What are the most famous bridges in China?

Zhao Zhouqiao, also known as Anji Bridge, was built in the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (605-6 18) by the famous craftsman Li Chun. With a length of 64.40 meters and a span of 37.02 meters, it is a single-hole open-shouldered stone arch bridge with the largest span and the earliest construction in the world. Because the shoulders at both ends of the bridge have two small holes, which are not solid, it is called open shoulder type, which is a creation in the history of bridge building in the world (called full shoulder type or solid shoulder type without small arch).

Since 1400 years ago, Zhao Zhouqiao has experienced 10 floods, 8 wars and many earthquakes, especially 1966 Xingtai M7.6 earthquake. Xingtai is more than 40 kilometers away from here, and there is also a 4.0 earthquake here. Zhao Zhouqiao was not damaged. Mao Yisheng, a famous bridge expert, said that no matter what the internal structure of the bridge is, there can only be 65,433. 1963 The flood flooded the arch of the bridge. According to the local old man, standing on the bridge can feel the bridge body shaking greatly. According to records, Zhao Zhouqiao has been restored eight times since its establishment.

Adding two small arch coupons at the upper end of the main arch coupon can save materials, reduce the dead weight of the bridge (reduce the dead weight 15%) and increase the discharge of river water under the bridge.

1979 in may, a joint investigation team composed of four units, including the natural history group of China academy of sciences, investigated the bridge foundation in Zhao Zhouqiao. The weight of Zhao Zhouqiao is 2,800 tons, and its foundation is only a abutment with a height of 1.55 meters made of five layers of stones, which is directly built on natural sand and gravel.

Such a shallow abutment is unbelievable. When Mr. Liang Sicheng inspected 1933, he thought that it was only a diamond wall to prevent water erosion, but not the foundation to bear the full load of the bridge ticket. He wrote in the report:

"In order to measure the coupon base, we dug at the foot of the coupon in the north, but now about 70-80 cm below the riverbed, that is, we found the stone wall lying flat under the coupon. Stone * * * has five floors, and the height of * * * is1.58m. Each floor is slightly higher than the upper one, and there is no solid foundation below. Obviously, it is just a diamond wall used to prevent water erosion, not a foundation bearing the full load of bridge vouchers. Because water will be seen in another 30-40 cm, unless it is excavated on a large scale, it is impossible to reach the bridge foundation position that we speculate according to theory. "

In order to protect Zhao Zhouqiao, the new bridge structure built at 100 meters east of Zhao Zhouqiao at the end of last century still uses Zhao Zhouqiao, but the number of small arches on the main arch is increased to five on one side.

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2. Guangji Bridge, a famous bridge with eternal love.

It's a waste of time to watch the tide;

It is a waste of time to walk until the high tide reaches the bridge.

(Guangdong folk songs)

This "tide" refers to Chaozhou; This "bridge" is Guangji Bridge.

Guangji Bridge, commonly known as Xiangzi Bridge, is located outside the east gate of Chaozhou ancient city, across the Hanjiang River, the main traffic artery between Fujian and Guangdong. Guangji Bridge, with its unique style of "18 boats on 24 continents", ranks among the famous bridges in China together with Zhao Zhouqiao Bridge, Luoyang Bridge and Lugou Bridge. Mao Yisheng, a famous bridge expert, praised it as "the earliest opening and closing bridge in the world", and now it is a national key cultural relic protection unit.

There is no bridge in ancient Hanjiang River. "The Bridge of Sanyang in Chaozhou" planted: "From east to wide, there is a river to the tide. When the sand surface falls, reeds can sail; When the rain accumulates, the river rises, the waves are rough and the coast is far away. Old-school shippers are afraid of themselves, and they can't afford to read it four or five times a day. People who come and go are sick. " In order to cross the river, people often "stay in the wild and wait for it day and night." It can be seen that it is difficult to ferry without a bridge.

In the seventh year of Song trunk road (1 17 1), Zeng Wang, the magistrate of Chaozhou County, "built a boat as a beam, connecting the east and west banks of the river, paving stones in the middle, in order to grasp its potential and take root, and called Jikang Bridge every three months." This is the earliest Guangji Bridge.

