Ancient astronomical classical Chinese

1. What did astronomers translate into ancient Chinese? The ancients called astronomers "experts" and astronomy "experts". Expert: an ancient scholar who was good at astronomical calendar calculation. According to the records of the post-Han calendar, "cutting off the tube is the law, blowing it to test the sound, listing things in harmony, and the essence of the Tao." Experts are difficult to know because of their low voices, and their scores are unknown. There are similarities and differences, so the school calendars of various schools are uneven. " Here refers to those who practice astrology, yin and yang, etc. Jin's "Bao Puzi Qin Mi": "The prescription is accumulated in Confucianism, and the book is also in the hands of artists." "The Book of the New Tang Dynasty Wang Yi Biography": "The stars will fall on the bed, and artists should say that they should be sick and not be in charge, so as to overcome them with fatigue." Pretend to be at the top. In the Qing Dynasty, Zhao Yi wrote a poem "Ma Jishan was buried at the first camp in April, which was a gift of cherishing ambition": "Thank you, the city will be beautiful, and the city will be beautiful. "A man proficient in tactics. Shao of the Three Kingdoms wrote "People's Tales and Flowing Industry": "There are two ways to flow people: there is a Qing family, a legalist, an artist ... art, which refers to fencing.

2. The basic knowledge of ancient classical Chinese determines that astronomical calendars, solar terms (the concepts of weather, season, hour and year) and the apparent movement of the sun and the moon have an important relationship with human life activities, so they have always been valued by Chinese medicine. In Neijing, there is a special book, Su Wenliu's Theory of Zangxiang, which discusses the internal regular relationship between human physiological and pathological changes and these factors. It is pointed out that the calendar is based on the movement of the sun, moon and stars. The function of calendar is to reflect the law of the rise and fall of Yin and Yang in heaven and earth, and finally settle on the theme that the rhythm of life movement corresponds to the heaven, earth, sun and moon. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, geoscience monographs came out one after another, mainly including Shan Hai Jing, Shang Gong and Guan Yu. The mountain classics in Shan Hai Jing comprehensively summarized the vast natural environment outside the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins, and discussed each mountain in different details. Hydrology (including the origin and flow direction of rivers, lakes, swamps, etc. ), animals and plants (including their morphological manifestations and medical effects), mineral specialties (including the characteristics of origin and color), myths and legends, etc. , the content is extremely rich, retaining a lot of extremely valuable knowledge of natural geography. Shangshu Gong Yu has made a big step forward than Shan Hai Jing in geoscience knowledge and geoscience thought. It is based on rivers in natural conditions. The natural boundary between mountains and seas divides the vast areas described into Kyushu: Hebei, Chongqing, Qinghai, Xu, Yang, Jing, Yu, Liang and Yong, and describes the characteristics of natural conditions (hydrology, soil and vegetation) in each area, which better explains the geographical characteristics of different areas. Guan's discussion on soil is very in-depth and detailed. It is based on the color, texture and structure of the soil. Vegetation and other natural conditions, the soil is divided into three grades: upper soil, middle soil and lower soil, and each grade is divided into six categories. This classification method is basically in line with reality. The ancients not only investigated the topography and soil, but also closely combined these contents with agriculture. For example, "the grain is not suitable for its land, and the country is poor." ("Guanzi Governing the Country") "Distinguish the soil and the people can be rich." ("Guanzi Governing the Country") At this time, there has been a book that combines geographical conditions with animals and plants: "Distinguish the lives of five places by the method of soil: on the one hand, mountains and forests, their animals should be hairy, their plants should be hairy, and their people should be square. On the other hand, Kawasawa, his beast should have scales. " Its people are experts and long-term. Its animals are suitable for introduction, its plants are suitable for pods, and its people are philosophers and hemorrhoids. On the fifth day, its animals should win, its plants should be overgrown, and its human flesh is rich. (Li Zhou Di Guan) The research results of earth science provide a scientific basis for the relationship between man and land in the theory of correspondence between man and nature. For example, the concept of Kyushu in Shangshu Gong Yu is in Shangshu. As one of the concrete contents of the correspondence between man and nature, nine items of "the twelve meridians Water" in Neijing can be found in Shangshu Gong Yu. In Neijing, the the twelve meridians of human body matches the water phase of natural the twelve meridians, which becomes one of the contents of the theory of correspondence between man and nature. In Neijing, the author discusses people. Among them, the physical characteristics of the five people are basically the same as those in Li Zhoudi Guan Da Tu, which shows the position and role of ancient geoscience knowledge in the theory of correspondence between man and nature. 3. In summer, phenology, astronomy and corresponding agricultural activities are discussed together, such as: the first month (month), the beginning of the sting, the flying of wild geese in the north, the difficulty of shaking, the danger of fish and the danger of ice. Prunes throw peaches, dikes engage, and chickens throw porridge (phenology). At the beginning of bucket handle, the sky hung (astronomical phenomena), the agricultural rate was even, and the crops were bumper (agricultural activities, etc.). ). For the relationship between phenology and crops, Lu's "Spring and Autumn Man Land" also records: "There is a big moon at the end of the grass, which is fifty days after winter. On the seventh day, the camp began and the campers were born. This statement combines the law of natural plants changing with seasons with agricultural activities and the growth period of crops, so that the law of natural plants changing becomes the guide of agricultural activities. It shows that China has rich phenological knowledge since ancient times. The five-element pattern of Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals is already an almost all-encompassing framework of the sky, phenology (including people), the earth and the universe. Phenological knowledge is of great significance in ancient science. In the case of low productivity, phenology is the reference for human beings to understand the natural laws such as seasons and climate, and it is the achievement of ancient astronomical calendar in China.

