Introduction to medicine

Directory 1 Pinyin 2 English Reference 3 Overview 4 Medical History 5 Medical Branches 6 Medical Education 6. 1 China Ancient Medical Education 6.2 Republic of China Medical Education 6.3 China People * * * China Medical Education 6.4 Japanese Medical Education 6.5 Argentine Medical Education 7 Challenges Faced by Modern Medicine 8 Reference 1 Pinyin Y and xué.

2 English reference medicine

Medical science

medical research

Overview Medicine is a science with the research content of protecting and promoting human health, preventing and treating diseases.

Medicine in a narrow sense is only the treatment of diseases, but there are also sayings that preventive medicine is the first medicine, clinical medicine is the second medicine and rehabilitation medicine is the third medicine. The scientific aspect of medicine is the application of basic medical theories and discoveries, such as biochemistry, physiology, microbiology, anatomy, pathology, pharmacology, statistics and epidemiology, to treat diseases and promote health.

In essence, medicine belongs to the category of natural science and is in the position of applied science in the modern science and technology system. Because there are a lot of mental and social factors in the process of human health and diseases, the content of medicine overlaps with thinking science and social science in the measures to prevent and treat diseases. In the whole medical system, there are both systematic scientific knowledge and huge technical means, which is the unity of science and technology. Medicine is not only a theoretical system, but also a practical system, which is the unity of theory and practice. The social function of medicine lies in safeguarding and promoting the healthy development of human physiology, psychology and society. In social production, it protects the labor force and promotes the development of productive forces.

4 History of Medicine Medicine has a history of thousands of years. Ancient China, Greece, Egypt, Babylon and India all formed their own medical systems. Since modern times, Chinese medicine and western medicine originated in Greece have been inherited and carried forward. /kloc-since the 0/9th century, the school of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine has emerged, aiming at unifying traditional Chinese and western medicine.

Doctors are treating patients at the Louvre in Paris, France.

In most cultures, the earliest drugs are the use of some substances that have been proved to be effective by experience, such as some plants (herbs), animal drugs and mineral drugs. All societies, including the western world, have religions, rituals and witchcraft. Indigenous people also have many medical skills related to religious beliefs, traditional experiences and natural resources. Known religious medicine includes: animism, spiritualism does not exist, and the corresponding page of English Wikipedia is spiritualism. Shamanism and divination, etc. In more than 3000 BC, Huangdi in Xuanyuan, China wrote the first medical book of mankind-Zhuyouke [Request for Source]. Later, the world continued to supplement and delete this medical book, gradually forming the later Huangdi Neijing and Huangdi Neijing, and separating pure medicine from various departments, forming the later traditional Chinese medicine. Among them, Huangdi Neijing is the first in the world to put forward the viewpoint of preventive medicine of "preventing diseases".

During the Harappa period (3300 BC), I learned something about medicine and dentistry in the Indus Valley.

In ancient Egypt, people used papyrus to record many medical documents, such as Kahong papyrus (2000~ 1800 BC), Smith papyrus (1700 BC) and Erbers papyrus (1500 BC). Among them, Smith's papyrus recorded spasms and meninges caused by the brain, which is the first record about the brain in the world [1]. The medical records of ancient Babylonian civilization can be traced back to 2000 BC.

Today, many new scientific and technological means are constantly added to medicine, resulting in biomedical engineering, medical imaging, nano-medicine and other branches.

Modern hospital internal equipment

5 Branches of Medicine According to different research fields, medicine is subdivided into many different disciplines, including basic medicine, clinical medicine, tertiary medicine, laboratory medicine, preventive medicine, special medicine and traditional medicine. In addition, there are some religious medicine (such as Buddhist medicine [2]).

At the current level of development, according to the different research objects, contents and methods, the whole medicine can be divided into the following three parts:

(1) Basic medicine. To study the laws of human body structure and life activities, the occurrence and development of diseases, and the principles and methods of treating diseases, including anatomy, histology, embryology, physiology, pathology, microbiology, parasitology, pharmacology, as well as the theories of viscera, meridians, qi and blood, etiology and pathogenesis, traditional Chinese medicine and prescriptions in China.

(2) Clinical medicine. Under the guidance of basic theory, through clinical practice, according to patients' clinical manifestations, the etiology, pathogenesis and pathological process of the disease are discussed, and diagnosis and treatment measures are made to get rid of the disease and restore and protect health, including internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, neurology, psychiatry, dermatology, epidemiology, acupuncture, massage, radiology and other professional disciplines.

(3) preventive medicine. Studying the law of preventing diseases and protecting health, taking measures to use favorable factors to control and eliminate harmful factors, so as to achieve the purpose of preventing diseases, enhancing physical fitness and prolonging life, can be divided into two major aspects: personal prevention and public prevention, including health preservation, hygiene, epidemiology and other specialized disciplines. In addition, there are military medicine, forensic medicine, aviation medicine, maritime medicine, cosmology medicine, social medicine and other special disciplines.

With the development and intersection of different disciplines, many interdisciplinary disciplines related to medicine have emerged, such as medical informatics, medical ethics, medical demography and so on.

