How to play chess? .....

Chess Chess is one of the oldest fighting games in the world, with the same name as Weiqi, China Chess and Japanese General Chess. It is generally believed that this game existed in northern India 500 years ago. The chess pieces at that time were much simpler than today's chess. They represent the infantry, warriors, chariots and elephants in ancient India. On the chessboard, the king and his Vezi (today's queen) command everything. According to most historians, chess gradually spread from India to Central Asia, China, Persia and Europe. 165438+ prevailed in Constantinople in the 20th century, and it was the favorite pastime of Byzantine emperor Aleksis Comenius.

As soon as this game spread to the west, the names and designs of individual pieces were linked with the social class under the feudal system in Europe at that time. Wang Hebing certainly hasn't changed. Elephants were a heavy force in Indian army, but they were replaced by bishops in the west. Bishops had considerable power in the medieval church at that time, but no one knew that elephants were extremely powerful in western wars. The chess historian Levi described that Hannibal used animal power to fight in Italy in the Second Punic War. The samurai on the Indian chessboard turned into horses and was recognized as the representative of chivalry by the world. Ancient chariots became castles (German "turn", Spanish "torre" and French "tour" all mean castles), while English means "rook" (city-shaped chess pieces). The word comes from Persian "ruhk" (meaning chariot) or Italian "rocco". (meaning tower). Finally, he changed his name to Hou, who was the main figure in the medieval court.

/kloc-At the end of 0/5, the rules of chess changed naturally in Europe.

One of the most important changes is that he changed from being attached to the king to being a very deterrent role on the chessboard. In addition, soldiers can choose two squares when they set off, for example, elephants can walk freely on the diagonal, and kings can translocate with the car. These changes can be said to be very close to the development of 159 countries and regions in the world today. This move has been recognized by 5 million registered players of the World Chess Organization Chess Federation. Until the 20th century, chess was still regarded as a game for nobles and people with money and leisure. Today, since the October Revolution of 19 17, with the attention and vigorous promotion of the Soviet government, chess has gradually become popular. If the Chess Federation has 5 million registered players and hundreds of millions of people can play chess (according to the statistics of the Chess Federation in the 1990s, there are about 300 million in the world now), then, except for a few top players who regard it as an art and lifelong career, the rest are all fans of this sport.

Indeed, in the former Soviet Union and Russia, which took over the banner of "chess kingdom" in the former Soviet Union, chess is a national sport, regarded as "national chess" and more popular than football. Due to the vigorous promotion of the state and the masses, the grandmasters of the former Soviet Union have controlled the world chess world more or less since the 1940s, although their advantages were quickly challenged by western chess powers such as Britain and the United States.

Among all the board games, chess is an ideal game that combines strategy, tactics and pure technology. Compared with backgammon, winning or losing depends on a roll of dice, which is really not up to you; Compared with international checkers, the size of chess pieces controls the outcome of technology. Compared with chess in ideological content, scientific nature and depth, only the Japanese general chess can be compared with China's Go and Chess.

Chess is almost a game that combines art, science, knowledge and inspiration. The analysis of the game is an experimental use of logic, and we need a creative inspiration in the operation of the battle to attack the king and strategic issues. However, chess is more than just testing word intelligence like crossword puzzles. The chess game makes both sides fall into a bloodless battle, which is a fierce and sharp contest between their thoughts and will, and a tenacious contest of physical strength.

Chess is changeable and interesting, which plays an excellent role in developing children's intelligence. Therefore, at present, many countries in the world have included chess in the primary school curriculum.

Legend of the origin of chess

According to historical legends, chess originated in ancient India, and the earliest records found in the current literature were written in Persian during the Sassanian Dynasty. It is said that a Hindu guru saw the king's conceit and vanity and decided to teach him a lesson. He recommended a game to the king that was unknown at that time. The king is surrounded by a group of sycophantic ministers all day, bored, and needs games to get rid of his depressed mood.

The king soon became interested in this novel game. When he was happy, he asked the master what reward he needed in return for his loyalty. The master said: Please put 1 grain of wheat in the first box, 2 grains in the second box, 4 grains in the third box and 8 grains in the fourth box ... In other words, every order is ranked last. The king smiled and generously agreed to the humble request of his master.

