What is the Buddhist thought reflected in Qiuci Grottoes?

The Vatican name of Qiuci is Kuci^na. It is an ancient country in the Western Regions (present-day Central Asia) in the Han Dynasty. Also known as Qiu Zi, Guizi, Qu Zhi, Quan Zhi, Shouyi, Quxian and Kucha. Now known as Kuqa, it is an important capital located in Tianshan South Road, Xinjiang. Since the third century, local Buddhism has prevailed, and the residents belong to Aryan race. In the name of "white", the royal family is strong and the culture is progressing. In the Tang Dynasty, Qiuci was the governor's office, and Anxi Duhu was stationed here. From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, most of the monks who were active in foreign countries came from that country, the most famous of which was Kumarajiva.

In the Tang Dynasty, the western regions recorded that Mahayana was popular in this country, but the classics translated by Sanzang from the east of this country included Mahayana and Tantric classics, which shows that Mahayana was also widely spread in this country. After the tenth century or so, it became Turkish territory.

In recent years, many Coetzee classics and ancient relics have been excavated. 1890, Captain Bauer, a British national, found a text version of the ancient Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures written with birch leaves here, and F. Weber also found a Qiuci text version in medicine, which was called Bauer Document and Weber Document in turn. Later, scholars from Japan, Soviet Russia, Germany and other countries made many excavations and unearthed fragments of Buddhist scriptures in Qiuci language, such as Mahayana Sutra, Faju Sutra, Ancient City Metaphor Sutra, Sad China Sutra and Ten Buddhist Monks Sutra. Western scholars have different opinions on the name of Qiuci, or Tokha^ri^, or Turpan studies, and often call it Sprak I to distinguish it from Tan.

In the transliteration of Chinese Buddhist scriptures, some Sanskrit transliteration languages are compared with Qiuci transliteration, such as Saman, and Sanskrit is s/ Raman! One, sama^ne；; In Qiuci; Bo Yi style, Sanskrit is pa^yattika, Qiuci is pa^yti, etc. As far as free translation is concerned, as a foreign language, Sanskrit is mithya^dr! s！ t！ I, meaning fallacy; Kuqa language is parnan~n~e, which means foreign. Therefore, we know that some Chinese-translated Buddhist scriptures are not directly translated from Sanskrit, but from Central Asian dialects such as Kucha, which is originally Sanskrit or directly translated from such dialects. (Dafang and other large-scale classics, volume 55, preface to Shilijing, preface to Beijing Jing, biography of the eminent monk Liang, volume 3, Sanzang Jijie, volume 7: Lengyan Postscript, volume 8: Zheng Beijing Jing, volume 13: An Chuan, volume 14: Biography of Kumarajiva, volume 14. S. Beal: Records of Buddhism in the Western World, Volume I (see Bauer Document) 1579)p6400.

From: Foguang Dictionary

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The ancient western regions in han dynasty. Also known as Qiu Zi, Gui Zi, Qu Zi, Qu Zhi, Qu Zi, Qiu Zi, Shouyi, Qu Xian and Kucha. The Sanskrit name Kuci^na comes from a Sanskrit miscellaneous name written by Samoans in Qiuci. Turn Sanskrit Volume 8 or be Sanskrit kut! The antithesis of I (the meaning of Ququ) is translated into a composition bow. This country is located in Kuqa County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, with Tianshan Mountain in the north, Kunlun Mountain in the south, Shule in the west and Yanqi in the east. It is the crossroads of the Silk Road North Road. After the Qing Dynasty, it was called Kuqa. Since the Western Han Dynasty, its capital has been called Yancheng (or Juyan City) and Ilolu in the Tang Dynasty. According to China's historical records, the royal family took Bai or Si as their surname. The ancient inhabitants were Aryans. Since the fourth century, this place has been in contact with the Buddhist center in northwest India, so it has become an important place of Buddhist culture together with the southern provinces in the western regions.

