What are the books of Confucius?

Poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, spring and autumn, Zhouyi, university, the doctrine of the mean.

1, poetry

The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems and the beginning of China's ancient poems. Collected poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (pre-1 1 century to the 6th century), with a total of * * * 31/,among which 6 poems are full, that is, there are only titles but no contents, which is called full poems.

In the pre-Qin period, the Book of Songs was called "The Book of Songs", or it was called "The Book of Songs 300" by integers. In the Western Han Dynasty, it was honored as a Confucian classic, formerly known as The Book of Songs, which has been in use ever since. The Book of Songs is divided into three parts: style, elegance and ode. "Wind" is a ballad of Zhou Dynasty. Elegant music is the official music of Zhou people, which is divided into harmony and elegance. Ode is a music song used for sacrificial rites in Zhou and aristocratic ancestral temples, which is divided into, and Shang songs.

Confucius once summarized the purpose of the Book of Songs as "innocence" and educated his disciples to read the Book of Songs as their standard of speech and action. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, many people quoted The Book of Songs, such as Mencius, Xunzi, Mozi, Zhuangzi and Han Feizi. Quote the sentences in the Book of Songs to enhance your persuasiveness. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, The Book of Songs was regarded as a classic by Confucianism and became one of the six classics and five classics.

The Book of Songs is rich in content, reflecting labor and love, war and corvee, oppression and resistance, customs and marriage, ancestor worship and feasting, and even astronomical phenomena, landforms, animals and plants. It is a mirror of the social life of the Zhou Dynasty.

2. This book

Shangshu is a compilation of works about ancient deeds, the earliest title of which was Book. It is divided into Yu Shu, Xia Shu, Shangshu and Zhou Shu. Because it is one of the five Confucian classics, it is also called the Book of Songs. The book Shangshu, which is popular now, is co-edited by the bronze inscription Shangshu and the pseudo-ancient prose Shangshu.

Twenty-eight pieces of Shangshu dictated by Fu Sheng, a scholar in the Western Han Dynasty, are modern versions of Shangshu. When Liu Yu, the Duke of Lu in the Western Han Dynasty, demolished a section of the wall of Confucius' former residence, he found another section of Shangshu, which is the ancient prose Shangshu. In the battle of Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty, the modern and ancient versions of Shangshu were all lost. At the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Shi Meihuan of Zhang Yu presented a history book to the court, including 33 modern literature histories and 25 ancient literature pseudographs.

Shangshu is listed as one of the important core Confucian classics and the basic book of Confucian studies in past dynasties. "Shang" means "Shang". Shangshu is an ancient book and the earliest compilation of historical documents in China. The traditional Shangshu (also called Jinwen Shangshu) was handed down by Fu Sheng. Legend is the heritage of "Three Graves and Five Codes" in ancient culture.

3. "Li"

The Book of Rites, a classic of the ancient book of rites, refers to the Confucian classic Shi Li, and later often refers to Yi Li. Later it was called the Book of Rites. Li is one of the six classics in pre-Qin and one of the thirteen classics in Southern Song Dynasty.

4. Pragmatic trade (labor exchange) Low Explosive)? employment agency (labor exchange)

Jing Yue, the title of the book, is one of the Six Classics. There was a music classic in the pre-Qin period. This theory is not only found in the handed down document Zhuangzi Tianxia, but also confirmed by Guodian Bamboo Slips. Liu De, a bamboo slip in Guodian, said: "It is also important to watch poetry books, rites and music, and Yi Chunqiu." Yu Cong, another piece of bamboo slips, also has the language of Six Classics.

There are many opinions about the spread of Jing Yue. One is that Jing Yue has died of the Qin fire that burned books and buried Confucianism; The other is always in Chun Guan; Another reason is that there is no Jing Yue. The view that Jing Yue died of Qin fire is more credible and has been accepted by most people.

5. Spring and Autumn Annals

Spring and Autumn Annals is an ancient historical and literary work in China. Also known as Chunqiu Jing, Lin Jing or Lin Shi. Later, there appeared many works that supplemented, explained and expounded the history recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals, which were called Biography. Representative works include Zuo Zhuan, Ram Zhuan and Gu Liangzhuan, which are collectively called the three great biographies of the Spring and Autumn Period.

