Chinese culture

China is a multi-ethnic, multilingual and multilingual country, with 56 nationalities, more than 80 languages and about 30 scripts. The national common language is Mandarin and standard Chinese characters, that is, Chinese. The number of Chinese speakers exceeds/kloc-0.7 billion, covering China (Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan), Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar and other countries and regions, as well as the global Chinese community.

Chinese is the homonym of Han nationality in China. Chinese is the most widely used language in China and the world, and it is one of the six official working languages of the United Nations. Chinese characters are used to record Chinese, with a history of about 6000 years. Mr. An Zijie is an outstanding social activist in China, and he has written works such as Cleavage of Characters and Unlocking the Mystery of China Characters. He said that Chinese characters are the fifth greatest invention of China people.

In the tradition of Confucianism, the way to adulthood is for men to take the crown at the age of 20, take the word, and women salute.

Confucius and Confucius Temple

In order to take charge of state affairs as soon as possible, the emperor's ministers saluted earlier. Zhou Wenwang was crowned at the age of twelve and became king at the age of fifteen. Japan has called it adult style since modern times.

China abides by the six rites, that is, accepting gifts, asking names, accepting gifts, inviting guests and welcoming relatives. Na is the proposal, asking the woman's name (the reason why she is unmarried with the same surname), Najib is the divination of whether the birthday is appropriate, Na is the payment of the bride price, the invitation date is the fixed wedding date, and the wedding is to marry the bride.

China followed the etiquette of mourning system, which was mainly manifested in the etiquette of wearing filial piety and evoking souls. The longer the funeral lasts, the more it can show the family's respect and love for the deceased. In ancient times, there was a mourning period of 100 days after the funeral, and no one in the family could get married in the next 1 to 3 years.

According to Confucian classics, the Han people worship their ancestors, the sun, the moon, the stars, the country, mountains and rivers, and the great Nuo. China's earliest literary achievement was The Book of Songs, which was China's first collection of poems and was compiled in the 6th century BC. Since then, simple pre-Qin prose, gorgeous Han Fu and Yuefu folk songs at the end of Han Dynasty have respectively represented the literary characteristics of their respective times. In the Tang Dynasty, poetry reached its peak, with thousands of poets, including the famous Li Bai and Du Fu, and more than 50,000 masterpieces handed down from generation to generation. The most outstanding achievement in Song Dynasty is Ci, and the highest achievement in Yuan Dynasty literature is the creation of zaju. The four novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, The Journey to the West and Dream of Red Mansions, are famous for their rich cultural and historical connotations and unique artistic styles.

China literature in the 20th century reached two climaxes in the 1920s and 1930s and 1980s and 1990s respectively. The previous climax originated from the "New Culture Movement", and there was a strong anti-imperialist and anti-feudal thought from the beginning. The progressive writers represented by Lu Xun started the cause of modern literature in China. Lu Xun, Shen Congwen, Ba Jin, Mao Dun, Lao She and Zhang Ailing all became great writers in China.

Since the 1980s and 1990s, a number of new writers and their works with world influence, represented by Mo Yan, Jia Pingwa, Wang Meng and Feng Jicai, have appeared, representing the achievements and prosperity of contemporary literature in China. The writer is more mature in expressing the life experience and aesthetic experience of modern China people in modern Chinese. As far as the level of group creation is concerned, the artistic level achieved by contemporary novelists in using language to think and express has surpassed their predecessors. China's opera originated from the song and dance in primitive society, and only after the Han, Tang, Song and Jin Dynasties did it form a relatively complete opera art, which was mainly composed of three different art forms: folk song and dance, rap and burlesque.

In primitive society, primitive songs and dances were produced in villages where clans lived together. With the gradual growth of clans, songs and dances also gradually developed and improved. For example, in many ancient rural areas, there is still a long tradition of singing and dancing, such as "Nuo Opera"; At the same time, some new songs and dances, such as "Shehuo" and "Yangko", came into being to meet people's spiritual needs. It is these song and dance performances that have created a group of skilled folk artists and made some progress in the direction of opera.

From the middle of12nd century to the beginning of13rd century, professional art and commercial performance groups such as Song Zaju and Jin emerged gradually, such as Yuan created by Guan Hanqing, Autumn in the Han Palace by Ma Zhiyuan, and Orphan of Zhao created by Ji. This period is the prosperous period of China traditional opera stage.

/kloc-In the mid-Ming Dynasty in the 6th century, Kunqu Opera rose in the south of the Yangtze River, and many operas such as Fifteen Passes and Zhan Huakui emerged. The opera popular with farmers in this period was Yiyang Opera, which originated in Anhui and Jiangxi, and Kunqu Opera was popular with feudal elites.

Most of the works in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties describe people's heroes, such as Mu and Tao Sanchun. At this time, local operas mainly included northern Bangzi and southern Pihuang. Peking Opera was produced on the basis of the high prosperity of local operas in Qing Dynasty. During the reign of Tongzhi and Guangxu, the first generation of Peking Opera actors and masters of different schools appeared, which marked the maturity and prosperity of Peking Opera. Soon, Beijing opera developed all over the country, especially in Shanghai and Tianjin. Peking Opera has become a widely influential drama, which has pushed China's traditional opera art to a new height.

Before and after the Revolution of 1911, a group of outstanding opera artists, such as Wang Xiaonong, Pan and Xia Yueshan, engaged in the improvement of opera art and accumulated valuable experience for the future improvement of opera.

China's modern operas have evolved from the May 4th Movement 19 19 to the founding of the People's Republic of China. During this period, some people with lofty ideals reformed traditional Chinese opera. On the eve of the May 4th Movement, Mei Lanfang performed Deng, A wisp of hemp and other new fashion dramas promoting democratic ideas, and Zhou Hecheng also created many works.

On the eve of the May 4th Movement to the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, a number of high-level outstanding actors appeared in various operas. There are Peking Opera, Yan and Mei Lanfang, Sichuan Opera, Zhou Mulian, Han Opera, Dong Yaojie, xiang opera, Wu Shaozhi, Qin Opera, Pu Opera and so on.

After the founding of New China, a number of outstanding plays emerged, such as General Xianghe, Legend of the White Snake, Qin Xianglian, butterfly lovers, Yue Opera and Fifteen Passes, etc. Wu, a famous historian, also created the historical Peking Opera "Hai Rui dismissed from office". Later, a series of excellent works were launched one after another. Today, with the development of China's traditional operas, through different times, China's traditional operas constantly adapt to the needs of new times and new audiences, and maintain and develop the artistic characteristics of national traditions. The problems of "modernization" and "dramatization" put forward by the traditional Chinese opera circle have become the subject of active exploration and practice in the new historical period. Chinese painting is called Chinese painting and ink painting in China. Mainly use brush, soft pen or finger to draw on silk or rice paper, with ink and Chinese painting colors.

Chinese painting can be divided into flower-and-bird painting, landscape painting and figure painting. According to techniques, it can be divided into meticulous painting, freehand painting, heavy color painting, ink painting, line drawing, mural painting and internal painting; According to the artistic level, it can be divided into figurative Chinese painting and abstract Chinese painting.

Chinese painting is good at freehand brushwork, focusing on spirit rather than form, focusing on observation and summary rather than copying at the scene, replacing focus perspective with scattered perspective, and focusing on artistic conception rather than scene.