined into a true elixir, while Confucianism is based on not being excessive and working hard to get home. A chef must master cooking correctly and operate carefully in order to master cooking basically. The fish cooked by a chef who is proficient in cooking should taste as white as jade and the meat will not come loose. This kind of meat is live. If the color is as white as powder, loose and not sticky, it is dead meat. It can be seen that the ancient people's use of fire has been constantly innovating and deepening. The ancients thought that fire was divided into new fire and old fire. The charcoal fire, bamboo fire, grass fire and hemp (gāi) fire used in cook the meat with warm wine have different smells. In the Qing Dynasty's "Tiaoding Gathering Fire", various fires were listed and cooked with various foods. Boiling old ducks and meat can make them extremely rotten and can cure all kinds of poisons. Dirty firewood is not suitable for food. Rice ear fire: when cooking, people's five internal organs are fascinated. Wheat ear fire: cooking, quenching thirst, moistening throat and facilitating urination. Loose firewood: cooking, strengthening bones and muscles, not cooking tea. Oak wood: boiled pork, no wind, cooked chickens, ducks and geese, bad smell and other things. Mao Qiao: the cook eats and drinks, and tomorrow he will detoxify. Luhuo and Zhuhuo: All tonics should be fried. Charcoal fire: it is advisable to fry tea, which is delicious but not turbid. Bran fire: rice bran fire is used for cooking and dietotherapy, and it can support two pots with a supporting ground stove. Southerners use it more, and its cost is half that of firewood. When I was in spring, there were people and insects in the chaff, which hurt my life. "However, Jia Ming of the Yuan Dynasty told me in the Dietary Instructions:" It is better to use the fire beads of Yang years old, take the real fire of the sun in the morning, and stick a locust tree to get the fire. " He believes that "striking a stone with gold (that is, striking a flint with iron to make a fire) and drilling the fire of Yagi is not available. "Bamu people: pine is difficult to heal (epidemic refers to: pine fire is difficult to heal), cypress fire hurts the sweat, mulberry fire hurts the tendons, zhe fire hurts the gas, jujube fire hurts the blood, orange fire hurts the meridians, elm fire hurts the bones and muscles, and bamboo fire hurts the bones and muscles."

3. From the perspective of application, take Liang Sicheng as an example

Nationality: China.

Ethnic group: Han nationality

Place of birth: Tokyo, Japan

Date of birth:1901April 20th.

Date of death:1972 65438+1October 9.

Occupation: architectural educator, architect

Graduate school: University of Pennsylvania, USA

Main achievements: architectural education, architectural research, architectural art.

From 65438 to 0928, Liang Sicheng visited famous ancient buildings in Greece, Italy, France and Spain before returning to China. Liang Sicheng Tagore Lin Yinhui

He saw with his own eyes that foreign ancient buildings have been properly protected, and many scholars are doing special research on them. Compared with our own country, a Chinese nation with thousands of years of cultural traditions, our ancestors left such a rich heritage of ancient buildings, but now it is desolate everywhere. Precious Longmen Grottoes and Dunhuang murals were bought and sold at will, looted, thousands of cultural relics were exiled abroad, and a large number of ancient buildings were in jeopardy. Only a few foreign scholars have done some research on it, but domestic scholars are unable to engage in research. Even China people have to rely on foreign books and periodicals to learn the cultural heritage of their ancestors. What a sad situation. Liang Sicheng deeply felt that this was a national humiliation. He made up his mind that China people must study their own architecture and China people must write their own architectural history. From 193 1, he devoted his life to this cause. Liang Sicheng applied modern scientific methods to the study of ancient buildings in China from the very beginning. He clearly pointed out: "The way of modern scholars' research is to attach importance to evidence and take physical objects as theoretical shields. As the saying goes,' seeing is believing' is suitable for scientific methods. " Therefore, he insisted that the study of ancient buildings must first be carried out on-the-spot investigation and mapping. The Forbidden City in Beijing was chosen as the target because it represents the largest number of ancient buildings in Ming and Qing Dynasties. He took the textbook "Examples of Works of the Ministry of Industry" published by the Qing court, and identified, measured and recorded the physical objects one by one from the whole to the part. He asked the old craftsmen for advice, and with their help, he gradually figured out the structure and shape of architecture in the Qing Dynasty, just like stepping into the threshold, creating conditions for expanding the scope of research. From April 1932, Liang Sicheng investigated the buildings of Dule Temple in Jixian County and wrote a detailed report. Over a short period of time, he successively wrote Zhengding Ancient Architecture Survey, Datong Ancient Architecture Survey Report, Dashiqiao in Zhaoxian County, Preliminary Investigation of Jinfen Ancient Architecture, and Construction and Renovation Planning of Qufu Confucius Temple, etc. In the investigation and study of ancient architecture, Liang Sicheng insisted on meticulous measurement, well-founded analysis and strict drawing, and the results were up to the world level.50016.00000100105 In North China in the 1930s, people's lives were extremely difficult. Every time Liang Sicheng goes out for research, he has to go through many difficulties in his work and life, and the conditions are very difficult. However, he has always been meticulous in surveying and mapping work and practiced it. Together with his assistants, he made a detailed drawing and measurement of the building from the whole to the part; From the inside out, from front to back, shoot and record various components and decorations; All the inscriptions and historical materials have been copied accurately. It is with this national pride and ambition that many research results and many drawings of the Architectural Society at that time reached the international level. Liang Sicheng's Architectural Painting

