Please! ! ! ! What part of China's history is the new dynasty?

One legend is that ...

County Records reveals that there are five deer, so there are sand deer and sand pavilions. Zhou Muwang lost her virginity, and her daughter-in-law is crying at this time, which is another name for Shalu. In the 14th year of Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, Shah Lu collapsed. "Jin Shi Bu" said: Yin is, soil and fire are abundant, so there are sand deer collapses. After six hundred and forty-five, there should be virgins. What about their fields? After Wang Wengru moved from Jinan to Yuancheng, he was honest and clean. Wang Wei is the queen of Shun, the land is also, and the Han fire is also. The king was forbidden to be a political monarch, and his mother dreamed that the moon was in her arms. At the age of eighteen, she was called into the womb and became an emperor and queen of the Yuan Dynasty. Han Zuodao is dirty, which is called the system of four generations, so it is said that water, fire and soil are used for the public. When he collapsed, Yang Xiong, a doctor, broke the taboo and said: The essence of the lunar moon and the spirit of the sand deer are suitable for Han people, but the generator of vegetarian food is also suitable.

Since the Western Han Dynasty and Korea proclaimed themselves emperor, Liu's power gradually fell into the hands of Wang's consorts group with Wang as the core. Wang's grandfather, Wang He, was an imperial historian during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, specializing in embroidering clothes. He went to Wei County (southwest of Linzhang, Hebei Province) to catch local "thieves" and was dismissed for leniency. He once lamented: "I heard that leaving 1000 people alive can protect future generations. I have allowed more than 10,000 people to survive, but I wonder if future generations can benefit? " After Wang He was dismissed from office, he finally made enemies with a large family in his hometown. Unwilling to submit to humiliation, he simply stayed out of it and moved his family to Yuancheng, Wei County (now Daming East, Hebei Province). As a middle-aged man, the locals respected him very much. According to an old man named Jian Gong in this county, "In the Spring and Autumn Period, the sand feet suddenly collapsed, and the history books of the Jin Dynasty once predicted a divination:' The sand feet collapsed because the yin was dominant and the earth and fire multiplied. This indicates that after 645 years, when there is a virgin, it will probably come true in Qitian's home! "Now, the Wangs have moved here and lived at the foot of the sand. I am afraid that after 80 years, the Wangs really have a daughter born, and they are prosperous. " Jian Gong's mythical prophecy really worked on the king later. According to Hanshu, when her mother, Mrs. Li, was pregnant, she "dreamed of falling into her arms". Wang grew up many times, so many people died. Xu Dong died, but the unmarried king also died. His father and the king forbade strange things and asked the fortune teller to tell them. The conclusion is: "When you are expensive, you can't talk about it." After the Yuan Dynasty, Wang adopted Han IV as the mother of the world and enjoyed the country for more than 60 years. He was the younger brother of his ministers, even holding the handle of his country, and died in his new house. After the death of the Yuan Dynasty, his nephew Wang Mang asked the doctor Yang Xiong to give him a funeral, saying, "The essence of the Taiyin is the spirit of sand, which is suitable for the Han Dynasty and is the same as the Yuan Dynasty." Yang vaguely expressed his nephew Wang Mang's gratitude to his aunt Wang, and ended the new house originated from the Han Dynasty.

Interpretation of country names

At first, in the Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bangshi identified Zhengshuo as a water virtue according to the five virtues, and it was revised to a soil virtue when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty arrived. Later, he adopted Liu Xiang and Liu Xin's view that the Han Dynasty belonged to Huode. Therefore, the Han Dynasty was sometimes called "Han Yan" or "Yan Liu".

The new original meaning is to change the old and update. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, under the domination of the theory of five virtues, a new virtue replaced the old one in social politics. In this context, Wang Mang claimed to be the spokesman of Xinde, "abolishing the Han Dynasty, prospering the king and abolishing Liu", and finally completed the process of "being ordered to replace the Han Dynasty". Han is a fire virtue, a soil virtue, and Wang Mang is a soil virtue, claiming to be "entrusted to the first emperor after being admitted to the Yellow Emperor". According to the principle that the five elements are mutually generated, the fire virtue is replaced by earth virtue, which is intended to be passed on from Chi Di to the Yellow Emperor by destiny.

