What changes have taken place in the political system from Xia Dynasty to the establishment of Shang Dynasty?

The basic feature of Shang Dynasty's political system is the division of oral service and foreign service. Duke Zhou, who lived in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, once summed up his own situation in Jiuzi: "The more foreign clothes you wear, the more Hou, Dian, Gong and Wei Bangbo there are;" The more you take orally, the more, the more, the more, the more, the more, the more. " Oral administration is the Wang Ji area directly ruled by Shang Wang; Foreign service is an area under the jurisdiction of Bangbo, which is divided into Hou, Dian, Men and Wei. Many of them may be tribal leaders of Fang, and ministers belong to businessmen. There are nearly 50 Hou in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the most famous of which are Cang Hou, Wu Hou, Gou Hou, Gao Hou, Zhuan Xu Hou and Qi Hou. Canon, Oracle Bone Inscriptions called "Tian", "Tada (Canon)" refers to the official of Duodian. Male, known as "Ren" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, famous figures are Ren, Ge Ren,, and so on. Wei, as a kind of martial arts, is often called "multi-shot Wei", "multi-horse Wei" and "multi-dog Wei" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and some people simply call it "Wei". There were fifty or sixty kinds of oral officials in Shang Dynasty, which can be roughly divided into four categories. The first one is "Liao Bai Yin Shu". Including senior senior ministers, senior ministers and ministers closely related to the king. Among them is the historian in charge of the life of cashier Wang. The second is "only Asia and only service". Mainly military officials who are closely related to the king. The third is "Zonggong". Refers to officials responsible for royal sacrifices and some specific affairs. The fourth is "the people are king." Refers to officials and ordinary people who manage local nationalities.

There were two kinds of official positions in Shang dynasty: Chinese and Korean official positions and foreign official positions. Among the internal officials, there are external court administrators and internal court administrators. The chief executive is the "prime minister" who assists the Shang king in making decisions, also known as "A, Bao and Yin". The senior officials of the dynasty were collectively called Qing people. The "three publics" are honorifics set by people, and they are not permanent. In addition, there are books (also known as Tibetan history and civil history) responsible for divination, sacrifice and recording, divination and praying for ghosts and gods, recording and keeping ancient books, teachers of military attaché s, musicians and Shao Shi. The court official is an official who serves the royal family, mainly the general manager and the trusted minister. I manage all the specific affairs of the royal family, including the secretary in charge of all kinds of work, the clothes in charge of grain collection, animal husbandry, hunting, wine, king cars, king cars (also known as servants and kings), the military officer Ya, the guardian Ya, the rural elders who educate the children of nobles, and the "sound" of a foreign land. Officials abroad mainly include the leaders of Fang, Hou Bo, people who serve the imperial court and people who guard the border.

When the tribute system was implemented in Shang Dynasty, there was also labor rent to "help farming", that is, farmers were required to help plow public land (native land), and all the harvest was obtained by the rulers, accounting for about one tenth of the farmers' harvest. Yin increased taxes and enriched Lutai and giant bridges.