After a systematic investigation and study of ancient buildings, 1934, he compiled a book "Examples of Qing-style architecture", which scientifically combed and analyzed the complex structure and shape of ancient buildings in China for the first time, introduced and discussed the practices and systems of various parts of Qing architecture in detail, and drew the details of Qing-style architecture framework, doors and windows, decoration, color painting and so on with modern architectural projection drawings for the first time, which was amazing. For decades, the book "Qing-style Building Rules" has become a must-read material for beginners of ancient buildings in China, and it is also an indispensable material for studying ancient buildings in China. It is also a reference book commonly used by ancient building repair workers today. 1937, Liang Sicheng, Lin, Mo and others visited Wu Keji in Wutai Mountain, Shanxi Province. Just as they were ecstatic about discovering a Tang Dynasty building for the first time, the bonfire of the Anti-Japanese War was lit by the Lugou Bridge in Beijing. Liang Sicheng, Liu Dunzhen and a few other researchers still insist on the study of ancient buildings in Yunnan and Sichuan. They investigated more than 40 counties, drew a large number of model drawings of ancient buildings for the Central Museum at that time, and published the Journal of Architectural Society under very difficult printing conditions.

Astronomer at Purple Mountain Observatory (1925-)

Since 1945, Ethan has published hundreds of popular science articles and compiled dozens of translated works. There are mainly astronomical garden collection, traveling in the universe, Beijing Planetarium, concise star map, star map manual, all-sky star map, encyclopedia of China astronomical scroll color map collection, flying into space to see the stars, visiting the United States and so on. And compiled a large-scale space pathology photo exhibition "The Universe is Calling" to tour many cities in China.

Since 1982, he has been engaged in foreign popular science research in China Research Institute of China Association for Science and Technology, and introduced and promoted space art creation. Elected as the executive director of China Popular Science Writers Association. During Li Yuan's decades of popular science work, he gave hundreds of astronomical lectures, performances and exhibitions, which popularized scientific knowledge and opened people's eyes. His popular science articles are very popular with readers. It was after reading Li Yuan's article that many teenagers embarked on the road of learning astronomy and entered the ranks of astronomers.

1999 In August, he was interviewed by the Oriental Time and Space Shooting Team of CCTV, and made a feature film "The Son of the East" with the famous popular science worker Li Yuanwei as the topic, which was broadcast to the whole country.

Take the connection of knowledge as an example: it can also be said that it is a combination of literature, art and science.

Chinese name: Liang Qichao

Nationality: China.

Ethnic group: Han nationality

Place of birth: Xinhui, Guangdong

Date of birth: 1873 February 23rd.

Date of death: 1929 65438+ 10/9.