3. Ask China ancient astronomy books China has a very old book called "The Book of Heaven".

This is a history book.

Shangshu was called Shu in the pre-Qin period and Shangshu in later generations. Shang, Shang also, ancient books. There are 58 modern history books. It has been stereotyped in the pre-Qin period, and Confucius has used it as a textbook for students. The Analects of Confucius? As the saying goes, "the words of the son, the words of poetry and books, and the ceremony are all there." How many articles were there at that time? Shu Wei had 3240 articles in Han Dynasty. Hanshu? According to the records of art and literature, Confucius reduced it to 65,438+000. Confucius should only teach students one anthology. Later, after Qin Shihuang burned books to the Han Dynasty, the history books were divided into two types: modern and ancient. This kind of writing has always been a nationally recognized version in the Han Dynasty, and ancient prose can only be taught among the people, and it has only been recognized for a short period of time. It was not until Cao Pi, the son of Cao Cao, proclaimed himself emperor that the version of ancient prose was officially recognized and became an official school. Later, in the Western Jin Dynasty, this text was lost, and the ancient prose still existed. By the Tang Dynasty, 58 copies of the pseudo-ancient prose Shangshu had been published, replacing the academic status of the real ancient prose. Although it is fake, it is also an ancient treasure for people today; Of course, not all the fakes are fake, and 33 of them are true. This fake has been handed down to this day.

The content of Shangshu covers Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Therefore, after classification, they were called Yu Shu, Xia Shu, Shangshu and Zhou Shu. Of course, the current archaeology only examines the last three dynasties, and experts basically hold a negative attitude towards the DPRK, but I don't know why Confucius, who was well educated and well informed, would recognize the DPRK. Shangshu later became one of the six Confucian classics. Because its writing is obscure and Confucius himself is the editor-in-chief, there are so many researchers in China society from "inside" to "outside". Between the Han dynasty, there was a wind of history, which was a bit like Chairman Mao's book in the Cultural Revolution Middle School. Everyone must read it (only intellectuals). Therefore, many people make a living from this book. It is said that there are only tens of thousands of disciples under the master of the Han Dynasty, and the master of the Han Dynasty is like a cloud, so there are countless disciples. With regard to the annotation, understanding and development of Shangshu, one person can write hundreds of thousands of words. At that time, paper was not invented, but was written on bamboo, otherwise the related works would be even worse.

Why is Shangshu so attractive?

This has to start with its function-what does it do? Although the words in Shangshu are obscure and obscure, it is really difficult for the ancients to understand if they are not specialized researchers and teachers. Of course, it does not rule out that some people deliberately hold their freeloaders high, which increases the mystery and mystery of Shangshu. In fact, as some modern experts have pointed out, it is just a "compilation of official documents". Historical documents of the Zhou Dynasty and before, of course. According to my simple understanding, I should add that the documents are not arranged chronologically, but Mr. Kong Qiu, the first great editor in China, arranged the historical documents before the Zhou Dynasty selectively, purposefully and ideologically. Why make up such a book? In fact, the reason is very simple-a textbook for rulers (and their intellectuals who assist in ruling) to learn from historical experience and lessons in order to rule effectively. Don't people nowadays like to make up books about actual combat cases? Those editors may not have noticed that Confucius was the first person to do this kind of work, and the history books he edited can be popularly understood as "a series of actual cases in which the emperor ruled the world", which is the mysterious so-called "imperial art" series in the history of China.