Establish a new dynasty

Wang, Wang Mang of the new dynasty, became emperor after Yuan Dynasty. When he became emperor, all brothers were appointed as officials in Yuan Dynasty, but only Wang Man died young. Wang Mang is the son of Wang Man and the nephew of the Yuan Dynasty. Because his cousin is the son of general Hou, he "uses time to swim with horses"; And he died young because of his father, "lonely and poor, because of frugality." When I was young, I was educated by Confucianism, diligent and knowledgeable. It's very thoughtful to serve mothers and widows and raise orphans. It is polite to make friends with handsome people and serve your parents. During the period of Yangshuo (24 ~ 2 BC1), Wang Feng fell ill and Wang Mang waited on him respectfully. When Wang Feng died, he recommended Wang Mang as assistant minister of Huangmen, and Wang Mang embarked on his official career.

A few years later, Wang Mang was praised by some celebrities, and in the first year of Yongshi (BC 16), Wang Mang was proclaimed emperor and made the new capital Hou. Before and after this, Wang Mang was promoted to riding captain, doctor Guanglu and assistant. At this time, he is "cautious" and "the more modest." He often makes friends with celebrities and officials by "exciting guests" with horses, chariots and costumes. Therefore, the secretary recommended that the tourists say that "the reputation is outside, and the parents are dumped."

In the first year (8 BC), Wang Mang was promoted to Fu at the age of 38. At this time, Wang Mang "wanted to surpass his predecessors in reputation, so he was tireless in self-denial." He hired some moral people as historians and distributed the rewards to his subordinates. He is very frugal, and his wife "does not mop the floor and covers her knees", just like a servant. Wang Mang was Fu for one year, died as emperor, and Emperor Ai of Han acceded to the throne (7 BC). In the New Han Dynasty, 30 consorts of Zhongquan were appointed by Ding and Fu, but Wang Mang abdicated and took refuge in Xindu (now Xinye, Henan Province), where he was in charge.

Aidi died in the second year of Yuanshou (4 BC). At the age of nine, Emperor Han Ping acceded to the throne and proclaimed himself emperor after Yuan Dynasty, with follwed as the fu. Wang Mang died as Fu in the second year of Yuanshou and took power for 24 years.

Anhan palace

In the six or seven years before Wang Mang assisted the government (65438 BC +0- AD 6), except for two consorts, Ding and Fu, "anyone who mourned the emperor's consorts and was in the position of a minister committed folly." At the same time, Kong Guang, a famous Confucian, and her husband Han Zhen were also wooed. He was afraid that his uncle Wang Houli would gossip in front of Queen Yuan, so he asked Kong Guang to play Wang Li's "Old Evil" and sent Wang Li back. Because Wang Mang is quite intimidating, "those who follow it will rise, and those who go against it will perish". In the first month of Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Han Ping retranslated and presented White Pheasant I and Black Pheasant II, and sent an imperial edict to three courtiers to commend the ancestral temple. The ministers then declared that "the merits and demerits of Mang made Zhou Ming shake the pheasant for thousands of years" and demanded that Wang Mang be made public. So he worshipped Wang Mang as a teacher, posthumous title An Hangong.

Zaiheng

In AD 2, Emperor Han Ping was thirteen years old, and Wang Mang successfully pushed his daughter to the position of queen.

And Zhang Qi, a scholar, wrote a letter praising Wang Mang's merits as Duke of Zhou, and suggested "restoring the principality, making it like Duke of Zhou, making it like a bird". It's time for Lu Kuan to discuss this matter. At first, Wang Mang crossed the Yuan Dynasty and drove his mother Wei Ji and his uncles Wei Bao and Wei Xuan out of the capital. His son Wang Yu was afraid that Pingdi would resent him when he grew up, so he communicated with Wei Bao and taught him to try to return to Beijing. Wang Mang disagreed. Wang Yu privately consulted with his wife and brother Lu Kuan, trying to make the court owned by Zheng Weishi by superstitious means. However, Lu Kuan was arrested when he spilled blood on Wang Mang's family at night and committed suicide in prison. Wang Mang asked to kill his son Yu Wang, and Yu's wife didn't kill him until she was pregnant and in labor. As a result, Wang Mang destroyed Wei's prison, impoverished Lu Kuan's prison, even drew out heroes who criticized their own counties, and even implicated Princess, Wang, Hongyang and Hou Renping, forcing them to commit suicide. The death toll is hundreds. Wang Mang also wrote a book for this purpose, preaching that the crime of treating children is public forgetting private affairs to warn future generations; His minions also invited the book to be distributed throughout the country so that scholars could teach it and officials could understand its purpose.

