Main carriers and characteristics of ancient literature

Literature introduction: Chapter 1: The carrier and form of classical literature.

The carrier and form of literature

Carving mold carrier (Oracle Bone Inscriptions, epigraphy) → writing carrier (bamboo slips, silk books, papyrus, parchment, scallops, etc. ) → writing and printing carrier (paper) → induction carrier (film, tape, magnetic disk, optical disk database).

In the Han Dynasty, China invented papermaking, and paper was widely used as an ideal carrier of various documents, and it was used for the longest time. Today, paper is still the main carrier of Chinese literature. Emerging photosensitive materials and magnetic materials, namely film and magnetic tape, are a new type of document carriers, which are very popular and have been widely used, and tend to replace paper in some fields.

Section 1 Form of Carrier

1. Oracle Bone Inscriptions

Oracle Bone Inscriptions was discovered in the 25th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1899). At that time, Wang, a stone collector living in Beijing, discovered the "dragon bone" in traditional Chinese medicine by an accidental medical opportunity, and immediately found Oracle Bone Inscriptions with ancient Chinese characters. He searched everywhere and got about 1500.

Soon after, Wang died, and his Oracle bones were collected by Liu E (Tieyun), a dante, and Liu continued to collect them, totaling about 5,000 pieces. Among them, 1058 pieces with good calligraphy were printed on 1903, which is the first record of Oracle bone inscriptions.

From 65438 to 0904, Sun Yirang, a master of park studies, wrote two volumes of The Case of Wen Qi, which was the beginning for China scholars to study Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

1907, Luo Zhenyu in Shangyu began to collect Oracle bones, and personally went to investigate and obtained more than 30,000 pieces of Oracle bones.

19 13, Luo Zhenyu successively published the Postscript of Yin Ruins and other monographs, which became a must-read for studying Oracle Bone Inscriptions's contribution.

19 17, Wang Guowei published "An Examination of Kings in Yin Dynasties", which proved that the family in Shiji Yinbenji was the first paper with academic value.

From 1928 to 1937, the former Academia Sinica conducted 15 excavations of Yin Ruins in Henan Province, obtained a large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and published the first edition and the second edition of Yin Ruins.

1955, the Institute of Archaeology of China Academy of Sciences sorted out the Yin Ruins, and in recent years, it sorted out the Oracle Bone Inscriptions Collection, which is a magnificent sight and a masterpiece of Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

2. Jinshi

From Shang Dynasty to Qin and Han Dynasties, slave owners and nobles mainly used copper and tin alloys to cast ritual vessels, musical instruments, daily necessities and other utensils, which were called bronzes because of their bluish gray color. Bronzes are often cast or engraved with words, which are called "inscriptions" or "inscriptions".

The ritual vessels in bronzes are mostly Ding, and the musical instruments are mostly Zhong. Therefore, the predecessors used Zhong and Ding as nicknames for bronzes, and their inscriptions were also called "Zhong Dingwen".

Stone carving is easier than engraving on bronze. Since Qin and Han Dynasties, stone carving has gradually replaced the main position of golden carving. The earliest stone carving in China is Shi Guwen, which was discovered in Daxing County (now south of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) in the early Tang Dynasty. On 65,438+00 polished drum-shaped stones, each stone is engraved with a four-character poem, which praises Qin's hunting and recreational life, so it is also called "hunting and hunting".

There are many controversies about when the stone drum was made, whether it was in Zhou Xuanwang or Zhou Chengwang. Zheng Qiao in the Southern Song Dynasty was called Qin Carving because his works often coincided with Qin wares. Later generations have also said that it is recognized that the stone drum stone was carved by the Qin Dynasty. After thousands of years of tossing, most of the ten stone characters have peeled off, and there is no handwriting on one of them. The original stone is now in the Palace Museum.

Guo Moruo has a book "Study on Shi Guwen" for reference.

After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he traveled around and carved stones everywhere to record his merits. There are Taishan, Yishan, Langya, Zhifu, Dongguan, Jieshi, Yi Hui and other stone carvings. The fonts are all Xiao Zhuan, which is said to have been written by Li Si. Most of these stone carvings have disappeared, and now only Langya stone carvings are left.

13 lines of 87 words, displayed in the China History Museum. Sima Qian included these stone carvings in the Biography of Qin Shihuang, which created a precedent with stone carvings as historical materials.

Shijing: Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, there have been stone-carving scriptures in Wei, Tang, Houshu, Song and Qing Dynasties. The most important ones are Xiping Book of Songs (Eastern Han Dynasty), Zhengshi Book of Songs (Wei and Jin Dynasties) and Kaicheng Book of Songs (Tang Dynasty).

Third, bamboo slips.

Bamboo slips are the collective name of bamboo slips (or wooden slips) and woodcuts.

In ancient times, the long and narrow bamboo pieces written were called "Jian" and the wooden blocks were called "Jie" or "Ban". The version is square, also called "square". What connects bamboo slips together is called "book", which is a hieroglyphic character connecting bamboo slips. The general policy of "book" is also called "policy". The ancient people often said "bamboo slips" and "recipes" refer to books written on bamboo slips.