The age when Buddhism was introduced into this country is unknown. However, according to Volume VII of Postscript to the First Cold Words and Volume XIII of An Xuanzhuan, at the beginning of Cao Wei (240 ~ 249), Wang Shizhi of Guizi participated in the translation of Zhi, and as recorded in Volume VIII of Records of Dharma and China, the dharma protector translated Zheng Hokkekyo. It can be inferred that Buddhism has existed here since the third century.

At the beginning of the 5th century, Kumarajiva, who was active in China, was born to King Qiuci's sister. It is said that Buddhism flourished in Qiuci at that time. The arrangement of Buddha statues in the palace is no different from that in Galand. In China, there are Galand such as Damulan, Zhilan and Wangxin, while Master Luo lives in Wangxin Galand and practices Mahayana. In addition, the translator of "Preface to Ten Poems of Pini", the guest Pimolo fork and Dafa set were tasted by disciples gathered from all directions in Qiuci country. Later, due to the conquest of Hou Liang and Lv Guang, Buddhism gradually declined in this country.

According to legend, during the Southern Qi Dynasty, the Dharma Association of Gaochang Xianku Temple went to Qiuci and received a month's teaching in Jinhua Temple. In the Sui Dynasty, Dharma Tathagata stayed in this country for two years on his way to the east to teach the monks the truth. At that time, the king was also Mahayana and had a lot of consciousness.

In the early Tang Dynasty, Xuanzang stayed in this country for 60 days on his way to India, and described the situation of this country in "Cloud Patterns in the Western Regions of Datang" (Dazheng 5 1.870A):

Qu Guo, thousands of miles from east to west, more than 600 miles from north to south, left the capital for 17 or 8 miles on Monday. Coix barley, japonica rice, Pu Tao pomegranate, peaches and apricots, and many pears, natural gold, copper, iron, lead and tin. Gas orders and customized quality. The text is taken from India with slight changes. The performers of the orchestra are excellent in all countries. They are dressed in brocade and brown, with broken hair, towels and hats. They used money, silver and small copper coins as commodities, and Wang Qu supported them. "

It is also recorded that there are more than 100 Galand and more than 5,000 monks and nuns in this country. It is said that everything is ready and it is time for India to learn from Hinayana. In the 15th year of Kaiyuan (727), it was recorded in the Biography of Hui Dynasty to Five Tianzhu that Qiuci practiced Hinayana and monks ate meat. However, there are two Han monasteries, Dayun and Longxing, which are called Han monks practicing Mahayana.

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, both Emperor Taizong and Emperor Gaozong set up the capital of Anxi in Qiuci, which was guarded by soldiers. But by the end of the Tang Dynasty and the beginning of the Song Dynasty, this place was conquered by Muslims and Buddhism came to an end. In modern times, archaeologists have excavated many ancient relics from the local area. For example, in 1890, Bauer wrote an ancient book of betel nut-shaped birch bark near Kuqa, and missionary F. Weber also found fragments of paper books. According to R. Hoernle's research, the former is the Sanskrit version of The Peacock King Classic and other related divination methods, while the latter is the Qiuci version of Medicine.

In addition, German scholars A. Grunwedel and Le Coq, British scholar A. Stein, Japanese scholar Otani Guangrui and many other explorations. Kucha language, which is popular in Kuqa, Wensu in the west and Gu Mo, was discovered. Western scholars have different views on the name of this language, or Tokha^ri, or Kas Garrish, or Shules Prach, or Tubo Shi, or Kuchean, and Sprak I to distinguish it from Praseodymium. What's more, they found Buddhist scriptures written in Qiuci language, including Faju Sutra, Pan Da Nirvana Sutra, Sad China Sutra, Buddha's Poems of Eminent Monks, Ten Monks Sutra and fragments of Twelve Causes, Borobudur and rosary.