6. Medical Education 6. 1 China Ancient Medical Education In the 20th year of Yuanjia in the Southern Song Dynasty (443), the physician Qin established relevant medical education institutions, which was the earliest medical school in human history. In the 6th century A.D., the Sui Dynasty perfected this medical education institution and named it "Medical Department", which consists of two departments: medicine and medicine. The medical clinic is the highest official position, supplemented by Cheng, with more than 580 teachers and students.

In the first year of Datong (947), the Liao army entered the border, and "Ren Yin, Jin officials, imperial court, official temple, party art, baigong, maps, calendars, stone classics, bronze figures, engraved leaks in the hall, music scores of Gongxian county, halogen books, utensils and armor battles were all sent to Beijing." At the beginning, the doctors in Qidan knew little about pulse-taking and medicine-seeing, and were ordered to translate Fang's Pulse Sutra. Naturally, everyone has learned it, although the tribe also knows medicine. "In order to learn Chinese medicine, Liao Xingzong had Fang Mai translated, which brought the development of Liao medicine [5]. However, there is no clear record about the establishment of official medical education institutions in Liao history books.

1894, Li Hongzhang invited the Western Medicine School affiliated to Tianjin General Hospital (also known as Beiyang Medical College), which is also the earliest western medicine school in China [6]. In the early days, the education system of medical colleges in China mainly copied the Japanese model and hired teachers from Japan. The study time is four years, which is equivalent to the undergraduate level. In the late Qing Dynasty, a large number of Japanese students went to China to study. 1902 Of the 272 international students in Japan, 3 are studying medicine. 1903, Shi Jing University Hall "sent students abroad to study special subjects for optional teaching", and 1 person went to Japan to study medicine. From 65438 to 0904, the number of medical students studying in Japan reached 23.

6.2 Medical Education in the Republic of China 19 12 Cai Yuanpei, the general director of temporary education in the Republic of China, issued the University Order, which listed medicine as one of the seven subjects alongside literature, science, law, business, agriculture and engineering. Medical courses in universities include 103 subjects, which is the subject with the most courses. The study period is 3 years in the preparatory course and 4 years in the university. 19 17, the Ministry of Education of Beiyang * * * promulgated the Order on Amending Universities, stipulating that those who accept both arts and sciences should belong to universities, and those who accept both law, medicine, agriculture and industry and commerce should be established as single-subject universities, such as medical universities. After 1922, the Ministry of Education of Beiyang * * * promulgated a "new academic system" based on the American academic system, which abolished the pre-medical course, with the length of study for medical specialties being three years and that for medical undergraduates being five years. 1935, the Ministry of Education of People's Republic of China (PRC) promulgated the Provisional Subject Catalogue of Medical Colleges, which made unified requirements for the academic system and curriculum system of medical colleges. 194 1 year, the length of study for medical undergraduates is changed to 6 years, and two periodic examinations are required after completing the course in a specific academic year. This system was used until the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC).

6.3 China people * * and China medical education1951kloc-0/0/0. In October, China people * * and the State Council promulgated the "Decision on Educational System Reform", and began to develop a large number of three-year medical colleges in addition to retaining the six-year educational system that has been implemented [6]. 1955, the study period of medical college and undergraduate major is adjusted to 3 years and 5 years, and high school graduates are directly trained as applied medical and health technology professionals through short-term education. Starting from 1988, the people's Republic of China and the Ministry of Education officially began to pilot the seven-year clinical medicine specialty. 1997 the State Council Academic Degrees Committee approved the implementation of the professional degree of clinical medicine. 1998 Ministry of Education and the State Council Academic Degrees Committee repositioned the training goal of seven-year medical education as a professional degree of master of medicine. By 1998, medical specialties were adjusted to 8 categories 16 specialties, and the educational system was three, four, five, six, seven and eight years.

6.4 Disposable medicine bottles for medical education in Japan

From 65438 to 0876, Japan followed the example of Germany, Britain and other European countries and established medical schools, medical universities and medical schools in public and private universities headed by Imperial University [8]. Since 1945, influenced by American medicine, Japan has adjusted the original 50 medical schools (including medical schools affiliated to universities). In l950, the old universities and upgraded schools were changed into 46 medical schools and medical universities in the new universities, and the enrollment was greatly reduced. During this period (1946), both the old and new medical schools have eight years. Since 1970, Japanese medical colleges have developed rapidly, reaching 198 1, reaching 80 (43 public, 8 public and 29 private).

6.5 Medical Education in Argentina1At the beginning of the 9th century, the first batch of medical schools were established in Argentina, including 182 1 University of Buenos Aires Medical School and 1877 University of Có rdoba Medical School. 1958 two private medical schools were established, the medical school of the University of El Salvador and the medical school of the Catholic University of Có rdoba.

There are 29 medical schools in Argentina, of which 10 is located in the capital Buenos Aires and its surrounding areas, and most others are located in big cities in internal provinces. The curriculum of all medical schools is six years, including three years of basic subject study, two years of clinical subject study and one year of internship, and the specific implementation methods are slightly different from school to school. Since 2000, medical schools in Argentina have been accredited by the National Council for University Evaluation and Accreditation (CONEAU). Most of the full-time teachers in medical schools are researchers in basic disciplines, and they are appointed by the National Science and Technology Research Council (CONICET) managed by * * or other state departments.

7 Modern medical challenges