There are some compilation methods for simple strategies, some are compiled before writing, and some are written before editing. Woven with cowhide is called "Weizhi".

"I like" Yi "in the evening, and I read the book" Yi ".

-"Historical Records Confucius Family"

Things woven with ribbons are called "silk weaving" and have various colors.

"Sun Zishu, a green bamboo slip, is woven with light green silk rope."

-Liu Xiang "Don't record"

1in April, 977, 4,942 bamboo slips were unearthed from No.1 Han Tomb in Zhangzishan, Linyi, Shandong Province, most of which were pre-Qin books, including Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sun Bin's Art of War, Liu Tao, Wei Liaozi, Mozi, Guanzi and Yanzi. In the same year, in June, 5438 +065438+10, 92 bamboo slips were unearthed from the Han tomb in Hantanpo, Wuwei, with more than 30 complete prescriptions, including acupoints, which was a taboo for acupuncture treatment.

1977, a simplified Chinese version unearthed from the Western Han Tomb in Shuanggudui, Fuyang, Anhui Province. The owner of the tomb is Han Ruyin and Hou Xiahou Chef. Discovery of Anhui cultural relics team, etc. Fuyang Han bamboo slips are classified as 10 kinds of ancient books. Because there is no remaining title in the original book, today's name is either the original name of the biography or another name based on the content. Among them are Cang Xie Pian, The Book of Songs, The Book of Changes, Everything, Lv Chunqiu and so on.

1973, bamboo slips unearthed from the Han Tomb in Dingxian County, Hebei Province, have three parallel versions of Lu Lun, Qi Lun and Gu Lun. 1975,155 bamboo slips were unearthed from the Qin tomb in Shuihudi, Yunmeng County, Hubei Province.

From 1972 to 1976, nearly 30,000 Han bamboo slips were excavated in the Elona River basin, and more than 70 relatively complete books were sorted out, which is very important for understanding the system of simple strategies.

Saw the wood into sections, then cut it into thin slices, flatten it, call it a version, and write it into words. As the carrier of literature, bamboo slips have the advantages of easy access to materials and convenient writing compared with Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions. However, the number of words contained in bamboo slips is limited, which makes it inconvenient to save, carry and read.

Fourth, silk.

Silk, silk fabrics. As the carrier of documents, ancient silk fabrics are generally called silk books. Silk products are also called plain, silk and silk, so they can also be called plain books, silk books and silk books. It can also be abbreviated as "Su" and "Si".

Advantages and disadvantages of silk books;

(Excellent) Soft, smooth and easy to write; Easy to intercept; Convenient to carry, etc.

(lack of) not easy to preserve for a long time; Expensive.

Silk books probably originated from bamboo slips in the Spring and Autumn Period, and articles were written with silk fabrics.

There are often records of "bamboo and silk" mentioned side by side in pre-Qin documents, which refer to bamboo slips and silk books.

In the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang used both bamboo and silk in school textbooks, but in the Eastern Han Dynasty, officials and elites liked silk and hated simple strategies.

1973+February, a large number of silk books of the Western Han Dynasty were unearthed in Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, including Laozi, Ten Classics, Letters of the Warring States Period, as well as works on military books, medical books, history, philosophy and history. It has a large number, complete contents and extremely precious academic value, which enriches our understanding of silk.

"Bamboo slips and silk books", simplified books and silk books are the main forms of books in Han Dynasty, that is, silk was still used for some time after the invention of paper. Until the Sui and Tang Dynasties, most people stopped using silk except painters and calligraphers.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) paper

As a cheap and easily available writing material, paper is an ideal document carrier. Bamboo is simple and bulky, while silk is soft and expensive, so it is not easy to carry as a writing material.

Cai Lun Biography, Volume 78 of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, said: "Since ancient times, books and deeds have been compiled with bamboo slips, and those who use silks are called paper."

During the Eastern Han Dynasty and Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, Cai Lun, the eunuch who served as the minister of Chinese calligraphy, invented "Cai Hou Paper". This kind of paper is cheap, light, suitable for writing and gradually popularized.

Paper-making invented by China spread to Central Asia, Europe and America after six or seven hundred years, which played an inestimable role in the development of world culture.

From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, silk, bamboo slips and paper were always used together, and the concept of attaching importance to silk over paper was still strong among nobles and upper-class society. In the third year of Yongxing in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (404), Emperor Huan Xuan ordered "replacing Jane with paper". Since then, paper has been established as the only document carrier, ending the era of bamboo and silk.

Ancient famous paper

cigarette paper

wormwood

thank

Cheng Xin Tang Zhi

Wool paper [China writing paper made of bamboo]

High-grade paper made of bamboo (produced in Jiangxi)

Six, film, tape

Film, photosensitive material. Photosensitive materials used in printing industry include black-and-white photographic film and color photographic film.