In the Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures, there may be people translated from Qiuci. For example, according to the preface of Jiamiao Lotus Sutra, the original version of Lotus Sutra translated by Roche seems to belong to Qiuci. In addition, in the transliteration of Chinese Buddhist scriptures, the transliteration of some words may also be Qiuci's translation, such as the word' heresy', which is mithya^dr in Sanskrit! s！ t！ I means' fallacy', Kucha means parnan~n~e, and it means' outside'; The Sanskrit words for "extermination" are s/ama and s/a nti, which mean "harmony", while the Ju Chi word is kes, which means "benefit". These languages may have been translated from Qiuci.

In addition, there are inscriptions written in Tibetan in the caves investigated by Karen Vedel. According to the inscription on the wall, we can know the origin of cave murals. In addition to Buddhism, Manichaeism was also popular here in the eighth century BC. The Qizil Grottoes near Qiuci (the Thousand Buddha Cave in Qiuci) is the earliest existing cave temple in China and the only Hinayana Grottoes left. Others are found in art and architecture.

◎ Appendix 1: Jin Weinuo's Qiuci Buddhist Grottoes (from China Art History Collection)

Kucha was founded early, and Ban Gu began to record its territory, population, official system, military equipment and local products in Hanshu:

Qiuci Kingdom, Wang Zhiyan City, is 7,480 miles to Chang 'an. There are 6970 families, 8 13 17 people and 2 1766 soldiers. Dacheng, Fu Guohou, An Guohou, Hou, Hu, coachman, left and right generals, left and right commanders, left and right riding gentlemen, left and right auxiliary gentlemen, east, west, north, south, 2,000 commanders, three Hu Jun, and four post commanders. South and Gyeonggi, southeast and Qiemo, southwest and Jimmy, north and Wusun, west and Gu Mo. Can be cast and smelted, using lead. In the east, it is 350 miles from Leo, the capital of Duhu Prefecture. "

Qiuci's field is in the present Kuqa and Baicheng areas. Its sphere of influence has changed in different periods. After the Han Dynasty, the courtiers nearby, such as Gu Mo, Wen Su and Wei Tou, all belonged to Qiuci.

Qiuci had a close relationship with the mainland since the Han Dynasty. During the reign of Xuan Di, this relationship was further developed. In the first year of Yuankang (65 BC), Mr. and Mrs. Jiang Bin, the king of Qiuci, arrived in Chang 'an, the capital city. Xuan Di gave them to Yinmao, and' gave them dozens of people to ride, drum and sing, as well as tens of millions of miscellaneous hairs and seven treasures, which were kept for one year and generously given. After returning to Qiuci, the court system followed Han's practice. His son, Cheng De, became an emperor and was very close, mourning for the emperor.

In the second year of Shenjue (60 BC), Anyuan Hou was the capital of the western regions, and the capital was located in Qiuci City. In the third year of Yongyuan (9 1), when Ban Chao was the Duhu, he also lived in Qiuci and made Qiuci's servant Baiba king. Later, Qiuci was successively annexed by shache and Xiongnu. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, contacts with the mainland gradually became frequent. For example, there are records of diplomatic exchanges between Jin Taikang, Liang Pingtong (52 1) and (56 1). The close relationship with the mainland made some achievements of Qiuci culture, such as music and Buddhism, spread to the mainland rapidly, and Qiuci culture was deeply influenced by the mainland.

There are some records about Qiuci in the history books. To sum up, we can know that Qiuci has strict laws,' its criminal law. The murderer is dead; A thief broke his arm and cut his foot. Tax collection is accurate, and people who have no land also collect taxes. "Customs and customs, the product is basically the same as Yanqi. Men cut their hair for decoration, and the king' wears a ribbon on his head and hangs it behind him, sitting on the golden lion bed.' Marriage is similar to the Central Plains. Burn and bury the dead, and take them all for seven days. The climate is warmer than Yanqi. Production of fine carpets, copper, iron, lead, leather, bamboo, sand salt green, orpiment, Hu Fen, benzoin, Liangma, Fengniu, etc. Crops include rice, millet, rice and wheat, and livestock include camels, horses, cattle and sheep. Silkworms don't think about silk, only cotton, peach wine is popular, and they love music. "