Travels in Europe makes a comprehensive reflection on western culture. Among them, the section "Reflection on Literature" is devoted to the development and characteristics of European literature. Liang Qichao thinks that social ideological trend is the background of political phenomenon, and literature is the concrete embodiment of social ideological trend. According to this view, Liang Qichao divided19th century European literature into two stages. In the early stage, it was romantic, mainly influenced by idealism and liberalism, and advocated imagination and emotion. Later, he was a naturalist, mainly influenced by materialism and scientism, paying attention to realism and seeking truth. Like observing human beings with a microscope, naturalistic literature dissects human psychology layer by layer and describes the social reality very realistically. "The ugly side of human beings and the animal side are told to the bottom and written incisively and vividly." This kind of creation is of course in line with the realistic requirements, but the value of people is almost equal to zero. He believes: "Since the popularity of naturalistic literature, I feel more and more that human beings are transformed from lower animals, which is not much different from weak beasts. I feel more and more that human beings have no freedom of will, and all behaviors are dominated by sensory impulses and surrounding environment "; At the end of19th century, the whole European society was gloomy and crisp in autumn, which is why. (Noe: Liang Qichao: A Journey to the Heart of Europe, Drinking Room Collection, Volume 7, Zhonghua Book Company, 1989. ) Understanding the function of literature in this way is basically the same as the early "On the Relationship between Novels and Group Governance". But in Reflection on Literature, Liang Qichao found the intermediary of social thoughts between politics and literature. While talking about the influence of literature on society, he also talked about the role of social development and social thoughts on literature. It should be said that his understanding is still developing and his understanding of the relationship between literature and society tends to be dialectical. At the same time, through the analysis of European romanticism and naturalism literature, he clearly expressed his value orientation, and put forward the problem that literature should express the ideal of value and the freedom of human will. This is an important extension of the aesthetic characteristics and laws of literature, and also the essence and laws of beauty. Therefore, My Heart in Europe can be regarded as the starting point of Liang Qichao's aesthetic thought in his later period, which marks Liang Qichao's deepening from his early concern about the realistic function of beauty to his thinking about the value essence of beauty.

Chinese name: Yang Zhenning

Nationality: USA

Place of birth: Anhui

Date of birth: 1922 65438+ 10/.

Occupation: scientist, physicist

Graduate school: National Southwest Associated University, University of Chicago, USA.

Main achievements: 1957 won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Masterpiece: Query on the Conservation of Weak Interaction Parity

Yang Zhenning, a native of Hefei, Anhui. Famous Chinese-American scientist, physicist and Nobel Prize winner in physics. 1957, because the concept of "parity non-conservation in weak interaction" put forward by Li Zhengdao was proved by experiments, * * * won the Nobel Prize in physics together; The gauge field theory put forward by him in 1954 developed into the basis of integrating and understanding the three kinds of interaction forces of elementary particles in the 1970s. In addition, he has made many outstanding contributions in statistical physics, condensed matter physics, quantum field theory, mathematical physics and other fields.

Yang Zhenning has long been committed to the cross-study of physics and mathematics. In this field, a set of beautiful equations can be a source of inspiration, and even insight into how the physical world works before there is experimental evidence. This is a world that is difficult for laymen to understand. The blackboard is full of equations with Greek letters, the taste and style of seeking to solve problems with mathematics, and the heartfelt inspiration of seeking to describe the physical world with correct language. Physicist Dyson said at the academic seminar held by Xi Shi for Yang Zhenning's retirement: "Yang Zhenning's wonderful taste in mathematics shines in all his works. This makes his unimportant work a beautiful work of art, and his profound thinking a masterpiece. " This made him "see the mysterious structure of nature more deeply than others".

Li Leshan, male, born in 1955, professor, doctor.

People from Leshan, Sichuan. Hence the name Leshan.

Graduated from Northwestern Polytechnical University;

Now he works in the School of Mechanical Engineering of Xi Jiaotong University, director of Shaanxi Industrial Design Association, director of the Department of Industrial Design, and distinguished professor of the School of Art and Design of China University of Mining and Technology.

Part-time member of the Industrial Design Teaching Steering Committee of the Ministry of Education;

Executive director of National Industrial Design Association;

Executive director of the national industrial modeling design society;

Make Xi Jiaotong University a member of the International Industrial Design Society (the highest international professional academic organization in this field); It is also the only Chinese mainland member in this society.

The workload has been more than 800 hours for five consecutive years.

He won the special prize of teaching achievement in Shaanxi ordinary colleges and universities and the second prize of national higher education teaching achievement. Monographs: industrial sociology, industrial design psychology, man-machine interface design, ideological basis of industrial design, design investigation, design geometry translation, design elements, design semiotics, industrial design materials and processing manual, international design yearbook 2003.

Research fields and directions:

Product design method

Design of the relationship between people and things

Zhu Chongshou, male, born in 1947, Ph.D., associate professor of art history department of Tsinghua University Academy of Fine Arts. He has been engaged in the teaching and research of China art history, China arts and crafts history, China mural history, European mural history, Oriental mural history, China sculpture history and China illustration history for more than twenty years. His works include: Outline of China Mural History, Outline of European Mural History, Outline of Oriental Mural History, History of China Illustration Art (Tsinghua University Press, 2005), Outline of China Arts and Crafts History-Illustrated Book (Beijing Yanshan Press, 2007), etc. He also participated in the compilation of many large-scale literature and history books and published many papers.

In fact, there are many examples about the combination of art and science, because art covers a wide range, and any behavior or thing that can express beauty, such as writing, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, dance, drama and movies, belongs to art.

So I gave a few examples for your reference!