In the summer of the first year of Xichun (1 174), Jikang Bridge was destroyed by ruthless flood. Chang Yi, the late master, rebuilt it and increased the number of uprights to 106, forming a spectacular scene of "blue wisps on the road and dragons lying in the rainbow". There is still money left in the bridge. "Therefore, the west bank boundary pavilion is built, and there is a Zhenjiang River, which is called Han Yang". In fact, this "Jiege" is the first wharf in the West Bank. Its establishment opened the curtain of a long-lasting project of building piers and erecting beams from both sides of the river to the center of the river. At least two years from the first year (1228), Wang, Ding Yunyuan and Sun completed 10 pier in 54 years. Ding Yunyuan built the most piers and made the greatest achievements, so the West Bridge was called "Ding Houqiao". The East Bridge began in five years (1 194) when Taishou Shen built Gaixiuting, which was built by Chen Honggui, Lin Shanpu and three others. In the first year of Kathy (1205), * * built 13 piers. In the first year of Kaiyuan (1259), Taishoulin "twenty-four new ships, seventy feet of iron chain, penetrating the flank". At this point, the pattern of the whole bridge has been set.

Since then, the bridge has flourished, abandoned, destroyed and repaired. After more than 200 years of ups and downs, it was not until the middle of the Ming Dynasty that it ushered in the most brilliant period.

In the tenth year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty (1435), the bridge was destroyed by flood again. Roy, the magistrate, "takes repairing the bridge as his own responsibility and donates money to build it, which is followed by rich people under his command." . So, buy wood and stones, raise workers and servants, and make up for what was destroyed by the dock, and it will be easy to be interrupted by Liang Shi. "After completion", there are ten piers and nine holes in the west bank, with a total length of 49 feet and five; There are thirteen piers and twelve holes on the east bank, with a total length of 86 feet. It is twenty-seven feet and three feet, and four of the twenty ships are pontoons. The unified name of the whole bridge is Guangji Bridge. After the completion of the bridge, there are "126 pavilions", and there are 24 floors of Guangji Bridge on the pier, which makes Guangji Bridge a gorgeous place, and also makes Li Ling, a native of China, exclaim that "my tide wins in Guangji Bridge"!

In the eighth year of Zheng De (15 13), Guangji Bridge was damaged by a typhoon, and the magistrate Tan Lun "continued to carry out repairs as usual", adding a pier and a first floor, and subtracting six boats from Fuzhou, forming a pattern of "18 shuttles and 24 continents".

Since then, Guangji Bridge has experienced several ups and downs, but the basic pattern has not changed much. Until 1958, due to the need of national highway traffic, the interrupted pontoon bridge was demolished and replaced with a three-hole steel truss and two high-piled platform bridges, and all the stone piers were reinforced. 1988, Guangji Bridge was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

Guangji Bridge, with its peculiar structure, various forms and dazzling brilliance, deserves to be regarded as a symbol of Chaozhou city, a special case in the history of Chinese bridges, and has great historical, artistic and scientific value. Its main features can be summarized as follows:

I. "Eighteen Shuttles and Twenty-four Continents"

The combination of beam and ship, rigid-flexible combination, dynamic-static combination and ups and downs is a major feature of Guangji Bridge. The east and west sections of the bridge are beam bridges with pavilions and beauty, and the middle is a pontoon bridge with reeds woven and dragons lying across the rainbow. This is simply a wonderful scenery. There is a poem between Qingganlong: "Xiangjiang River is full of spring water, and eighteen shuttles lock the bridge." "Xiangqiao Spring" therefore ranks first among the "Eight Scenes of Chaozhou". Structurally, the combination of beam and ship is the first open-close bridge in the world. The opening and closing function mainly lies in navigation and flood discharge, as recorded in Moon Phase: "Jichuan Bridge outside the East Gate of Chaozhou ... sails in the morning and evening of next year." And whenever the flood of the Han River comes, it can untie the pontoon bridge and let the raging flood pour. There is also the role of checkpoints. "Counties and counties take Guangji Bridge as the only way for salt boats to collect salt taxes." Later, the superior even sent someone to be in charge of Chaozhou Prefecture. Local chronicles recorded: "In the third year of Qing Yongzheng (1725), salt was transported to Chaozhou, and the magistrate was in charge of bridge affairs. The east coast was transported to clear salt and the west coast was Chaozhou Prefecture to check customs duties."