The language of events recorded in Chunqiu is extremely concise, but almost every sentence implies praise and criticism, which is called "Chunqiu brushwork" and "subtle meaning" by later generations. It is one of the classic Confucian Classics in ancient China, the first chronological history book in China and the national history of Lu in Zhou Dynasty. The existing version is said to have been revised by Confucius.

6. Zhouyi

The Book of Changes, one of the Three Changes of the Book of Changes (another view: the Book of Changes is three changes, not the Book of Changes), is one of the traditional classics. It is said that it was written by Zhou Wenwang Jichang, and its contents include the Book of Changes and the Book of Changes. Classics are mainly composed of 64 hexagrams and 384 hexagrams, each of which has its own interpretation (hexagrams) for divination. It contains seven languages * * * and ten quatrains explaining hexagrams, which are collectively called Ten Wings. It is said that it was written by Confucius.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, official schools began to evolve into private schools. There is a gradual development before and after the Yi-ology, and a hundred schools of thought contend, so it is easy to divide. Since Confucius praised the Book of Changes, the Book of Changes has been regarded as a Confucian classic and the first of the Six Classics by Confucianism. In addition to Confucianism, there are two schools of Yi-ology and Confucianism-Yi-Yi, which develop in parallel: one is Yi-ology, which still exists in the old forces; The other is Laozi's Taoist Yi, which began to be divided into three branches.

The General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu divides the origin and evolution of Yi-ology into "two schools and six schools". Two schools, namely, the school of mathematics and the school of righteousness; Six cases, one is divination, the other is auspiciousness, the third is accidents, the fourth is old Zhuang Zong, the fifth is Confucianism, and the sixth is history.

Zhouyi is the theoretical source of natural philosophy and humanistic practice in China's traditional ideology and culture, the crystallization of China's ancient thoughts and wisdom, and is known as the "source of Tao". The content is extremely rich, which has had a far-reaching impact on China's politics, economy, culture and other fields for thousands of years.

The Book of Changes is the first of Qunjing and a teaching book.

7. University

"University" is an essay on Confucian thoughts of self-cultivation, governing the country and leveling the world. Originally the 42nd Book of Rites Dai Xiao, it is said that it was written by Ceng Zi during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In fact, it is a Confucian work in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and it is an important work for China to discuss educational theory in ancient times.

After being highly praised by Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi in the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty wrote "University Chapters and Sentences", which was finally called "Four Books" together with The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, "Da Xue" became the official textbook of the school and the required reading of the imperial examination, which had a great influence on the ancient education in China.

The "Three Outlines" and "Eight Items" put forward in "University" emphasize that self-cultivation is the premise of governing people, and the purpose of self-cultivation is to govern the country and the world, which shows the consistency between governing the country and the world and personal moral cultivation.

The full text of "Da Xue" is concise, profound and far-reaching. This paper mainly summarizes the pre-Qin Confucian moral cultivation theory, as well as the basic principles and methods of moral cultivation, and also systematically discusses the Confucian political philosophy, which has profound enlightenment for being a man, doing things and governing the country.

8. The golden mean

The Doctrine of the Mean is a monograph of China's ancient moral philosophy on the realm of life accomplishment, and it is one of the Confucian classics. Originally belonging to Chapter 31 of the Book of Rites, it is said that it was written by Zi Si during the Warring States Period. Its content affirms that "the golden mean" is the highest standard of moral behavior, and "sincerity" reaches the highest realm of life, and puts forward the learning process and cognitive methods of "erudition, interrogation, deliberation, discernment and loyalty"

Scholars in Song Dynasty extracted the golden mean from The Book of Rites, and called it "Four Books" together with Daxue, Analects of Confucius and Mencius. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it became an official textbook, and the imperial examination was compulsory, which had a great influence on the ancient education and society in China. Its main annotations include Cheng Hao's The Doctrine of the Mean, Cheng Yi's Interpretation of the Doctrine of the Mean, Zhu's Chapters of the Doctrine of the Mean, Li Yong's Biography of the Doctrine of the Mean, Dai Zhen's Supplementary Notes on the Doctrine of the Mean, Kang Youwei's Notes on the Doctrine of the Mean, Ma Qichang's Friends of the Doctrine of the Mean and Hu's Brief Comments on the Doctrine of the Mean.