4. Ask experts to help me sum up the common sense of astronomy and geography in ancient China. "Betelgeuse is the dividing line between Yizhou (now Sichuan) and Yongzhou (now most of Shaanxi and Gansu), and the Shu Road spans Yizhou and Yongzheng." Describe the earth-shattering scene when soldiers get off the bus, and that star is Betelgeuse.

See four pictures of the article "Twenty-eight Hostels". The stars are divided into wings, and the ground is connected with Lu Heng.

In order to predict the good or bad of the world with the change of astronomical phenomena, ancient astrologers corresponded the starry sky area with the countries and states on the ground, which was called the dividing line. "It means that Nanchang, Jiangxi is located within the dividing line between Yisu and Basu.

Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting: "Things are treasures, and dragon lanterns shoot bull markets.

The ancients imagined seven nights in the east, west, north and south as four animal images, called four elephants. Star, dividing line, ginseng, well. The names of the 28 boarding houses are arranged as follows from west to east:

Seven Hostels of Oriental Black Dragon (Jiao, Kangkang, Fang, Xin, Wei and Ji)

Seven nights in North Xuanwu (peas, cows, women, emptiness, danger, houses and walls)

The Seven Heroes of the West White Tiger (Kui, Lou, Wei, Chang Mao, Bi, Gou, Shen)

South Suzaku seven nights (well, ghost, willow, star, Zhang, wing, Zhen).

There are several stars every night. ""the stars in the sky can't beat it.

Specifically, it is to regard a star as the dividing line of a country, a star as the dividing line of a state, or conversely, regard a country as the dividing line of a star and a state as the dividing line of a star. Visiting a well means that Shu Dao is on the extremely high mountains of Yi and Yong countries, and people have to raise their heads and touch the stars in the sky to reach it. "Exaggerated description of the starry and dazzling palaces.

Tang Dynasty poem "Taiye Pool Song": "Communicate with Bailiang in the middle of the night, and arrive at Yutang in the 28th night."

It is a superstition that the ancients thought that all the people with fame in the world were born of stars. Commonly used astronomical calendar words in ancient times

Constellation was called constellation in ancient times. "It means that the products are colorful and have natural treasures. Longquan sword light points to Dousu and NiuSu Xing District.

The seven nights in the east are like dragons flying in the night sky in spring and early summer, so they are called black dragons and oriental officials.

The seven nights in the north appear like snakes and turtles in the night sky in summer and early autumn, so it is called Beiguan Xuanwu.

The seven-night tiger in the west jumps out of the night sky in late autumn and early winter, so it is called Xiguan White Tiger.

Seven nights in Nanguan is like a suzaku spreading its wings and flying, appearing in the night sky in winter and early spring, so it is called Nanguan suzaku.

For example, Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting: "Zhang Yu is the old county, and Hongdu is the new house.

Fan Jinzhong Residence: "Now I am the master, the stars in the sky. Liu Yuxi's poem: "The geese are startled at night, and the flags are fluttering and touching the stars.

Twenty-eight Hostels, also known as Twenty-eight Houses or Twenty-eight Stars, is a 28-star area divided by the ancients to observe the movement of the sun, the moon and the five stars, which is used to explain the position of the sun, the moon and the five stars.

Li Bai's Shu Dao Nan: Panting, we brushed Orion and crossed the well star. Then, we held our chest with our hands and groaned, and collapsed to the ground.

5. Who can recommend a book about astronomical phenomena, A Brief History of Astronomy, also known as Dan Zi Yuan's Song of Treading in the Sky? This is an astronomical book that can be studied more. The interesting thing about A Brief History of Astronomy is that the author compiled it in the form of China's unique seven-character poems and seven-character songs, and each sentence rhymes. Judging from the text of the article, you can travel in the sky with the author's brilliant pen. The editor is not only rich in astronomical knowledge, but also proves that ancient China literati really read poetry books. This description of starry sky full of Chinese flavor is quite different from the feeling of western astrological articles. The three walls of "Shi Tian Wall, Taiwei Wall and Wei Zi Wall" are mainly composed of angle, temple, house, heart, tail, dustpan, kui, building, stomach, wing, wall, hook, Shen, well, ghost, willow, star, Zhang and wing.

It is still the theory of evolution in Huai Nan Zi, but the theory of evolution in Huai Nan Zi tends to Taoism. Besides space, the astronomical view depicted is also mixed with the concept of time. It also contains the rhythm of describing yin and yang. Gong, Shang, Yu Shengjiao,,,,,,. . . And so on. The calculated news has a strong meaning, and this kind of article has China characteristics and thinking. Personally, I think this ancient astronomical prose is worth reading. The above are two masterpieces recommended for your reference.

6. What did astronomers translate into ancient Chinese? The ancients called astronomers "experts" and astronomy "technical knowledge".