However, when the wheat was ripe, the king found that according to the agreement with the owner, the wheat in India was not even half the number of squares on the chessboard. The amount of grain requested by the owner is actually astronomical.

Many people who study chess think that chess originated in India. This stems from the article "Indian Chess" published by British william jones in Asian Studies 1790. Most western scholars agree with him. Because the world culture at that time was British culture.

There is an interesting story about the emergence of chess. It is said that before 2000, India had a very cruel king. Do whatever you want. The king has a trusted minister. He wants to advise the king with the truth that "a king cannot exist without his subjects", but he is afraid to put forward his opinions publicly. He came up with a suggestion: on a wooden chessboard, two armies were formed with bone blocks to fight; On the one hand, there is a leader, Wang, and four arms, including chariots, horses, elephants and soldiers, which are combined into an overall lineup. The king is the most important chess piece, and the battle is over when a king dies; At the same time, Wang is also a weak link. He can only rely on his comrades, that is, other more powerful pieces to protect him. These pieces must protect the king together in the whole battle. A chess piece weaker than the king counts as a soldier. But if you are good at commanding, make the soldiers go deep into the enemy's base and reach the bottom of the opponent, the soldiers can become the strongest chess pieces. This is the first game of chess, and it spread quickly. On the one hand, it spread westward to Persia, Arabia and Europe, and after changes, it formed modern chess; On the other hand, it spread eastward to Myanmar, Southeast Asia and China.

It was not until the 1970s that the situation changed. Dr Joseph Needham, a famous British scholar, clearly pointed out in China's History of Science and Culture that chess is the creation of China people. He analyzed in detail the relationship between China's ancient game-Liubo and astronomy, symbolism and mathematics. He said: "Only in China, the prevalence of Yin-Yang theory promoted the emergence of the embryonic form of chess, invented astronomical divination, and then developed into a game with military significance." Later, Soviet scholars published articles in succession, refuting the Indian origin theory. 1972 Yugoslav historian bijiv's monograph "chess-a symbol of the universe" draws the conclusion that chess first appeared in China in 569 AD, and then gradually spread.

Dr. Cherevko, a researcher at the Far East Institute of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, published an article in the 1984+0 issue of Soviet Chess. According to his research, chess originated from the idea of the Book of Changes: sixty squares, corresponding to eight trigrams, and black and white corresponding to yin and yang.

So far, no refutation articles by experts and scholars have been seen. It can be considered that Dr. Cherevko's view that chess originated from the Book of Changes has gained a firm foothold in the world.

Around 5000 BC, 8×8 line paintings (painted pottery paintings unearthed from Yuanyangchi site in Yongchang, Gansu) appeared in China. Before 10 century BC, it can be concluded that there was an ancient chess called "Liu Bo". In the 5th century BC, Liubo was reformed into a "plug-in drama". Confucius (55 BC1-476 BC) said that "there are no chess players" (The Analects of Confucius), in which chess refers to Liu Bo and Go. According to historical records, the "Elephant Play" invented by Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in the 6th century (the late Northern and Southern Dynasties) (AD 569) is basically the same as the "Hundred Treasure Chess" found underground in the Tang Dynasty: 8×8 sets (64 squares) with cubes and chess pieces placed on the squares, which is the pattern of modern chess.

At the latest at the end of the 6th century and the beginning of the 7th century, Xiangxi entered India (the possibility of Liubo, Cisse and quasi-Xiangxi entering India earlier was not ruled out), forming the "Chatulanz" and "Chastelain" in the Middle East. Both Chatulanz and Chastelain are translated into Chinese as "four-color chess" (or "square chess"). The physical basis of archaeology is that four-color chess did not appear in India until the 8th century. The earliest written record of "four-color chess" is the Kashmir epic Rathanahar in the 9th century. "Chastelain" later evolved into "Persian chess" and was introduced to Europe. About15th century, wood was shaped into today's modern chess.

The "Indian origin theory" originated from the British, who had better deny it. In the Encyclopedia Britannica 1984 edition, the origin of chess is also said to be India or China, and the origin of India is emphatically introduced. However, when the English version of Chess China School was published in Britain in 2003, there was a sentence in the introduction edited by Britain's largest publishing group: "Although some earliest chess forms were found in ancient China". It is not easy for British scholars to change their views.