Second, "24 Balcony 24"

In the basic stage of Guangji Bridge, there are measures to build pavilions and "build Han houses" on the piers, and they are named "Curling", "Jade Mirror" and "Gaixiu". During the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty, Roy, the magistrate, built 126 pavilions on a bridge more than 500 meters long, and also built towers on various piers, and used wonders, large reliefs, Lingxiao, stool shadows, moon and moon, immortals, horseback riding, leaping and wading in Sichuan, Youtong, Zuoda, Jichuan, Yunheng and curling respectively. At this point, the design of bridge architecture is the ultimate goal. As Li Ling said in the Fu of Guangji Bridge in the Ming Dynasty: "The abbot is on the first floor, with ten posts and one pavilion, with red flowers and golden rafters. Curved cross sill, red paint and chalk, uneven scales and high eaves … "The ancient Lingnan Wind and Rain Bridge was very common, but it was so large in scale, so many in forms and so ornate in decoration.

Third, "one mile long bridge and one mile city"

Guangji Bridge is the hub of "East Guangdong, Fujian, Guangdong, Henan, Zhangjing and Shenzhen", and there are many towers on the bridge. It soon became the center of transportation and trade, and became a prosperous bridge market. Just before dawn, the river fog has not dispersed, and the bridge is already a "fish bed". At dawn, the shops actually opened first. The tea kiosks and wine shops were full of flags fluttering in the wind. People on the stool bridge traded silk with cloth, begging for a sign and rubbing their shoulders. The traffic was busy, just as Li Ling described in Fu on Guangji Bridge: "If the husband thunders, the wheels will rumble; Angry wind and waves, pedestrians also; The clouds are light and windy, and the dust is flying; Very sonorous, trees tremble, tourists sing, post guests sing; Fengming, dragons singing in the sea, literati and poets playing Xiao Gu; The balcony shook, the clouds dispersed, and the waves were startled by the wind ... "The ground is like a picture of the riverside on Qingming Festival. No wonder tourists joke about "Ask Xiangqiao when you arrive at it".

The night of Guangji Bridge is interesting: "Blow the horn of the crescent moon and sell the red light of the fish market at night." Guess the egg boat is still drinking, and the salt boat is sailing in the wind. "At the beginning of the bright moon on Guangji Bridge, restaurants hang lanterns high, egg boats moralize, and prostitutes whisper. It's really "ten thousand families are connected with a stream, like drums in the middle of the night" until "pointing at the fishing lamp, it's quiet", so "the atmosphere of the sea is gone in the middle of the night"

After more than 800 years of vicissitudes, Guangji Bridge has lost its former glory, but its characteristics still exist. People firmly believe that in today's political harmony and prosperity, Guangji Bridge will put elegance first and not be too far away.

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30,000 Angudu Luoyang Bridge

Walking on Luoyang Bridge in Hui 'an, Fujian Province seems to be a dialogue with history. As a result, the huge Liang Shi is no longer silent, the pavilions and steles are also vivid, the lotus petals flying on the stone tower and the fuzzy Buddha relief are also spiritual, and even the raft pier is alive, telling stories and legends about the bridge a long time ago in the same ancient language.

The birth of bridges is almost always related to traffic, and Luoyang Bridge is no exception. Many streams in Luoyang River, Hui Jin and Hui cities and mountainous areas pass through the south side of Luoyang Town and rush into the sea with the breath of Shan Ye. Here, "the water is five miles wide and deep", and there are streams on both sides, so ferry is the only mode of transportation, which was called "Wan 'an Ferry" in ancient times. However, the water at the mouth of the sea is rushing. "Every time you cross the tide, you can't get through for a few days. "The two sides had to face upwards sigh.

However, the location of Wan 'an Ferry is very important. Hui 'an in the north is far away from Fuzhou, and Quanzhou in the south is connected with Zhangzhou, Xiamen, Chaozhou, Guangzhou and Quanzhou in the middle of Song Dynasty, which has become a prosperous port, and its commercial economy has a considerable scale, and it has become an inevitable trend to develop into surrounding areas. But Luoyang River is a natural obstacle to its northward movement.

The bridge-building skills in Jin Dynasty were mature, and the Central Plains immigrants brought them to Minnan, which complemented the maturity of stone carving skills here. In addition, the invention and clever use of gunpowder make it not difficult to mine huge rocks, and it is also the general trend to have the right time and place and to build overseas Chinese in Wan 'an.