Artist: Ancient refers to a scholar who was good at astronomical calendar calculation. Records of the Law and Discipline in the History of the Later Han Dynasty: "Cutting off the tube is the law, blowing it to test the sound, and listing it with the spirit of things is also the foundation of the Tao.

It is difficult for an artist to know that his voice and his score are unknown, so he pretends to be accurate. "Chronicle of the Book of Jin": "There is no need to have a routine in the Three Lights, and artists have their own similarities and differences, so the calendars are uneven."

Especially a person who practices professional and yin-yang methods. Jin Gehong's "Bao Puzi Qin Gui": "Fang Ce is both a product of Confucianism and a book in the palm of your hand."

"New Tang Book Wang Yichuan": "The big star will go straight to the couch and fall in the court. The artist said that it is appropriate to get rid of illness and not manage to win." Song Luyou's Notes on the Old Learning Temple (Volume 10): "The father of Master Cai must be buried in Linping Mountain, and his shape is not right.

Surgeons say it's okay to carry a load and pretend to be at the top. Zhao Yi of the Qing Dynasty wrote a poem "The First Camp Funeral in April is a Ceremony in Ma Jishan": "Thank you for your words, a good city is the shadow of a queen."

A man skilled in tactics. Wei Liu Shao of the Three Kingdoms wrote "People's Tales and Flowing Industry": "There are two ways to flow people: Ming, Legalist and Artist ... Thinking through channels and planning wonderful artists, so are Fan Li and Sean."

Someone who is proficient in a certain skill. "Surprise at the First Moment" Volume IV: "If an artist is called revenge, what must be the most?" Art, this refers to fencing.

7. Is there any classical Chinese that records the ancients' understanding of the phenomenon of day and night? In the eyes of the ancients, nature is mysterious, celestial bodies are mysterious, and mysterious forces dominate the world in the whole universe.

All kinds of natural phenomena are controlled by gods, and these gods have names, such as the name of the wind Lord, the name of the rain Lord in Fei Lian, the name of the cloud Lord, the name of the moon Lord, and the name of Wangshu China, one of the earliest countries in the world. Agricultural production needs accurate farming time, so people naturally have to observe the astronomical phenomena very diligently, and ancient astronomical knowledge has developed accordingly. Eclipses have been recorded in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

There are records about stars and astronomical phenomena in Shangshu, Shijing, Chunqiu, Zuozhuan, Guoyu and Erya. "Historical Records" lists the official books, and "Hanshu" also lists "Tianzhi", which is a chapter devoted to discussing and recording astronomical phenomena.

We now know some common basic astronomical concepts in ancient books, which is undoubtedly helpful to improve our ability to read ancient books. Seven policies (seven obsidians): The sun, the moon and Jin Mu are five stars.

Golden wood fire, water and earth are the five planets actually observed by the ancients, also known as the five latitudes. Venus: Ancient star, also known as Taibai, is silvery white and extremely bright.

In The Book of Songs, Zheng Feng, a female crow, said, "Zi Xing looks at the night and the stars are shining", "Martin, Dongmen Yang" and "Faint for a while, the stars are shining", which means Venus. Venus is called Qi Ming at dawn in the east and Chang Gung Memorial at dusk in the west.

The Book of Songs, Xiaoya Dadong, is also about Venus. Jupiter: the ancient name of nian, also known as nian.

In the twelfth year, the Lunar New Year runs around the sky and passes through a certain starry sky area every year, so the date can be set according to the itinerary of the Lunar New Year. Mercury: Also known as Chen Xing.

Mars: an ancient name. Saturn: an ancient name for revitalizing or filling stars.

Precession: Due to the slight influence of the gravity of the sun and the moon on the equator of the earth, the earth's axis makes a conical motion around the ecliptic axis, and slowly moves westward, circling for about 26,000 years, and at the same time makes vernal equinox move westward at a speed of 50.2 seconds per year. This phenomenon is called precession.

Yu of the Jin Dynasty first determined the more accurate age difference in China, and reached the conclusion that "fifty years recede by one degree", which advanced the time of distinguishing sidereal years from solar years in Chinese calendars. The earliest calendar for calculating precession was Zu Chongzhi's Da Li Ming.

Sanyuan: Ziweiyuan, Taiweiyuan and Tianshiyuan. When you see the sky above the north in the Yellow River Basin, other stars around you gather into an area based on Polaris, which is called Ziweiyuan.

The ancients believed that Ziwei Garden was the location of the Emperor of Heaven. Outside Ziwei Garden, the star area north of Zhang Yi is Taiwei Garden.