Qiuci believes in Zoroastrianism and Buddhism, especially Buddhism. Like Yanqi, on February 8 and April 8 every year, the whole country fasted in the streets according to Buddhism. Buddhism also has a great influence on the nobility, and there are always Samans and laymen who are royalty who go out to preach. From the perspective of translating Buddhist scriptures into Chinese, after the third century, many shamans from Qiuci or those closely related to Qiuci have been engaged in translating Buddhist scriptures into Chinese. For example, Bai Yan, a shaman, translated the scriptures in Baima Temple in Luoyang in the third year of Ganlu (258), Bo Yuanxin, who revised the scriptures in the seventh year of Taikang (286), and Li Miduoluo, who translated the scriptures in Jianchu Temple in Yongjiazhong (307 ~ 3 13). Kumarajiva, a famous monk who was born in Qiuci in the second year of Jianyuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (344), translated more than 300 volumes of Confucian classics during his twelve years in mainland China from the fourth year of Hongzhi (402) to the fifteenth year.

At that time, Buddhism prevailed, and we can get a glimpse of it from the beggar's retribution story collected in the XI volume of the story of Sanzang.

Detain foreign countries (that is, Qiuci), many temples, beautifully decorated. The Buddha statues carved in the palace are no different from those in the temple. There is a temple called Mulan, with 170 monks; The name of Beishan Temple is Li Lan, sixty monks; Jian Mu Wang Xinlan, fifty monks; Wensu Wang Lan, seventy monks. The right four temples are dominated by Buddhist figures and tongues. (omitted) Wang Xin Sangjialan, ninety monks; There is a young Samoan character "Ku Moro", who is brilliant and has studied Mahayana. Tongmi is a master and apprentice, and Tongmi Asher is a scholar and a scholar. Arirang, one hundred and eighty monks; If the wheel is blue, fifty monks; Ali Lan, Road 30. The right three temples, the Bhikuni system, accept the law according to the tongue. (Omitted) These three temples are Lady Wanggong Temple in the east of Lingying and Keith Temple in Daoyuan ... "

These monasteries are large in scale, with dozens or even 180 monks and nuns. In addition to the monasteries mentioned above, in the 15th year of Jian Yuan before Qin Dynasty (379), Monk Chun and Tan Chong were taught Buddhist scriptures and precepts in Yun Mulan. According to the stone "Records of the Western Regions": "There is a temple on the 40-mile mountain in the north of Qiuci, and the famous birds are far and wide." When it was from Beishan to Lilian,' Queli' and' Zhili' were translated by the same name. According to Volume II of Biography of Liang Monks, there were 10,000 monks in Qiuci at that time. Roche said in Wangxin Temple that the kings knelt beside them and listened attentively to the sound of nylon, the Buddha statues were carved in palaces, and the women of the princes of Yiling, Shandong, came all the way here to become nuns, all of which were enough to show that the nobles at that time believed in Buddhism and Qiuci was the center of Buddhism.

When Xuanzang visited Qiuci in the early Tang Dynasty, Buddhism was still prevalent there:' There are more than 100 schools in Galand with more than 5,000 monks and nuns. They learn Hinayana and teach everything. After teaching laws and regulations, take India as an example, its readers will be this article. "Xuan zang also recorded:

More than forty miles north of the desert, across the river from the mountain, there are two Galand with the same name, and everything is called. The decoration of Buddha villa is almost artificial. Monks are honest and diligent. In Dongzhao Zhao Li Buddhist Temple, there is a jade face more than two feet wide with a yellow and white belt on it, which looks like a sea clam. There are traces of Buddha's feet on it, eight inches long and eight inches wide. Or if there is a fast day, light it by candlelight. "

The Zhaoxunli Temple mentioned here, that is, Zhililan (Queli Temple) in Kumarajiva period, is more than forty miles north of the empty city. The so-called "boundary mountain", separated by a river, has two Galand, which actually refers to the temples separated by the two banks of the mountain spring, with the same name "Zhaoxunli (Queli Temple)". This provides a clear direction for us to explore the ruins of Beishan temple.