Luoyang ancient bridge was built in the fifth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1053) and completed in the fourth year of Jiayou (1059), lasting six years and eight months. Its unique regulations and grand project made it the first beam-type sea-crossing bridge in history, even known as the "first bridge on the sea", which moved Wang Zijing to Luoyang River. After that, there was a bridge-building boom in Quanzhou. /kloc-during the 0/50 years, more than 200 bridges were built, with a total length of more than 50 miles, thus winning the reputation of "the bridge in central Fujian is the best in the world" and "the bridge in Quanzhou is the first in central Fujian".

Because of its unique structure and superb skills, Luoyang Bridge, together with the stone arch bridge Zhao Zhouqiao, the porous stone arch bridge Lugou Bridge and the Chuanliang Chaozhou Guangji Bridge, is called the four famous bridges in ancient China.

The ancient bridge is a flat beam with an ancient structure and a north-south trend. The bridge is 834 meters long and 7 meters wide, with 3/kloc-0 piers left. The bridge deck is paved with granite boulders, which are 1 1 m long and nearly 1 m wide. The wisdom of the bridge builder lies in building two sharp boats and rafts according to the tide to separate the water potential. Based on the tidal drop, the foundation laying method and bridge slab floating method of "surging waves to lift boats and hanging cranes to hang strings" were created. After Cai Xiang took over as the overseer, he initiated a new concept of "planting oysters on the foundation". Mao Yisheng, a famous bridge expert, commented in Talking about Bridges: "This foundation is the mat foundation of modern bridges, but it has a history of less than one hundred years abroad. The' floating method' of the bridge used is still very popular today. " Probably the advanced application of modern biological science, cultivating oysters condenses the bridge base and the pier brain into a whole.

At present, a rather tall stone statue of Cai Xiang has been erected at the northern end of Luoyang Bridge, and there is still a calm and modest expression between the eyebrows and beards, which shows the loneliness of moon pool.

Historically, the story of Cai Xiang and Luoyang Bridge has been arranged perfectly, so that later generations also decided that Luoyang Bridge was made by Cai Xiang. A little mistake in history can be forgiven. As the magistrate of Quanzhou, Cai Xiang did his duty and supervised the bridge affairs during his tenure. Although only 23 months, accounting for only a quarter of the whole bridge construction time, his painstaking efforts are well-known. Besides, in the inscription on Wan 'an Bridge written by Cai Xiang himself, he did not brag about his achievements, but simply recorded all the deeds of overseas Chinese, while he wrote the historical facts of bridge builders such as Wang Shi and Yi Bo. It can be seen that Cai Xiang's noble character is honest and upright.

Cai Xiang's actions of "serving the official for the benefit of one party" are reasonable and nothing special, and people's arrangement also reflects the people's call for clean politics. Cai Xiang statue stands tall, looking at his familiar Luoyang Bridge, but never seeing the magnificent bridge-building scene. The respect of later generations also brought him a little loneliness. If the sculpture designed here at that time was the image of a group of ordinary builders moving stones and bridging bridges, it might be more in line with the historical truth and Cai Xiang's original intention.

Another function of Luoyang Bridge is the cultural national emblem it produces. Since the completion of the bridge, various temples, temples, temples and churches related to the bridge have been built one after another, making the architectural culture and art at that time appear smooth and smooth; Numerous articles and poems on bridges have greatly enriched the cultural heritage of this land; Many traditional calligraphy and sculpture have created a meaningful artistic conception, while countless legendary stories and local operas composed of bridges are full of classical romanticism and widely circulated. It is rare that an ancient bridge can cause such a huge cultural sensation in the history of bridge construction.

The weakening of traffic function of Luoyang Bridge is also a sign of the development of the times. Today, the gate of Luojiang Bridge on National Highway 324 runs through the north and south like flowing water. Together with the ancient bridge close at hand, it forms a new scene of "Luojiang Double Rainbow", which exists in ancient and modern times, but it reflects the sun light of our national creation and civilization.

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4 Introduction of Lugou Bridge

Lugouqiao Scenic Area is located in Fengtai District, southwest of Beijing. The Lugou Bridge and Wanping Ancient City in the scenic area are not only famous historical sites, but also important memorial sites of China people's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. 1987, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression memorial hall was newly built here. Lugou Bridge was built in Jin Dynasty, named after crossing Lugou River (now Yongding River). It is the oldest existing stone arch bridge in Beijing.