After the Lu Kuan case, Wang Shun revisited Chen Chongzhi's suggestion. The minions incited "more than 8,000 people to write books" and demanded to follow Chen Chong's suggestion. So in April of the fourth year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 4), Wang Mang was worshipped as a butcher, and he became an official. Wang Mang also carved the seal of "Fu Sima, a teacher who carried Heng", which stood above the officials and was different from others.

Jiuxi

At this time, Wang Mang attacked Tang Ming, Biyong and Lingtai, built 10,000 districts for scholars, made a market, and lived in Man Cang. The system was very prosperous. Set Jing Yue, there are five doctors and five classics. Recruit talents in the study of Confucian classics, as well as those who understand, care about, Shi Mao, Zhou Guan, Er Ya, astronomy, divination, clock rhythm, moon order, art of war and history. "The following tens of millions of strong people in Luo Tian have made it clear that the court will decide right and wrong, so it will be said separately."

Ministers invited Wang Mang to play. After the yuan dynasty, he promised to discuss the law of nine tin. In the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 5), officials and people demanded a reward because Wang Mang was not given by Xinyetian. "Before and after the imperial edict, there were 487,572 people, and all the governors, princes, liehou and imperial clan saw him kowtow." Wang Mang wrote that he was humble and respected, and he was often afraid that he was incompetent. At present, "peace" in the world is the virtue of Yuan Zhen, and the merits of the same column are not his own, and he refuses to reward them. But he still received nine tins, and his power was very different from that of his ministers.

proclaim oneself emperor

Hou Liuqing of Leling wrote that now that the emperor is young, Wang Mang should be allowed to "do things like Duke Zhou". All the ministers said they should. At this time, Pingdi was ill, and Wang Mang made a plan. He is willing to take the lead, hiding the plan in a golden jar and putting it in the front hall. This is a story about cheating the Duke of Zhou into making a golden cup for the prince of Wu. Soon, Pingdi died young, and he wanted to choose an heir. Yuan Di was absolutely unique at this time, so he chose Zi Ying, the youngest of his great-grandchildren, who was only two years old, "believing that fortune-telling is the best".

At this time, it is said that Meng Tong, a martial arts master, dug a well and got a white stone. Under the circle above, there is a book by Dan with a stone written on it. Wen said, "Tell Han An to be the emperor." Gong Qing was reprimanded after beating Yuan, saying, "This slander is useless to the world and cannot be carried out!" Wang Shun mediated and explained to Hou Yuan that this matter could not be stopped, and Wang Mang did not dare to have other ideas. "But we should weigh our own strength and fill the ears of the world." After the Yuan Dynasty, he had no choice but to make a promise and ordered Wang Mang to "practice life, just like the story of the Duke of Zhou". So the princes invited Wang Mang to be regent, "all of them are like the emperor's system", and the next year they changed to "Jushe". Soon, Wang Mang named Zi Ying the Crown Prince and nicknamed him "obedient child".

In April of the first year of Jushe (AD 6), Hou Liu Chong of An Zhong encouraged the Liu clan to rise up against Wang Mang, and more than 100 followers attacked Wancheng, and they were not allowed to enter or lose. The world rebelled from then on. Liu Chong's father, Liu Jiayi, pleaded guilty and was pardoned, but praised Wang Mang's achievements, called Liu Chong a mess and affirmed Wang Mang's suppression of Liu Chong. Follwed was so happy that he named Liu Jia commander in chief. At this time, the ministers also said that Liu Chong rebelled because Wang Mang's power was light, and he wanted to improve Wang Mang's power to subdue the whole country. So Yuan ordered Wang Mang to call himself a "fake emperor" when he saw her.

In September of the second year of Jushe (AD 7), after Wang Mang pacified Zhai Yi, he thought that Wade was getting stronger and stronger, and he had the help of heaven and man. In this year, Guangrao Hou Liujing and others ordered "taking the emperor immediately and truly", saying it was an act of god. So Wang Mang said to Hou Yuan: When I reported to you, I called myself a "fake emperor"; Today, my date is over. If the world says anything to me, there is no need to say "photos". 1 1 month, I changed my residence to three years as the first year, in order to meet my fate. At this time, the officials and the people all knew that follwed had been instructed, and the minions began to seriously discuss and make suggestions. Wang Mang's "Truth" was put on the agenda. In 9 AD, he abolished obedient babies, became emperor on his own, and changed the name of his country to "Xin".