In addition, Xuanzang also described the situation in the city:

There is a Buddha statue standing around Ximen Road in Dacheng, which is more than 90 feet high. A five-year conference hall was built in front of this statue. Every year on the 10th day of the first month, monks and nuns from all over the country come to gather, from kings to scholars to donate worldly things, to fast, to listen to Buddhism, and to forget fatigue when they are thirsty. The solemn Buddha statue of Sinhalese is decorated with treasures, resplendent and magnificent, with historical figures inside, which can be called a walking image. Thousands of people gather in the clubhouse. Often on the 15th of each month, the king's ministers discuss state affairs, visit eminent monks, and then announce the meeting place. Crossing the river in the northwest to Galand (with strange characters in the Tang Dynasty), the courtyard is spacious, decorated with Buddha statues, and the monks are solemn, diligent and lazy. He is a scholar of Ai Sude, knowledgeable and handsome, but Mu Yi stops. Wang's minister, scholar, four things to support, long respect. "

It can be seen that the custom of walking is not only popular in Khotan, but also more than ten days a year in Qiuci. Both the king and the scholars converted to Buddhism. By the beginning of the eighth century, the resurgence had passed Qiuci, and its national Buddhism had not declined. This Qiuci National Football Temple is full of monks, doing small multiplication and eating meat. Han monks practice Mahayana'.

The prosperity of Qiuci Buddhism directly promoted the great development of Buddhist art. Nowadays, most of these monasteries that once housed tens of thousands of monks no longer exist, but we can still understand the prosperity of Buddhist art at that time only from some remaining grottoes.

The existing Buddhist grottoes include Qizil Thousand Buddha Cave, Mu Sen Sem Thousand Buddha Cave, Kumutula Thousand Buddha Cave, Doha Thousand Buddha Cave in Qizil, Mazaba River Thousand Buddha Cave and so on. Due to natural disasters and imperialist destruction and theft, the murals in these thousand Buddha caves are extremely broken. Here, we only talk about the Buddhist art of Qiuci with the representative Qizil Grottoes. (omitted)

◎ Appendix II: The Buddhist Places of Qiuci by Liu and Chen (excerpted from Chapter 5, Volume 4 of Qiuci Ancient History)

During the Han and Tang Dynasties, the ancient country of Qiuci was a city-state that worshiped Buddhism and believed in Zoroastrianism, with Buddhism as the state religion. Believing in Buddhism naturally needs to support Buddhist monks; The place where Buddhist monks can rest, study, practice and preach is called a temple or Galand. Because the temples recorded in the literature and the Buddhist temples seen in archaeology cannot be unified, let's first talk about the general situation of the ancient Buddhist temple in Qiuci recorded in the literature.

Queli Temple is also known as Zhaoxunli Temple and Queli Daqingjing Temple. A famous temple in the history of ancient Qiuci. According to the records of the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty, the temple is located more than 20 kilometers north of Qiuci, on a high slope close to mountains and rivers, beside an ancient river. Because the temple stands by the river, there is a temple in the east and west of the river, so it is also called the second temple in history, namely Dongqueli Temple and Xiqueli Temple. There are many Buddha statues in this temple, with solemn decoration and superb clay sculpture skills. Dongzhao Li Xun Temple also has a piece of jade, which is enshrined in the Buddhist temple, with the footprints of Sakyamuni on it. It is one foot eight inches long and about six inches wide. According to the research of its neighbors, the site of the Great Temple is located on both sides of the local Tongchang River in North Subas, Kuqa County. According to the Biography of Monks, the mother of Kumarajiva, a famous monk in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, often came here to listen to the Buddha before becoming a monk.