The construction of Lugou Bridge is closely related to the rise of Beijing. During the Jin Dynasty, Beijing gradually became the political and cultural center of the whole country. Lugou Bridge is an important passage connecting Beijing Small Plain and North China Great Plain. Lugou Bridge is magnificent. It is 266.5 meters long and 9.3 meters wide. Bridge hole 1 1 hole, pier 10. The design of pier is very scientific. A water diversion tip with a length of 4.5-5.2 meters was built on the water facing side of the pier. Triangular iron shell columns are vertically installed at the top to slow down the impact of water flow and break the ice rows flowing during thawing in early spring. Lugou Bridge is luxuriantly decorated. The sentry of the bridge is decorated with stone lions, and the fence is decorated with patterns. Shishi is a must of Lugou Bridge, commonly known as "countless lions of Lugou Bridge" to describe its richness. The total number of lions is around 500. There are a pair of stone lions and a pair of stone elephants at the East Bridge Head and the West Bridge Head respectively. There are four China watches on the west bridge. The four stone monuments at both ends of the bridge are the Lugou Bridge Monument rebuilt in the 7th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1668), the Lugou Bridge Monument rebuilt in the 50th year of Qianlong (1785), the Lugou Xiaoyue Monument built by Emperor Qianlong and the Yongding River Poetry Monument inspected by Qianlong. Lugou Bridge has been built for more than 800 years, and it is well known. "Lugou Xiaoyue" is one of the eight scenic spots in Yanjing designated by Jin Zhangzong. In Yuan Dynasty, the famous Italian traveler Kyle Poirot came here and called Lugou Bridge "the best and unique bridge in the world". In modern times, the "July 7th Incident" broke out here, which became an important memorial place for the people of the whole country to fight against Japan.

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Attachment: Bridge expert Mao Yisheng

Famous bridge expert, academician and professor of China Academy of Sciences. Born in 1896, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu. 19 16 graduated from Tangshan institute of technology. Studying in the United States, he obtained the first doctorate in engineering from Garrick Institute of Technology. 192 1 Returning to China with full study, I hope to contribute my knowledge to the bridge construction with full enthusiasm. However, in the old China at that time, it was impossible to contribute to the motherland in construction. In the past thirteen years, Professor Mao Yisheng has only worked as a consultant for bridge repair several times, such as 1929 for Jinan Yellow River Bridge.

1In the autumn of 933, when he was a professor at Beiyang University, he suddenly received a letter from an old friend in Zhejiang, inviting him to Hangzhou to discuss the construction of Qiantang River Bridge. After careful organization and design by Professor Mao Yisheng, and with the efforts of colleagues and workers involved in the work, the technical difficulties were solved by using "water injection method", "caisson method" and "floating method". "It took only two and a half years to build a magnificent bridge on the Qiantang River!" This is the first modern bridge designed and built by China, which has turned a new page and written a brilliant chapter in the history of Chinese bridges.

From 65438 to 0955, Professor Mao Yisheng served as the Chairman of the Technical Advisory Committee for the Construction of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, another large modern bridge. The achievement of "natural moat changes into thoroughfare" cannot be separated from the technical guidance of Professor Mao Yisheng.

Mao Yisheng has been engaged in education, bridge engineering and scientific leadership for 60 years, which not only trained a large number of engineering and technical talents for the motherland, but also introduced and created new technologies for modern bridge construction in China. For decades, Professor Mao Yisheng has written a lot, and published about 200 articles in Chinese and foreign newspapers and periodicals, some of which were selected as teaching materials. Representative works include: Qiantang River Bridge (published in 1950), Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge (published in 1958) and Chinese Bridges-Ancient Bridges and Modern Bridges (published in Japanese in1973; 1978 English version) and books on mechanical concepts, scientific systems and educational systems; Invented a simple multiplication and division calculator; He also edited ten volumes of Bridge Talk, which is a rare work in Chinese literature books since ancient times.

Professor Mao Yisheng has deep feelings for Tianjin. I have returned to Tianjin many times, enjoyed with teachers and students on the 85th anniversary of Tianjin University, and sent a congratulatory letter on the 90th anniversary of Tianjin University, expressing my deep feelings for Tianjin and Tianjin University.