Zhou Li reform.

The main contents of Zhou Li's reform

(1) "After changing the name of farmland, private sales were not allowed, and the land problem was solved by restoring the farmland system.

(2) Change handmaiden to "private ownership" and do not buy or sell.

(3) Implement "five levels and sixty thousand", that is, set up five senses in Chang 'an, the capital and five major cities, and the government will manage the five senses to lend on credit and manage prices, and levy business tax. The government will manage salt, iron, wine and coins, and collect the Yamazawa tax.

(4) Reform the monetary system.

(5) Reform the central organization and dismantle the traditional row of goods springs, that is, adjust the division of counties by changing official names and place names.

(6) Change the names of ethnic minorities and the titles of leaders.

There are many reasons for the failure of Zhou Li's political reform: First, some policies introduced during Wang Mang's political reform violated objective laws. For example, the "Wang Tian system" nationalized the whole land and redistributed it according to the well field system. Here, Wang Mang intended to eliminate land annexation immediately, which was not good at first, but this policy violated the development law of feudal private ownership of land at that time and doomed its failure. As a result, it is impossible to fulfill the promise that the landless can receive land according to the standard, and it also threatens the privileged interests of bureaucratic landlords. Another example is the monetary reform to restore the original currency eliminated by history, which directly violates the law of monetary development and only increases the obstacles to currency circulation. Secondly, the reform is too rapid, and it is easy to take some radical policy measures to harm the interests of most people, leading to the loss of the social foundation of the land. For example, Wang Mang changed handmaiden to "private ownership" and banned the sale of handmaiden, which was intended to stop the expansion of the number of handmaiden and solve the increasingly serious handmaiden problem in society. However, this measure has also met with opposition from the slave houses down to the landless people, because the prohibition of selling handmaiden not only infringes on the interests of bureaucrats and the very rich, but also cuts off the back road for farmers who have lost their land and have no choice but to sell themselves into slavery. Thirdly, Wang Mang also took administrative measures to force inappropriate reform measures, which caused widespread dissatisfaction.

In the third year of Emperor Huang (AD 22), Wang Mang saw that farmers in all directions had revolted in succession, and Wang Kuang, Lian Dan and other wars were unfavorable. Knowing that the world had collapsed, I was forced to do whatever it took, so I decided to send a customized doctor to divide the world, except for the forbidden mining fields, the forbidden handmaiden and the forbidden mountain. Since he ascended the throne, everything that caused inconvenience to the people has been taken back, and the soldiers got up before they could start work.

Green forest and red eyebrows

In 4 ~ 5 years (A.D. 17 ~ 18), a nationwide peasant uprising broke out in three places: an outlaw hero (named after outlaw hill) led by Wang Kuang and Wang Feng in northwest Hubei; In today's eastern Shandong and northern Jiangsu, there is the Red Eyebrow Army led by Fan Chong (named after the insurgents painted their eyebrows red); In today's Hebei region, there are dozens of uprising teams, the largest of which is called Tongma Army.

In the second year of Emperor Huang (AD 2 1 year), twenty thousand people in Jingzhou, Xin Mang attacked the outlaw hero, and the outlaw hero defeated the mang army, and his strength increased to tens of thousands. The following year, there was an epidemic in the area of Lvlinshan, and the rebels split up. One route led by Wang Chang and Cheng Dan entered Nanjun from the west and was named Xiajiang Bing. One route led the troops from Wang Kuang, Wang Feng and Ma Wu, and went north to Nanyang, which was called the new army. When the new army attacked Sui County, Mu Chen and Liao Zhan from Linping led the public to respond, also known as Ping Bing Lin. After the outlaw uprising broke out, Liu Xuan, the imperial clan of the Western Han Dynasty, defected to Linping Rebel Army for Anji. Ada and Liu Xiu, the big landlords in Nanyang, deployed clans and guests to form a team of seven or eight thousand people, known as Fuling Army. After Fuling army, they joined forces with Xiajiang soldiers. In 23 AD, the outlaws made the cowardly Han clan emperor, restored the Han clan title, established Yuan, and turned over a new leaf, which was called Emperor Geng Shi in history. In the same year, outlaws defeated many with fewer in Kunyang (now Ye County, Henan Province), and wiped out the main force of Wang Mang's army. In September, Chang 'an was successfully captured. Thus ending the rule of the Xin Mang regime. In October, Liu Xuanbei was the capital of Luoyang and moved to Chang 'an the following year.