[Ashley Galand] Ashley should be the transliteration of Guqiuci, originally in Sanskrit, meaning' strange'. Literally, Ashley Galand is a "strange temple". According to legend, the establishment of Ashley Galand was related to a strange royal experience. According to the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, a long time ago, there was an incumbent King Qiuci who believed in Buddhism. He really wants to visit various places in India before he dies. One day, he called his younger brother to his side, ordered him to supervise the country and temporarily take charge of state affairs, saying that he would travel far. When the king was about to sail west, his brother Prince Regent came to see him off and gave him a sealed gold letter, asking his brother to keep it safe. The king was surprised and asked, "What is this?" "Why did you put it in a golden letter and seal it up?" His brother replied,' Don't ask what it is, please take it with you and keep it safe until the day you come back to drive. The king agreed. The king traveled west for a long time before coming back. On the day he went to the temple to take care of the funeral, someone said,' Your king went west, your brother supervised the country, and my brother didn't concentrate on governing the country, so he committed adultery in the harem. The king was furious and wanted to punish his brother severely. His brother said,' I don't want to pass the buck, but before I punish him, I implore the king to open the golden letter he gave when he left. The king ordered the guards to take out the golden letter and open it. There is a male genitalia in it. The king pointed to it and asked, "What is this?" "What do you mean, show me," the younger brother calmly replied, "Brother Wang used to travel far away and let me supervise the country. I was afraid that someone would plot against me, so I cut off my genitals to clear my head. My genitals were cut off before brother went away. How can you have fornication with the harem? Please advise your brother. King Qiuci, who was afraid and ashamed, released his sin, showed his closeness and ordered him to go in and out of the backyard without hindrance along the way. One day, when Wang Di was walking on the road, he saw a man walking with 500 bulls and asked him where he was going, only to know that he was going to be castrated. Wang Di thought he was disabled, disabled, sympathized with the fate of 500 bulls, and redeemed them with his own wealth. Because of this merit, he was praised by the Buddha and gradually became a man with great compassion. Wang Di stopped going to the harem because he recovered. King Qiuci is very strange. Ask why. His brother told him the truth. King Qiuci was deeply surprised. In recognition of my brother's loyalty to the country and the promotion of the Buddha's miracle, King Qiuci ordered the construction of a new temple with funds from the national treasury, and named it' Strange Temple'. At the beginning of the 7th century, Xuanzang went to this temple when he traveled westward through Qiuci. According to its introduction, the temple was built in a place in the northwest outside the west gate of Qiuci King City, and it reached its temple after crossing a small river. In the ancient country of Qiuci, many elders, scholars and distant heroes hang tin here. According to The biography of Master Sanzang, Mu Cha, a great monk from Qiuci, once lived here.

[Jinhua Temple] According to the Biography of Famous Monks, there is Jinhua Temple in Qiuci. Gaochang Monk Dharma Association was originally the son of a rich man in Gaochang. When I was young, I liked hunting, drinking and string songs. I married a beautiful wife, which is unparalleled in the country. The children of the rich in this country are beautiful in appearance and compete for favor. His wife can't stand the neglect of the boudoir and has frequent affairs. Li's son is very upset. One day when he was out, Li Gongzi was beaten by a group of rich men and took refuge in Qiuci. He thought his wife was unfaithful and was often bullied by rich people, so he became a monk. His reputation became more and more obvious because of the effect of practicing the laws of Zen. He took the name of a monk, Fa Hui, and was hired to return to Gaochang and hang it in Xixiandong Temple, where he was appointed as the teacher of Gao Changguo Nuni. One day, a girl named Feng from Langzhong Temple in Gaochang told him that there is a Golden Flower Temple in Qiuci, where a monk lives for a month, which can make the scholars achieve positive results in a short time. When the Falun Gong Association visited, it was discovered that Ju Chi had Jinhua Temple.

[Chuyi Temple] Where Chuyi Temple is, there is no textual research. According to The biography of Master Sanzang, there is a Churi Temple in Qiuci. Xuanzang went to Qiuci from Yanqi, and King Qiuci led ministers, people and monks out of the city to meet him and arrived at the first temple to receive China.