The star-shaped area north of the jumping point at the end of the room is the Shi Tian Wall. Du Fu's "Autumn Sending Stone to Xue Mingfu": "Purple is slightly near the big horn, and the emperor rides on it."

Arcturus, the bright star in the northern sky, was regarded by the ancients as the throne of heaven. Xi (Xi): the grade of the stars. This concept does not refer to a star, but to a collection of several adjacent stars.

Twenty-eight Hostels (House and Star): Twenty-eight Star Zone. The ancients observed the movement of the sun, the moon and the five stars with the stars as the background. The relative position between the stars was relatively stable, so it can be used to observe the position of the movement of the sun, the moon and the five stars.

After observation, the ancients successively chose 28 stars (all stars) near the equator of the ecliptic as coordinates, which are called 28 nights, that is, the seven nights of the Oriental Black Dragon: horn, sound, fork, room, heart, tail and dustpan. Seven nights in northern Xuanwu: fighting, cattle, women, air, danger, houses and walls.

Seven nights in the West White Tiger: Kui, Lou, Wei, Chang, Bi, Gou and Shen. Seven nights in South Suzaku: well, ghost, willow, star, Zhang, wing and bird.

The ancients imagined the seven nights of each side as four kinds of animals, that is, four elephants. Similar to westerners, they associate constellations with animal images. )

Literary works related to Twenty-eight Lodgings include: The Book of Songs, The Wind in July, and Full of Fire in July. "Tang Style Prepare for the Future": "The reward is good, and Samsung is in the sky."

"Samsung is in the corner." "Three stars are at home."

Mao Zhuan: "Samsung, Shenye. Samsung is in the sky and can get married. "

Jian Zheng: "Samsung is also called Antares." According to careful study, the three stars mentioned in the three chapters of this poem mean that the three constellations appear in turn at different times and overnight.

Chapter 1 "Samsung in the sky" refers to Betelgeuse Samsung; The second chapter "Samsung in the corner" refers to the heart of Samsung; At the end of the chapter, "there are three stars at home" refers to a river drum with three stars. The three stars above are bright and close in the sky.

Xiaoya, Progressive Stone: "When the moon leaves the finish line, it will be torrential." Mao Zhuan: "Never put off till tomorrow what you can.

It rained when the moon left the cloudy stars. "The first quarter of the moon, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, is the rainy season in Qiu Meng.

"Xiaoya Dadong": "Weinan has a basket and cannot be fried; There is a fight in Weibei, so you can't lick wine. " "Justice": "The dustpan fights in the south, the dustpan fights in the south, and the dustpan fights in the north, so it is called the big dipper."

Ding Fengzhi Zhong Fang: "Zhong Fang, Zhi Ding, made by Chu Palace." Mao Zhuan: "Ding, the camp room is also."

Biography: "Ding, the night in the north, the star of the camp room. This star is very dark, in the middle, and summer is in October.

Then, you can build a palace, so it's called a camp. "Camp room is the name of the wall lodge and room lodge.

Zuo Zhuan: "Rowen Chen Fu." "The sun hides ice in the northern land and sees it in the west."

Hokuriku is a virtual hut, with the east point in ancient times. The western continent is the Pleiades, commonly known as the Seven Sisters cluster.

Chang 'e and Bi Qiushi both appeared in the night sky. The dragon wall is the heaven and the main national border, with China in the south and foreign countries in the north.

So the ancients often used stars to care about war. Pleiades is also known as Luotouxing.

Confucius in Shangshu said: "Menstruation is wind when dusting, and rain when leaving the end." The word "wind and rain" came from this.

Generally speaking: Mars stays in Antares. Mars is in the heart.

Wang Bo's preface to Wang Teng-ting: "Things are treasures, and the dragon light shoots the bull market." Bullfighting is similar to two stars.

Zou Yang's "King Liang in Prison": "Taibai eats coffins." Venus covers the Pleiades.

Su Shi's "Thousand Red Cliffs Fu": "Xiao Yan, the moon rises above the East Mountain and lingers between bullfights." Du Fu's "To Wei Ba Chu Shi": "When friends meet, it is as difficult as the stars in the morning and evening."

Participating in the west, business in the east, can not appear in the air at the same time. Zhang Heng's Four Fu Xuan: "The barrier of view falls in the north."

Li Bai's "Army Song of General Sima": "The stars in the north shine, and the heroes in the south are like clouds and thunderous." The abbreviation of the Northern Clan Sect, Bright Star, symbolizes the Yulin military gate that defends the North.

The north gate of ancient Chang 'an was called Beiluomen. Han Yu's three-star tour: "When I was born, the moon was fighting in the south and the cows were fighting.