After the new regime entered Chang 'an, Liu Xuan lived a corrupt life, feasted day and night, and Zhao Meng, a close confidant, acted arbitrarily. The rebel generals left Germany one after another, looking for their own way out. Liu Xuan is also unwilling to cooperate with the Red Eyebrow Army, and there are many contradictions between the two sides. In 25 AD, Liu Penzi, the imperial clan of the Western Han Dynasty, aged 0/5 years old, was made emperor by the Red Eyebrow Army. After successfully occupying Chang 'an, Liu Xuan surrendered immediately and was hanged soon.

New dynasty war

Kunyang war

In 23 AD, a famous battle in the history of China broke out in Kunyang (now Yexian County, Henan Province) between the army of the new emperor Wang Mang and the army of Liu Xiu, the imperial clan of the Han Dynasty and the founding emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

In the last years of follwed, the world was in chaos. Greenwood hero, Xincheng Army, Chimei Army, Pingjun Army, Tongma Army, Xiajiang Army and other rebels rose up in succession, and Liu Xiu, the imperial clan of the Han Dynasty, also rose up in Nanyang. So Wang Mang took Stuart Wang Xun and Sikong Wang Yi as generals and collected more than 400,000 troops, claiming to be millions. At the same time, 63 families familiar with the art of war were recruited as military officials. Eight giants, ten feet long and ten waists, are the captain of the base, driving away tigers, leopards, rhinoceroses, elephants and many other beasts to cheer, and the rest of the banners are endless. "Since the Qin and Han Dynasties started their career, they have never seen it." It's really a national effort, trying to draw the world with all one's strength. And Liu Xiu has 89,000 defenders in Kunyang City, and only 10,000 or 20,000 reinforcements have been transferred. The military strength between the two is very different. However, in the battle, Liu Xiu took advantage of the weakness of Wang Xun and Wang Yi in underestimating their enemies. He directly broke through the backbone of Wang Mang's army with 3,000 chosen men and smashed the enemy with a sharp blow. Wang Xun was killed and Wang Yi fled back to Luoyang, with only a few thousand people. As a result, the Guanzhong earthquake was frightening, and within ten months, responses from the sea spread all over the world.

"History as a Mirror" records that when the battle was going on, "the thunder was heavy and the rain was small, the roof tiles flew, and the rain was like a note, which made Mengchuan flood, and both tigers and leopards fought, and the foot soldiers fought for water and drowned, and the water did not flow." It can be seen that the weather played an important role in the process of the new dynasty defeating the Han army. However, the climate of the two armies should be the same. Why are the results so different? Both History of the East View of Han Dynasty and History of the Later Han Dynasty recorded such a magical phenomenon: "A meteor fell into the camp at night, and the white sky was like a bad mountain. When they set up camp, they kept falling, but they were not as tired as rulers and officials. " At night, an ominous meteor fell into Wang Mang's military camp, but during the day, there were clouds like a mountain collapse, which fell straight to the camp and dispersed when it was close to the ground. The officers and men were scared to lie on the ground. "Clouds are like evil mountains" is an ominous sign for the army. According to ancient divination, "when the battalion commander fell, the whole army was wiped out and the blood flowed thousands of miles." It is conceivable that this is a huge blow to the superstitious mang army. This unusual factor prompted Wang Mang's army to be finally defeated, which led to the inevitable collapse of the new regime.

Battle of Lan Xiang

In December of the third year of Emperor Xin Mang's reign (22 years), in the peasant uprising war of Greenwood, the hero of Greenwood defeated an offensive war of Wang Mang loyalist in Lan Xiang (now Biyang, Henan).