Today, people discuss the origin of chess and draw various conclusions through legend, hypothesis, archaeology and logic. Hypothesis points out the direction for archaeological argumentation, and legends supplement the lack of archaeological logic. After all, the chess generation is too old. Just like the oldest history, it takes a very long process to reproduce the truth. But in general, there are two points about the origin: 1. Chess originated in Asia and was later introduced to Europe. The original rule is to roll the dice to decide who will play chess.

In addition, experts and scholars seem to have reached a * * * understanding on the origin logic: First, chess is an artifact. It's essentially a model. Second, chess is the materialization of human thought and consciousness. It is essentially a simulation. Third, modern chess is the result of the continuous evolution of ancient chess. Fourth, the influence of evolution comes from all aspects (including the influence of all kinds of chess). Fifth, the way of evolution is gradual mutation. Sixth, evolution and continuity exist. Seventh, the study of the origin should start with the three elements of chess structure-chessboard, chess pieces and chess rules. Eighth, chessboard, chess pieces and chess rules play different roles in the origin, evolution and stereotypes of chess. Ninth, chessboards, chess pieces and chess rules must not appear at the same time. Tenth, there is no "original inventor". This can be explained as follows: In the real world, time is irreversible. Therefore, time can create history, and time can also destroy history. Starting from this logic, we will never find the "original inventor". I have to be content with "the product of society, the crystallization of wisdom." Actually, in many ways, chess is more like a movie.

There is another saying about the origin of chess that it was invented by Arabs. Because the chess that people are familiar with today was developed in Persia. The word "chariot" in chess comes from Persian.

How to play chess

Chess consists of black and white, with white chess first. The purpose of playing chess is to kill the opponent's king.

Competition rules:

When the king of one side is attacked by the opponent's chess pieces, he becomes a king and is taken as a general. The attacker is called a "general". At this time, the attacked party must "return" immediately. If he can't avoid the general, the king will be killed. In addition to "dying", there are "overtime judgment" and "draw". In the following cases, lots will be drawn:

One party leaves, makes peace, and the other party agrees;

When another king was killed, neither side could make peace;

When one side continues to be a general and the king of the other side can't avoid the general, it becomes a "long-term general";

When it was one side's turn to play chess, Wang was not defeated by the general, but was forced to make peace.

The same situation appeared three times in the game, and each time the same side went, it was judged as a draw.

Chessboard and chess pieces

The chessboard is square and consists of 64 small squares, with 8 squares in vertical and horizontal directions, and the colors are deep and light. The hidden squares are called Haig, and the bright squares are called white squares. The chess pieces move in these squares. Thirty-two pieces are divided into black and white groups, with sixteen pieces in each group. Each player holds a group with the same arms. It can be divided into six types: Wang (1), Hou (1), Che (2), Xiang (2), Ma (2) and Bing (8).

English full name king queen castle bishop knight rank

English full name king queen car owner teaches knight pawn.

The Chinese abbreviation is the queen's chariot like a cavalry.

English abbreviation K Q R B N P

In formal competition, the chess pieces are three-dimensional chess pieces, and in informal competition, the plane pattern can be used.

Puckilo's Law:

For beginners, when playing chess, remember: king to king, back to back; Stand behind the white man, stand behind the black man, stand behind Haig. Nidhogg stood in the white dove, and White King stood in Haig.

Note: In order to facilitate memory and recording during the game, please always make the lower right corner of the chessboard into a white box.

Sub-rule:

Wang: You can walk horizontally, vertically or obliquely, but you have to take a step at each limit.

(1) Except for translocation, Wang Can walks to any adjacent square that is not attacked by the opponent's chess piece.

(2) Translocation is a move that is still regarded as a move by any car on Wang's side. The way to do this is as follows: the king moves two squares in any direction from his original position, and then the man crosses the king and is placed in the passing squares.

(3) If one party touches the car first and then touches the king, then he can't use that car for translocation. This situation must be handled in accordance with the following items a and b.

Answer: In addition to the above situations, if a player consciously touches one or more pieces on the same side, he touches or eats the first piece that can be moved or eaten; Or a square piece and an opponent's piece, he eats the latter with the former; If this eating method is irregular, if you are not sure which piece to touch first, take the square piece as the touched piece.