There is also a legend about the construction of Fafeng Temple. According to the Biography of Fahua written by monks in the Tang Dynasty, during the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, there was a monk named Fafeng in Qiuci, who was originally from Dunhuang and surnamed Zhu, and went to Qiuci after becoming a monk. A day's leisure coincided with China people raising money to build an ancient temple, and Fa Feng went to help. Fa Feng has made great contributions to the restoration of temples. After the temple was repaired, everyone kept him as a monk and named him Temple. After interpreting Fafeng Temple as a monk, people regard Fafeng Temple as their home, and it is not in accordance with the system to go in and out. People have a lot of gossip. After that, the French people pocketed their own money, tried every means to reduce expenses, and even reduced the supply of monks in this temple. Everyone was dissatisfied. For a long time, Fa Feng died, among the hungry ghosts, screaming for the hungry ghosts all night. His disciple Bao Hui recognized the master's voice and asked him why. He said:' Because I was greedy for money before my death and secretly reduced the monk's food, I became a hungry ghost and felt very embarrassed. Please help me. When Bao Hui and others heard the news, they rushed to write "A Critical Eye" and turned to the world to learn from hunger.

Lotus Temple is outside the west gate of Qiuci King City. The mid-Tang dynasty began in. According to "Wukong enters Zhu Ji", the monk Wukong returned to the east and hung tin in this temple. When you meet a monk in this temple, don't mention rhinoceros fish (Tang Yanlian's flower essence), but ask him to translate the Ten Force Classics.

[Thousand Sword Temple] There is a mountain in ancient Qiuci called Thousand Sword Mountain. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, Qiuci people built a Buddhist temple in front of this mountain, which was named Qianjian Temple because of its name.

There is a mountain in Qiuci called Yepo Seji Mountain. At the top of this mountain, there is a stream that flows down the valley and becomes a waterfall. The trickle makes its own wonderful music on the falling rocks. Monks like it very much and use this stream to build a Buddhist temple for Yepo Temple. Qiuci is very popular. He often goes to his temple to listen to the sound of stones and create new songs, which are fresh and pleasant. This mountain, this temple and this stream were once famous in the Western Regions.

Dayun Temple in longxing temple: Since 692 AD, the Tang Dynasty has often assembled tens of thousands of military forces in Qiuzitun. Moreover, the Tang Dynasty also placed the capital of Anxi in its territory, with thousands of shogunate officials. Many of these people believe in Buddhism. In order to provide convenience for these people, the Tang government funded the construction of Dayun Temple and Longxing Temple in Qiuci. The Tang government hired a Taoist priest from the mainland as the owner and supervisor of the second temple. According to the Hui Dynasty's Biography of Five Tianzhu Countries, he returned from studying in India and went to Qiuci in November of the 15th year of Kaiyuan (727). During Qiuci's rest, he visited the second temple. In Dayun Temple, he met the temple owner Xiuxing, the temple supervisor Yi Chao and the seated Mingyun. Xiuxing was originally a monk of Qibaotai Temple in Chang 'an. He was eloquent and was hired as the temple owner. Zhuang Yan Temple Chang 'an monk Yi Chaoben was hired as the abbot of the temple because he was proficient in Tibetan law. Mingyun is also a native of the Central Plains, and his industry is excellent, so he was hired as a seat. Hui Chao met Master Fahai in longxing temple. Fahai was originally a Han nationality, but was born in Qiuci.

In addition to the above monasteries, other famous monasteries include Mulan (170 people), Gladiolus zhili (50 people), Wang Xinlan, Jian Mu (60 people), Wang Lan Wensu (70 people), Wang Xin Sangjialan (90 people), Alilan (180 people) and Bolan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

In addition, there are many unknown temples in Qiuci. For example, when Xuanzang came to his country in the early Tang Dynasty, he once said that there were 100 temples and more than 5,000 monks in Galand.

In addition to the Buddhist temples mentioned above, there are about eight existing cave temples.