In that year 1 1 month, the outlaws Xinshi, Linping and Fuling jointly conquered Jiyang (now the south of Nanyang, Henan) and other places. Later, because Fuling soldiers wanted to attack Wan, they were defeated by Taishou and Qiu Cijun, and were forced to surrender to Jiyang. Zhen Fu and Liang Qiu left the trench in Lan Xiang, crossed Huangchunshui (located in the west of Tanghe River in Henan Province) and was close to Feishui (located in Biyang, Henan Province) with a winning rate of 6.5438 million, and camped between the two rivers in an attempt to destroy the rebels in one fell swoop. At that time, more than 5,000 Xiajiang soldiers led by Wang Chang and others had moved from Nanjun (governing Jiangling, now Hubei) to Qiu Yi (now southeast of Tanghe, Henan). /kloc-in October/February, the four armies of Xinshi, Linping, Xiajiang and Fuling joined forces to boost morale and launched an all-out attack on Zhen Fu and Liang Qiu. Rebel soldiers were divided into six routes, and attacked Lan Xiang at night. They robbed all the trench of Zhenfujun at one stroke, and their retreat was blocked. The main force attacked from the southeast and southwest, and Zhenfujun was defeated and fled. The insurgents pursued Huang Chunshui, annihilated more than 20,000 people and killed Zhen Fu and Liang Qiu. In this war, the rebel army won a great victory, which made the anti-mang struggle of the outlaw hero enter a new stage.

Changcheng campaign

In the winter of the third year of Emperor Xin Mang (22 years), the Red Eyed Peasants revolted, and the Red Eyed Army defeated more than 65,438+10,000 people in Wang Kuang Department of Wang Mang in Changcheng (now Dongping West, Shandong Province).

That year, Fan Chongyi's army had grown to more than 10,000 people, which directly endangered Wang Mang's rule. Follwed had to step up repression in dispatch troops, focusing on the east. In April, follwed sent a surname Wang Kuang and another general Lian Dan, leading 654.38 million+soldiers into Fan Chongyi's army. When Fan Chong heard the news, he ordered the foot soldier Hong Chu to draw eyebrows, so as to distinguish the enemy and the enemy in the battle, so he was called "Red Eyebrow Army". Wang Mang's army marched eastward, killing and looting along the way, and the people were very indignant. At that time, the ballad "It's ok to take Red Eyebrow over Taishi, and start a new stove (referring to General Lian Dan who started a new stove) and kill me" truly reflected the people's support for the Red Eyebrow Army and their hatred for the Mang Army. 10, Wang Kuang led an army into Wuyan (now Dongping East, Shandong Province), and defeated more than 10,000 Soluhui troops who responded to the Red Eyebrow Army's invasion. At that time, the Constitutional Department of Chimeibie School was active in Liangdi, southwest Wuyan (now northeast Henan). With strong urgency, Wang Kuang led the army south, trying to defeat Dong Xian's department in one fell swoop. At this moment, the main force of the Red Eyebrow Army led by Fan Chong has advanced to Chang Cheng near Wuyan. Shortly after the Mang army came out without salt, it met the Red Eyebrow Army in Changcheng. Wang Kuang and Lian Dan were wiped out by more than 10,000 soldiers for the first time and escaped miserably. The Red Eyebrow Army pursued the victory until there was no salt. Wang Kuang fled to Luoyang, where Lian Dan fought to the death. The Red Eyebrow Army killed Lian Dan and more than 20 people under his command and won a great victory.

Title of proclaimed emperor

Zhu She (3) 6-8 AD.

People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded (5) ad 9- 13.

Tianfeng (6)14-19

Rehmannia glutinosa (4)20-23 years

In June of the second year of Yuanshou (BC 1 year), after the death of Emperor Ai of the Western Han Dynasty, the nine-year-old Emperor Han Ping ascended the throne, and after Yuan Dynasty, he was the generation leader and Wang Mang was the fu. In the second year of Yuanshou, Wang Mang became Fu again. As for his death, he was in power for 24 years.

[Edit this paragraph] Historical review

Meng Jian Han Shu, born in Ban Gu (32 ~ 92) in the Eastern Han Dynasty, said: Wang Mang began as a consort, proud of his name, and his clan called him filial piety, and his teacher and friend returned to benevolence. And its auxiliary politics, when it becomes a worry, is a hard-working country, moving forward and moving. What do you mean, "home will smell, home will smell" and "benevolence is the color" is evil? Headstrong, heartless and not evil, relying on the power of four ancestors to pass through the world. He was defeated by Hanzhong Wei and unified the country. The queen mother Shou Kao was its patriarch, so he had to provoke it and become a thief. Push is a matter of words, but also of time, not of manpower. Stealing to the south is inappropriate, and the potential for subversion lies in Jie and Zhou, while Mang has brought Huang and Yu back. At first, I was reckless, brave and bluffing, deceiving the people, being extremely vicious, poisoning the summer, and procrastinating arbitrarily, which was not enough to express my desire. Therefore, within the four seas, people are so angry and resentful at home and abroad, far and near, the city is not kept, and the branches are not divided, which makes the city in the world empty and the hills are dug up, which harms the people, the ancients and the rotten bones. Those who know nothing about the rebels and thieves contained in the book have already stood the test of failure. In the past, Qin dynasty had different endings in order to establish private opinions, burn poetry books and recite six arts. All dead, all dead, the purple frog was born, and the rest jumped. The holy king banished the cloud!