B: If all the contacted diamonds are not played according to the rules (or the opponent's pieces are not played according to the rules), the player has the right to play according to any rules.

(4) If one party meets the king when preparing for translocation, or both the king and the car, and then finds that the translocation is irregular, it can choose to take the king or the other wing, provided that the translocation to that wing is in line with the rules. If the king doesn't obey the rules, the party has the right to rebel and obey any rules.

(5) Irregular translocation: Wang has moved, or the vehicle used for translocation has moved.

(6) The following situations cannot be transposed temporarily: Wang's original square, the square to be crossed or the square to be occupied is being attacked by the opponent's chess piece, or there are other chess pieces between Wang and the car used for transposition.

Back: You can walk sideways, straight or sideways, with unlimited steps, but you can't cross the child. Is the best chess player.

Car: You can walk sideways or vertically, but you can't walk sideways. Under normal circumstances, you can't cross the child.

Elephant: You can only walk sideways. There is no limit to the number of squares. You can't cross them. There are two elephants on each side, one representing the white dove and the other representing Haig.

Ma: For each move, you should first walk one square horizontally or vertically, and then walk one square obliquely (six squares at a time), so you can pass the test, which is not limited by the "vault" in China Chess.

Soldier: You can only walk straight, and you can only walk one square at a time. But when you take the first step, you can go straight into two squares at most. The way to eat soldiers is different from the direction of playing chess. It is straight and oblique, that is, if a soldier has an opponent's chess piece in the diagonal square, he can eat it and occupy the square.

Special method:

In addition to the general moves of all the pieces mentioned above, there are three special moves in chess:

The eaten soldier is on the road: if the opponent's soldier plays chess for the first time and goes straight into two squares, it happens that his own soldier and their lateral position are tightly tied together, then his own soldier can immediately go in obliquely and eat the opponent's soldier. This action must be done immediately, and it will be invalid after waiting. Write it as "en passant" or "en pt", which means "passing by" in French.

The rise and fall of soldiers: when any soldier reaches the opponent's bottom line, he can be promoted to any kind of chess except "king" and "soldier" and rise and fall involuntarily. In general, it becomes "Hou" because "Hou" is the most powerful; Under special circumstances, it can also be upgraded to "car", "horse" and "elephant".

Translocation: In each game, both sides have the opportunity to let Wang move two squares in the direction of the car, and then the car passes by Wang and is placed on the square next to Wang. Che Wang translocation can be divided into "long translocation" and "short translocation" according to the left and right.

In the following four cases, the king car is not allowed to be translocated:

The king or car has moved;

There are other pieces between the king and the car;

The king was "general" on the other side;

The position that Wang passed or reached was attacked by the opponent's chess pieces.

Win, lose and:

The purpose of playing chess is to kill the opponent's king. Rules of the game: When the king of one side is attacked by the chess pieces of the other side, he becomes the king and is taken as the general, and the attacker is called the "general". At this time, the attacked party must "return" immediately. If he can't avoid the general, the king will be killed. In addition to "dying", there are "overtime judgment" and "draw". In the following cases, lots will be drawn:

One party leaves, makes peace, and the other party agrees;

When neither side can make peace with the king of the other side;

When one side continues to be a general and the king of the other side can't avoid the general, it becomes a "long-term general";

When it was one side's turn to play chess, Wang was not defeated by the general, but had no way to go and became "forced peace";

The same situation appeared three times in the game, and each time the same party walked, and there was no difference in the moves, so it was judged as a draw.

(Note: "There is no difference in chess moves" mainly refers to the guide and translocation. I remember seeing an NB arrangement, where one party won after repeating it three times, but another car moved with Wang ~ ~ ~)

Scoring method:

The scoring method of chess is grade integral system. The grades are none, 30- 1 respectively. Each level needs to accumulate 100 points. The detailed calculation method of points after winning or losing is as follows (note: losing points equals winning points):

Tie: the difference between the existing points of both parties is within 10, and there is no point; If the difference is 10-99, the lower score is (10+ difference/10)/2; If the difference is greater than 100, the difference is /4.

The subordinate wins: if the difference between the existing points of both parties is greater than 100, the difference is/2; If the difference is 10-99, it is 10+ difference/10; If the difference is within 10, you get 10.

High-level party wins: both sides have scored points.