Xia Yan (1482- 1548) has a saying in Shen Yi's Book of Heaven and Earth: "Those who mistake Zhou Li for the world are Wang Mang, Liu Xin, Su Zhe and Wang Anshi."

Huo Tao (1487- 1540) wrote in his letter to the Summer Palace: "The knowledge of Wang Mang first spread to Yu Wentai and then to Wang Anshi. However, An Shi can only do one thing in Quanfu. Gaiquanfu's politics, that is, Sang Hongyang's losing politics. Anshi's method of doing things is not as good as Yu Wentai's. As a great slayer, Yu Wentai practiced the method of Zhou Guan, and his successor became Zhou Wang, but he was not as good as Wang Mang. Law line "Zhou Guan", in order to slaughter the balance, then went to the hospital of mercy. So Wang Mang dared to use Zhou Li, followed by Yu Wentai and Wang Anshi. "

Modern review

Mr. Lu Xun once expressed a view that the shorter a dynasty is, the darker it is in history books. Because it has no time to write its own history, it can only wait until the next dynasty-often its enemies (such as Qin and Han dynasties)-to compile its own history, and "darkness" is inevitable. Therefore, we can't believe the book The Biography of Wang Han Mang that overthrew Wang Mang in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Wang Mang's success or failure is undoubtedly determined by the social situation and objective laws at that time, but his personal ideological character is also an absolutely indispensable factor. A person's character is by no means innate, but acquired by his unique living environment and growth experience. According to the historical records of his life (the value is irrelevant, only referring to events) in the biography of Wang Mang, the author has reason to believe that Wang Mang is an extremely devout and even stubborn Confucian believer (the Western Han Confucianism, which is rampant in divination, is also appropriate to call it teaching), and his success or failure is precisely the full embodiment of the Confucian ideological system he believes in, which cannot be used as a national ruling ideology alone.

Wang Mang was born in the first four years of the Han and Yuan emperors, and came from the most attractive Wang family in the Western Han Dynasty. His aunt was made queen, and his uncle Wang Feng had the power. Peace for two years, appointed five uncle on the same day. But it's not good for follwed. The headstrong father and brother died young, and the orphans and widows lived alone. Everyone is expensive, and a foolish man has no title. You can imagine what childhood he spent in such a family. Perhaps the lessons taught to him again and again have taught him what modesty and courtesy mean and what it feels like to be inferior to others, which may explain why he is good at winning people's hearts. Because he doesn't have any arrogant capital, he can only learn to live frugally and study hard. He studied the Book of Rites with Chen Shen. Confucianism's filial piety, courtesy and kindness are very suitable for his position in the family; Moreover, Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty was respected as never before, and Confucian scholars were fully respected by society, and even recruited as officials by princes. Perhaps their academic attainments can establish a little balance with the senior officials and dignitaries of uncles and brothers, so that Mang can maintain a dignified position in the family. These two points may be the internal reasons why Wang Mang is famous for his diligence and erudition. In a word, his environment and experience before he became an official left a deep imprint on the Confucian value system, ethics and code of conduct, which became his lifelong belief.

Confucianism should actively enter the official position, "know what it can't do" and make every effort to realize its political ideal; At the same time, Confucianism advocates ceremony, or suppresses the expression of inner desires. These two seemingly contradictory thoughts have been perfectly unified in Wang Mang, thus forming his unique character of seemingly hypocrisy but piety. It is this unique character that determines that Wang Mang is the emperor instead of Zhang San, and that he will adopt a series of policies to add fuel to the fire when he becomes emperor.

After hundreds of years of exclusive admiration for Confucianism, Confucian ethics has become a recognized moral standard of the whole society. What Wang Mang did met this standard and won a high reputation-Duke Zhou. The will of the people became an important condition for him to ascend to the throne.